The History of Early English: An activity-based approach

Cover
Half Title
Series Information
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Acknowledgements
About this book, and how to use it
Phonetic symbols used
Part I Preliminaries and Ancestries
	1 History, and historical change
		1.1 History: is it bunk?
		1.2 How English has changed
			Version 1
			Version 2
			Version 3
		1.3 In a nutshell
		Activity section
			1A About your L1
			1B Bible changes
			1C False friends in Shakespeare and elsewhere AS
		Answer section
			Activity 1C False friends in Shakespeare
		Further reading
		Notes
	2 Languages and their daughters
		2.1 Trees
		2.2 The Indo-European tree
		2.3 The Germanic languages
		2.4 A Germanic law
		2.5 And so to English
		Activity section
			2A Family words AS
			2B IE words AS
			2C Family membership
			2D Non-Grimm consonants AS
		Answer section
			Activity 2A
			Activity 2B
			Activity 2D
		Further reading
		Notes
Part II Old English
	3 Old English: A first look
		3.1 Four events
		3.2 Old English: a foreign language?
		3.3 Suffix-rich, English, Germanic
		Activity section
			3A In a nutshell
			3B More about the dead reeve AS
		Answer section
			Activity 3B
		Further reading
		Notes
	4 OE writing, pronunciation, and a devil of a mouthful
		4.1 A few more OE letters
		4.2 Pronouncing OE
			4.2.1 Consonants
			4.2.2 Vowels
			4.2.3 Stress
			4.2.4 OE pronunciation: how do we know?
		4.3 The nun, the devil, and a lettuce
		4.4 Five words that may ring bells
		Activity section
			4A Working with runes  AS
		Answer section
			Words for pronunciation in 4.2.1 and 4.2.2
			Activity 4A
		Further reading
	5 The Old English word-hoard
		5.1 How languages expand vocabulary
		5.2 Using native resources
			5.2.1 Compounds
			5.2.2 Affixation
		5.3 Borrowing
			5.3.1 Celtic borrowings
			5.3.2 Latin loanwords
			5.3.3 Borrowings from Old Norse
		Activity section
			5A OMG: what’s happening to English today?
			5BA hoard of hords
			5C Some OE compounds
		Glossary
		PDE meanings
			5D Exploring prefixes
			5E Latin loanwords
			5F Old Norse place names
		Answer section
			Celtic words in 5.3.1
		Further reading
		Notes
	6 OE grammar: A ‘jungle of endings’
		6.1 Into the dense jungle: noun phrases
			6.1.1 Noun and adjective inflections in PDE
			6.1.2 ‘To the silly stones’: noun and adjective inflections in OE
			6.1.3 More declensions, more complexities
			6.1.4 Complex, but becoming simpler: syncretism
			6.1.5 A riddle for a sorbet
		6.2 Verbs
			6.2.1 Regular and irregular in PDE
			6.2.2 OE conjugations
			6.2.3 Strong verbs
		6.3 Word order
		Activity section
			6A Nominative and accusative ships
			6B A Proto-Germanic adjective
			6C Similarities, not differences AS
		Answer section
			The riddle in 6.1.5
			6.2.2 Person inflections and class differences
			6.2.3 Verbs in the ‘lettuce story’
			Activity 6A
			Activity 6C
		Further reading
		Notes
	7 OE literature: ‘A syzygy of dipodic hemistichs’
		7.1 A rich and significant literature
		7.2 ‘Rough Guides’ to three works
			Beo.wulf
			Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
			The Seafarer
		7.3 Hemistichs, dipody and syzygy
		7.4 Reading more OE poetry
		Activity section
			7A More OE ‘Rough Guides’:
			7B Syzygy and other things
		Further reading
Part III Middle English
	8 Lo, England into Normandy’s hand
		8.1 Men, noble and low: a first look at ME
		8.2 1066 and all that
		8.3 A very curious letter
		8.4 English re-established
		8.5 Chaunticleer and Russell
		Activity section
			8A Timeline
		Answer section
			Section 8.1
			Section 8.5
			Activity 8A(b)
		Further reading
		Notes
	9 ‘The English tongue … honourably enlarged and adorned’: ME words and pragmatics
		9.1 Native versus borrowed
		9.2 Loanwords
			9.2.1 Borrowing from French
			9.2.2 Borrowings from Flanders, Holland and north Germany
			9.2.3 Latin borrowings
		9.3 Some ME pragmatics, by goddes bones
			9.3.1 Terms of address
			9.3.2 Swearing
		Activity section
			9A Dating first occurrences
			9B Words, alike and similar
			9C Some ME false friends AS
			9D Some suffixable inflections AS
			9E Identifying synonym word-triplets AS
			9F Forms of address
			9G A string of oaths
		Answer section
			9.2.1 French words in the Chaunticleer passage (lines 12–19)
			9.2.2 Aureate words
			Activity 9C
			Activity 9D
			Activity 9E
		Further reading
		Notes
	10 ‘Lighter … than the old and ancient English’
		10.1 ‘Lightening up’ the language
		10.2 Grammar
			10.2.1 Nouns phrases with a ‘new look’
			10.2.2 The causes for syncretism, and an ‘indeterminate’ vowel
			10.2.3 Verbs
			10.2.4 Word order
			10.2.5 Synthetic and analytic
			10.2.6 More verb forms
		10.3 Sounds … and what happened to Chaunticleer
		Activity section
			10A Verbs, strong and weak
			10B Word order and Chaunticleer
			10C Chaunticleer tricks Russell
		Further reading
		Notes
	11 ME literature: Inside and outside the ‘field full of folk’
		11.1 An early work
			The Owl and the Nightingale
		11.2 The Alliterative Revival
		11.3 Geoffrey Chaucer
		11.4 A piece of prose
			Morte D’Arthur
				Glossary
		11.5 Looking at more ME literature
		Activity section
			11A Quotation questions
			11B More ME ‘Rough Guides’
		Answer section
			Activity 11A
		Further reading
Part IV Interlude
	12 A short interlude about long vowels: The Great Vowel Shift
		12.1 The Great Vowel Shift
		12.2 The GVS, sounds and spellings
		12.3 The GVS: why?
		Activity section
			12A Vowels shifting
			12B The GVS at work AS
		Answer section
			Table 12.1
			Activity 12B
		Further reading
		Notes
Part V Early Modern English
	13 ‘Manie matters of singular discourse’: Some English Renaissance history
		13.1 A happy breed of men
		13.2 A happy convergence
		13.3 Fine volleys of words
		13.4 The rogues in buckrom
		Activity section
			13A From the Chronicles AS
			13B Where there’s a Will
		Answer section
			Activity 13A
		Further reading
		Notes
	14 ‘Wryting treu’ and ‘soundying cleare’: EModE graphology, spelling and pronunciation
		14.1 What’s in a name?
		14.2 Writing in the ‘buckrom story’
			14.2.1 Graphology
			14.2.2 Spelling
			14.2.3 Punctuation
		14.3 Pronunciation
		14.4 Some sound differences between then and now
			14.4.1 Some consonants
				(a) [r]
				(b) [h]
				(c) [hw]
			14.4.2 Some vowels and diphthongs
				(a) ‘Monophthongs then, diphthongs, now’
				(b) Centralized diphthongs
		14.5 Historical pronunciation: some more about how we know
		14.6 ‘Settling down’: a key phrase
		Activity section
			14A Standing in
			14B Upper and lower case
			14C Pronunciations compared
			14D Being rhotic
		Answer section
			14.4.2
				EModE [eː] for RP [eɪ]
				EModE [oː] for RP [əʊ]
		Further reading
		Notes
	15 Turning water into wine: Renaissance words
		15.1 ‘Curvets’ and ‘two-like’ triangles
		15.2 To borrow or not to borrow: the inkhorn controversy
		15.3 Borrowed words
		15.4 Native resources
			15.4.1 Affixes
			15.4.2 Another use of native resources
			15.4.3 Compounds
		15.5 EModE vocabulary today
		Activity section
			15A Anglicizing Latin words
			15B Indited to dinner
			15C Un- AS
			15D Some popular suffixes
			15E Weirding language
			15F Belly-cheers and scrape-pennies AS
		Answer section
			Dire-related words (section 15.4.1)
			False friends in the ‘rogues in buckrom’ passage (section 15.5)
			Activity 15C
			Activity 15F
		Further reading
		Notes
	16 ‘True and well-speaking a language’: Renaissance grammar
		16.1 ‘Grammatical oddities’
		16.2 -s and -eth: variation, language spread, and gender
		16.3 The ‘half-way house’: do-support
		16.4 Modal auxiliaries
		16.5 Ye, you and thou: some basics
		Activity section
			16A Some oddities that writers uses
			16B The spreading -s
			16C EModE interrogatives and negatives
			16D Some EModE modal auxiliaries
		Answer section
			Passage in 16.5
		Further reading
		Notes
	17 ‘I thou thee, thou traitor’: Some Renaissance pragmatics
		17.1 Much more on you and thou
		17.2 Being polite
		17.3 Pragmatic noise
		Activity section
			17A Thou and you, high and low
			17B Ah, so that’s what it means
			17C A fico for Shakespeare’s exclamations AS
				(a) Fico (and foh)
				(b) Fie
				(c) Go to
				(d) Pish
				(e) Tush
				(f) Heigh-ho (hey-ho)
				(g) Buzz, buzz
		Answer section
			17C A fico for Shakespeare’s exclamations
		Further reading
		Notes
	18 ‘Well turned, and true filed lines’: Renaissance literature
		18.1 Lyrical poetry
			His Lady’s Cruelty
		18.2 Drama
			Dr Faustus
		18.3 William Shakespeare
			Hamlet
		18.4 The iambic pentameter
		18.5 The turning tide
		Activity section
			18A Faustus questions AS
			18B Hamlet questions AS
			18C IP or not IP – that is the question AS
			18D More EModE ‘Rough Guides’
		Answer section
			Activity 18A
			Activity 18B
			Activity 18C
		Further reading
		Note
	19 ‘A settled, certain and corrected language’: The seventeenth century
		19.1 From ‘stony couch to feather bed’: some general history
		19.2 The Royal Society: scientific and linguistic aspirations
			19.2.1 Science, and a ‘corrected’ language
			19.2.2 A ‘settled’ and ‘certain’ language
		19.3 A seventeenth-century text about a cold, wet Christmas
		19.4 Some language points
			19.4.1 Continuous aspect
			19.4.2 Its
			19.4.3 A pragmatic crime and punishment: more on thou
		19.5 Seventeenth-century literature: a full stop, or just a comma?
			Paradise Lost
		19.6 1700: another comma, or a real full stop?
		Activity section
			19A A cold, wet Christmas: some language details
			19B How its was said
			19C Paradise Lost questions AS
			19D Seventeenth-century ‘Rough Guides’
		Answer section
			Activity 19C
		Further reading
		Notes
References
Index