The Hungarian far right: social demand, political supply, and international context

Contents......Page 6
 Figures......Page 10
 Tables......Page 11
Preface......Page 12
Acknowledgments......Page 18
 What are we talking about? The concepts......Page 20
 The supply and demand model......Page 26
 The support base of far-right parties......Page 32
 Supply-side theories......Page 36
 A tool for measuring social demand for the far right: The DEREX index......Page 40
  Prejudice and welfare chauvinism......Page 42
  Right-wing value orientation......Page 43
  The assessment of the DEREX......Page 64
 Who are Jobbik’s voters?......Page 67
  Jobbik’s performance at the polls: Ups and downs......Page 68
  Who are Jobbik’s voters?......Page 81
  Where do Jobbik’s voters come from?......Page 88
  The regime change and the far right: Return to the limelight......Page 90
  The first attempt at establishing a far-right party......Page 91
  The rise and fall of MIÉP......Page 92
  The early history of Jobbik......Page 95
  2006: The birth of today’s far right in Hungary......Page 98
  The pressure from the right to reorganize......Page 101
  The far right taking a leading role......Page 103
  Transforming the agenda......Page 105
  The communication of the reorganizing far right......Page 106
  The structural consequences of events in the fall of 2006......Page 110
 Crisis of crises: Consolidation of the far right......Page 111
  Economic crisis......Page 112
  Crisis of government—and governance......Page 113
  The crisis of Roma integration......Page 115
  Fidesz: Transformation from liberalism to national populism......Page 117
  Dismantling of liberal democracy and the central field of force......Page 123
  Jobbik’s strategic shift: From extreme to mainstream (“cute campaign”)......Page 128
  The interaction between the two parties......Page 134
 Intellectual background: Conspiracies everywhere......Page 136
 Jobbik’s ideology......Page 139
  Self-definition......Page 144
  Jobbik’s concept of “nation”......Page 145
  Jobbik’s concepts of enemy......Page 147
  Jobbik’s concept of “state”......Page 151
  Concept of history and the most important historical symbols......Page 153
 Jobbik’s foreign policy......Page 157
  Jobbik’s relations with Iran......Page 158
  The Eurasia concept and Jobbik’s connections to Russia......Page 169
  European network of pro-Russian parties......Page 170
  Historical context of Russian-Hungarian relations......Page 173
  Current relations between Jobbik and Russia......Page 174
 Jobbik’s public policy programs......Page 178
  The “seven chieftains plan”......Page 180
  The 60-step program......Page 182
  Further sectorial programs......Page 184
 The structural division of today’s Hungarian far right......Page 190
 Jobbik’s organization building and the Guard phenomenon......Page 192
  Alternative politics—“Civil character”......Page 200
  Alternative media......Page 202
  Alternative culture......Page 204
 Appropriation of the “Roma issue”: “Taboo-breakers” against “Gipsy crime”......Page 208
  The proliferation of the term “Gypsy crime”......Page 209
  The shifting meaning of the term “Gypsy crime”......Page 212
  A short detour: Developments after 2010......Page 218
  The politics of speaking out......Page 220
 Lack of political strategies?......Page 224
 The Hungarian strategies (or lack of) from an international perspective......Page 226
 The crisis of the media in covering the far right......Page 228
 Governmental strategies......Page 231
 Possible strategies for the future......Page 233
Concluding remarks—Hungary: Taken hostage by the far right?......Page 236
Appendix......Page 242
Bibliography......Page 248