The ideas of particle physics

Contents
Preface
Part I. Introduction
	1. Matter and Light
		1.1 Introduction
		1.2 The Nature of Matter
		1.3 Atomic Radiations
		1.4 Rutherford’s Atom
		1.5 Two Problems
	2. Special Relativity
		2.1 Introduction
		2.2 Galilean Relativity
		2.3 The Origins of Special Relativity
		2.4 The Lorentz–Fitzgerald Contraction
		2.5 The Special Theory of Relativity
		2.6 Mass Momentum and Energy
		2.7 The Physical Effects of Special Relativity
		2.8 Using Relativity
	3. Quantum Mechanics
		3.1 Introduction
		3.2 Planck’s Hypothesis
		3.3 Einstein’s Explanation of the Photoelectric Effect
		3.4 Bohr’s Atom
		3.5 De Broglie’s Electron Waves
		3.6 Schrödinger’s Wavefunction
		3.7 Heisenberg’s Mechanics and the Uncertainty Principle
		3.8 The Interpretation of the Wavefunction ψ
		3.9 Electron Spin
		3.10 The Pauli Exclusion Principle
	4. Relativistic Quantum Theory
		4.1 Introduction
		4.2 The Dirac Equation
		4.3 Antiparticles
		4.4 Quantum Field Theory (QFT)
		4.5 Interacting Fields
		4.6 Perturbation Theory
		4.7 Virtual Processes
		4.8 Renormalisation
		4.9 The Quantum Vacuum
		4.10 Quantum Electrodynamics
		4.11 Postscript
Part II. Basic Particle Physics
	5. The Fundamental Forces
		5.1 Introduction
		5.2 Gravity
		5.3 Electromagnetism
		5.4 The Strong Nuclear Force
		5.5 The Weak Nuclear Force
	6. Symmetry in the Microworld
		6.1 Introduction
		6.2 Space–Time Symmetries
		6.3 Discrete Symmetries
		6.4 The CPT Theorem
		6.5 Dynamical Symmetries
		6.6 Internal Symmetries
		6.7 Broken Symmetries
	7. Mesons
		7.1 Introduction
		7.2 Yukawa’s Proposal
		7.3 The Muon
		7.4 The Real Pion
		7.5 Terminology
		7.6 Isotopic Spin
	8. Strange Particles
		8.1 Introduction
		8.2 Associated Production
		8.3 The Kaons
		8.4 The Hyperons
		8.5 Summary
Part III. Strong Interaction Physics
	9. Resonance Particles
		9.1 Introduction
		9.2 Resonance Particle Experiments
	10. SU(3) and Quarks
		10.1 Introduction
		10.2 Internal Symmetry
		10.3 Quarks
Part IV. Weak Interaction Physics I
	11. The Violation of Parity
		11.1 Introduction
		11.2 β Decay of Cobalt
		11.3 Absolute-handedness and CP Invariance
	12. Fermi’s Theory of the Weak Interactions
		12.1 Introduction
		12.2 Fermi’s Theory of β Decay
		12.3 Spin, Helicity and Chirality
		12.4 The Polarisation of β-decay Electrons
		12.5 Neutrino Helicity
		12.6 In Conclusion
	13. Two Neutrinos
		13.1 Introduction
		13.2 A Problem in the Weak Interactions
		13.3 The Two-neutrino Experiment
	14. Neutral Kaons and CP Violation
		14.1 Introduction
		14.2 What is a Neutral Kaon?
		14.3 Violation of CP Symmetry
Part V. Weak Interaction Physics II
	15. The Current–Current Theory of the Weak Interactions
		15.1 Introduction
		15.2 The Lepton Current
		15.3 Higher-order Interactions
	16. An Example Leptonic Process: Electron-neutrino Scattering
		16.1 Introduction
		16.2 The Role of the Weak Force in Astrophysics
	17. The Weak Interactions of Hadrons
		17.1 Introduction
		17.2 The Hadronic Current
		17.3 The Hadron Current and Quarks
	18. The W Boson
		18.1 Introduction
		18.2 The W Boson
		18.3 Observing the W Boson
Part VI. Gauge Theory of the Weak Interactions
	19. Motivation for the Theory
		19.1 Introduction
		19.2 Problems with the W Bosons
	20. Gauge Theory
		20.1 Introduction
		20.2 The Formulation of QED
		20.3 Generalised Gauge Invariance
		20.4 Gauge Invariance and the Weak Interactions
	21. Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking
		21.1 Introduction
		21.2 Spontaneous Breaking of Global Symmetry
		21.3 Spontaneous Breaking of Local Symmetry – the Higgs Mechanism
	22. The Glashow–Weinberg–Salam Model
		22.1 Introduction
		22.2 Formulation
		22.3 Reprise
		22.4 An Academic Postscript - Renormalisability
	23. Consequences of the Model
		23.1 Introduction
		23.2 Neutral Currents
		23.3 The Incorporation of Hadrons - Charm
		23.4 Parity-violating Tests of the Glashow–Weinberg-Salam Model
	24. The Hunt for the W^±, Z^0 Bosons
		24.1 Introduction
		24.2 The CERN p¯p Collider Experiment
		24.3 Detecting the Bosons
		24.4 Epilogue
Part VII. Deep Inelastic Scattering
	25. Deep Inelastic Processes
		25.1 Introduction
		25.2 Two Key Ideas
	26. Electron–Nucleon Scattering
		26.1 Introduction
		26.2 The Scaling Hypothesis
		26.3 Exploring the Structure Functions
	27. The Deep Inelastic Microscope
		27.1 Introduction
		27.2 Free Quarks and Strong Forces
	28. Neutrino–Nucleon
		28.1 Introduction
		28.2 Neutrino Experiments
		28.3 The Cross-section
		28.4 The Scaling Hypothesis
	29. The Quark Model of the Structure Functions
		29.1 Introduction
		29.2 Electromagnetic Structure Functions
		29.3 Weak Interaction Structure Functions
		29.4 Electron and Neutrino Structure Functions Compared
		29.5 Sum Rules
		29.6 Summary
Part VIII. Quantum Chromodynamics - the Theory of Quarks
	30. Coloured Quarks
		30.1 Introduction
		30.2 Colour
		30.3 Invisible Colour
	31. Colour Gauge Theory
		31.1 Introduction
		31.2 The Formulation of QCD
	32. Asymptotic Freedom
		32.1 Introduction
		32.2 Violations of Scaling
	33. Quark Confinement
		33.1 Introduction
		33.2 Quark Forces – Hadron Forces
Part IX. Electron–Positron Collisions
	34. Probing the Vacuum
		34.1 Introduction
		34.2 The Experiments
		34.3 The Basic Reactions
	35. Quarks and Charm
		35.1 Introduction
		35.2 The Quark Picture
		35.3 The Advent of Charm
		35.4 Psichology
		35.5 Charmed Particles
	36. Another Generation
		36.1 Introduction
		36.2 The Upsilon
		36.3 The Tau Heavy Lepton
		36.4 Completing the Third Generation
Part X. The Standard Model
	37. The Model in Summary
		37.1 Introduction
		37.2 Summary of the Standard Model
		37.3 Consistency of the Standard Model
	38. Precision Tests of the Model
		38.1 Introduction
		38.2 Precision Tests of the Gauge Interactions
	39. Flavour Mixing and CP Violation
		39.1 Introduction
		39.2 CP Violation in the Standard Model
		39.3 CP-Violation Experiments
		39.4 B-Physics Experiments
		39.5 K-Meson Experiments
	40. The Large Hadron Collider
		40.1 Introduction
		40.2 Historical Constraints on the Higgs Boson Mass
		40.3 The Large Hadron Collider Concept
		40.4 Construction Timeline
		40.5 The LHC Experiments
		40.6 CERN and the World Wide Web
	41. Discovery and Properties of the Higgs Boson
		41.1 Introduction
		41.2 Decays of the Higgs Boson
		41.3 Production of the Higgs Boson
		41.4 Discovery of the Higgs Boson
		41.5 Properties of the Higgs Boson
		41.6 The Future of Higgs Physics
Part XI. Beyond the Standard Model
	42. Reasons to Go Beyond
		42.1 Introduction
	43. Neutrino Masses and Mixing
		43.1 Introduction
		43.2 The Solar Neutrino Problem
		43.3 Neutrino Oscillations
		43.4 Neutrino Oscillation Experiments
		43.5 Solar Experiments
		43.6 Atmospheric Experiments
		43.7 Short Baseline Experiments
		43.8 Theory of Neutrino Masses and Mixings
		43.9 A Minimal Extension of the Standard Model
	44. Grand Unification
		44.1 Introduction
	45. Supersymmetry
		45.1 Introduction
		45.2 Miracles of SUSY
		45.3 SUSY and the Real World
		45.4 The Hierarchy Problem
		45.5 SUSY as a Resolution of the Hierarchy Problem
		45.6 Supersymmetrising the Standard Model
		45.7 Supersymmetry Breaking and MSSM
		45.8 Another Prediction of SUSY
		45.9 Supersymmetry and Dark Matter
		45.10 Supersymmetry and the LHC
	46. Composite Higgs Models
		46.1 Introduction
		46.2 A World without the Higgs
		46.3 Technicolour
		46.4 Composite Higgs
		46.5 Composite Higgs at Colliders
	47. Axions and the Strong CP Problem
		47.1 The Strong CP Problem
		47.2 The Axion
		47.3 The Axion Window
Part XII. Particle Physics and Cosmology
	48. The Big Bang and Inflation
		48.1 Introduction
		48.2 Big Bang Cosmology
		48.3 Beyond the Big Bang
		48.4 Inflation
		48.5 Theories of Inflation
	49. The Cosmic Microwave Background
		49.1 Introduction
		49.2 Observations of the CMB Anisotropy
		49.3 Physics of the CMB Anisotropy
		49.4 CMB Polarisation
	50. The Matter–Antimatter Asymmetry
		50.1 Introduction
		50.2 GUT Baryogenesis
		50.3 Baryogenesis via Leptogenesis
		50.4 Electroweak Baryogenesis
	51. Dark Matter
		51.1 Introduction
		51.2 Gravitational Evidence for Dark Matter
		51.3 Dark Matter Candidates
		51.4 Searches for Dark Matter
	52. Dark Energy
		52.1 Introduction
		52.2 Einstein’s Cosmological Constant
		52.3 Supernovae and Dark Energy
		52.4 The Cosmological Hierarchy Problem
		52.5 The ‘Why Now?’ Problem
		52.6 The Anthropic Principle
		52.7 Summary
Part XIII. Gravity and Gravitational Waves
	53. From General Relativity to Gravitational Waves
		53.1 Introduction
		53.2 Hulse–Taylor Variation in Binary Pulsar Periodicity
		53.3 Modern Astrophysics
	54. The Discovery of Gravitational Waves
		54.1 Introduction
		54.2 LIGO
		54.3 The Detection of GW150914
		54.4 Subsequent Events
	55. Gravitational-wave and Multi-messenger Astronomy
		55.1 Introduction
		55.2 Gravitational-wave Astronomy
		55.3 GW170817 – a Binary Neutron Star Merger
	56. The Future: Super LIGO and LISA
Part XIV. String Theory
	57. Origins – the Hadronic String
		57.1 The Success of QFT
		57.2 The Problem of Gravity
		57.3 Strings versus Particles
		57.4 The Hadronic String
	58. String Theory to M-theory
		58.1 The Search for a Consistent String Theory
		58.2 String Theories Contain More Than String
	59. The AdS–CFT Correspondence
		59.1 The Miracle of Duality
		59.2 The String Theory Side
		59.3 The Quantum Field Theory Side
		59.4 The AdS–CFT Dictionary
		59.5 Applications of AdS–CFT
	60. Consequences of the Theory
		60.1 The Richness of String and M-theory
		60.2 Back to the Anthropic Principle
		60.3 A Theory in Search of Experiment
		60.4 Conclusion
Part XV. The Future: To Boldly Go!
	61. Accelerators, Observatories and Other Experiments
		61.1 Accelerators
		61.2 Observatories and Other Experiments
	62 Known Unknowns
		62.1 The Current In-tray
	63. Glittering Prizes
		63.1 The Class of 1984
	64. Unknown Unknowns: It Must Be Beautiful
		64.1 The Challenges of Quantum Gravity
		64.2 The Beautiful Equations
Appendices
	A. Units and Constants
	B. Glossary
	C. List of Symbols
	D. Bibliography
	E. Elementary Particle Data
Name Index
Subject Index