The Holocaust: Roots, History, and Aftermath

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Contents
Preface to the Second Edition
Introduction
	Sources for Further Study and Research
1. Jewish History: Ancient Beginnings and the Evolution of Christian Anti-Judaic Prejudice Through the Reformation
	Jewish Beginnings
		Exile and New Traditions of Faith
	The Jews, Hellenism, and the Maccabean (Hasmonean) Rebellion
		Hasmonean Israel and Rome
	Roots of Anti-Jewish Sentiment: The Jewish-Greek Conflict
	Judaism, Jews, and the Coming of Christianity
	The Jewish War and the Great Revolt (66–70 c.e.)
	Judaism, Christianity, and the Bar Kochba Rebellion
	Constantine, Christianity, and the Jews
	Jews in the Last Century of the Western Roman Empire
	Jews in Early Medieval Europe and the Byzantine Empire
	The Crusades and the Jews of the Mediterranean World
	Pope Innocent III and the Jews
	Medieval Usury: Christians and Jews
	The Myth of Ritual Murder
	The Deadly Centuries: The Jews at the End of the Middle Ages
	The Expulsion of the Jews from Western Europe
	The Black Death
	The Final Humiliation: Expulsion from Spain and Portugal
	The Protestant Reformation
		Martin Luther
		Luther and the Jews
		Zwingli, Calvin, and the Jews
	The Roman Catholic Church, the Jews, and the Counter Reformation
	Conclusion
	Sources for Further Study and Research
2. Jews, the Enlightenment, Emancipation, and the Rise of Racial Anti-Semitism Through the Early Twentieth Century
	The Jews in Post-Reformation Europe
	The Enlightenment
	The French Revolutions of 1789–1799, Napoleon I, and the Jews
	The Jews in Post-Napoleonic Europe
	The Intellectual and Nationalistic Origins of Anti-Semitism in the Nineteenth Century
	Political Anti-Semitism in Germany, Austria, France, and Russia Prior to World War I
		Germany
		Austria-Hungary
		French Anti-Semitism and the Dreyfus Affair
		Russia
		The Jews of Poland and Lithuania
		The Jews in Postpartition Russia
	The Protocols of the Elders of Zion
	Conclusion
	Sources for Further Study and Research
3. The World of Adolf Hitler, 1889–1933: War, Politics, 
and Anti-Semitism
	Adolf Hitler: Family Roots and Questions of Jewish Ancestry
		Hitler’s Early Life
		Hitler’s Vienna Years
		Hitler, Munich, and German Anti-Semitism
		Hitler and World War I
		Hitler, Versailles, and the Early Weimar Republic
		Hitler, the Early Nazi Party, and Anti-Semitism
	Conclusion
	Sources for Further Study and Research
4. The Nazis in Power, 1933–1939: Eugenics, Race, and Biology; Jews, the Handicapped, and the Roma
	Germany’s Interwar Jewish Community
	The Nazification of Germany and the “Jewish Question”: 1933–1935
	The Nuremberg Laws
	The Nazi Aryan Olympics (1936)
	Aryanization and the Road to Kristallnacht
	The Early Campaign of Forced Sterilization
	Euthanasia: Theory and Nazi Practice
	The Roma (Gypsies)
	Homosexuals, or Gays
	Conclusion
	Sources for Further Study and Research
5. Nazi Germany at War, 1939–1941: “Euthanasia” and the Handicapped; Ghettos and Jews
	Children’s “Euthanasia” Program
	Adult “Euthanasia” Program
	The Road to War and the German Invasion of Poland
	Racial War in Poland: Polish Christians
	The Creation of the General Government: Nazi Germany’s “Racial Laboratory”
	The Jews in Interwar Poland
	The War Against the Jews in Poland
	The Physical and Economic Exploitation of the Jews in the General Government
	The Nisko Plan, the Lublin Reservation, and Madagascar
	The Madagascar Plan
	The Creation of the Ghettos in German-Occupied Poland
	Łodź (Litzmannstadt): Jews and Roma
	Warsaw
	Kraków (Cracow)
	Rule, Life, and Work in the Kraków Ghetto
	Forced Labor and Food
	Conclusion
	Sources for Further Study and Research
6. The Invasion of the Soviet Union and the Path to the “Final Solution”
	Jews in Soviet-Conquered Territory
	Zwartendijk and Sugihara: Righteous Gentiles in Vilnius
	Operation Barbarossa and Plans for Mass Murder
	The Einsatzgruppen
	The Wehrmacht
	The German Invasion of the Soviet Union
	Early German Killing Operations in the Soviet Union
	Collaboration in Latvia, Lithuania, and Ukraine
	Hungarian and Romanian Collaboration
	The Roma and the Handicapped
		The Roma
		The Handicapped
	Conclusion
	Sources for Further Study and Research
7. The “Final Solution,” 1941–1944: Death Camps and Experiments with Mass Murder
	Planning for the Final Solution
	The Transfers from the Greater Reich
	Theresienstadt
	Experiments with the Machinery of Death
	The Wannsee Conference
	The Final Solution
	Chełmno
	The Aktion Reinhard Death Camps: Bełżec, Sobibór, and Treblinka
		Bełżec
		Sobibór
		The Sobibór Uprising and the “Erntefest” Massacres
		Treblinka
		The Treblinka Uprising
	Auschwitz
	The Factory of Death: Auschwitz II-Birkenau
	The Gypsy Family Camp
	Medical Experiments in Auschwitz I and II
	Auschwitz III-Buna/Monowitz
	Resistance in Auschwitz
	Majdanek
	Liquidation of the Major Ghettos
		The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising: April 19–May 16, 1943
		Vilna
		Minsk
		Riga
		Kovno
		Łodź
	Conclusion
	Sources for Further Study and Research
8. The Final Solution in Western Europe and the Nazi Allied States
	The Holocaust in Western Europe
		Belgium and Luxembourg
		Denmark
		France
		Greece
		The Netherlands
		Norway
	The Nazi-Allied States
		Bulgaria
		Finland
		Hungary
		Italy
		Protectorate of Bohemia-Moravia and Slovakia
		The Roma in the Protectorate
		Slovakia
		The Roma
		Romania
		The Roma
		Yugoslavia (Croatia and Serbia)
		The NDH (Croatia)
		Serbia
	Conclusion
	Sources for Further Study and Research
9. The Holocaust and the Role of Europe’s Neutrals: Then and Now
	Europe’s Neutrals
		Portugal
		Spain
		Sweden
		Switzerland
		Turkey
		The Vatican
	Conclusion
	Sources for Further Study and Research
10. Liberation, DPs, and the Search for Justice: War Crimes Investigations and Trials in Europe, the United States, and Israel
	Liberation of the Camps
	Displaced Persons: Jews and Roma
		The Jews
		The Roma
		The Trials of the Major War Criminals
		The International Military Tribunal
		International Military Tribunal Nuremberg Trial
		Allied Nuremberg Trials
		War Crimes Trials in the British Zone
	The Federal Republic of Germany
	War Crimes Investigations and Trials in Western Europe
		France
		German Democratic Republic
	War Crimes Trials in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union
		Hungary
		Poland
		The Soviet Union
		Israel
	Conclusion
	Sources for Further Study and Research
11. Historiography, Memorialization, and Lessons ‘Unlearned’
	The Pain and Stress of Memory
	Commemoration, Education, Research, and Documentation
		Israel
		United States
		German Democratic Republic
		Federal Republic of Germany since 1990
		Poland
	The Past as Prologue?
	Sources for Further Study and Research
Glossary
Appendix A—Estimates of Jewish Deaths During the Holocaust
Appendix B—Estimates of Roma Deaths During the Holocaust
Appendix C—Yad Vashem: Righteous Among the Nations
Appendix D—SS Ranks (Based on US Army Equivalents)
Appendix E—German Army Ranks (Based on US Army Equivalents)
Notes
Index