The Handbook of Work Analysis: Methods, Systems, Applications and Science of Work Measurement in Organizations

Front Cover......Page 1
The Handbook of Work Analysis......Page 6
Copyright Page......Page 8
Contents......Page 11
Series Foreword: Edwin A. Fleishman and Jeanette N.cleveland......Page 20
Acknowledgments......Page 22
Editors......Page 23
Associate Editors......Page 25
Contributors......Page 27
I. Work Aalysis Mthods: Mark A. Wilson and Erich C.Dierdorff, Section Editors......Page 39
1. Methodological Decisions in Work Analysis: A Thory of Effective Work Analysis in  Organizations: Mark A. Wilson......Page 41
Work Analysis Process Decisions......Page 42
A Theory of Work Analysis in Organizations: An Open System......Page 51
Conclusions......Page 57
References......Page 58
2. Selling Work Analysis: Thomas Powell, Mark Woodhouse, and Nigel Guenole......Page 60
The Value of Job Analysis to Organizations......Page 61
Case Study......Page 63
References......Page 66
Job Incumbents......Page 67
Supervisors......Page 71
Trained Work Analysts......Page 72
Other Organizational Members......Page 73
Conclusions......Page 74
References......Page 75
What Is a Job?......Page 77
Work Analysis Interviews and Questionnaires Defined......Page 78
The Role of Work Analysis Questionnaires and Interviews in Regulatory Compliance......Page 79
Access, Acceptance, and Accuracy of Work Analysis Questionnaires and Interviews......Page 80
Conducting the Work Analysis Interview......Page 81
Work Analysis Interview Checklist......Page 86
Designing and Administering Work Analysis Questionnaires......Page 87
Work Analysis Interview Checklist......Page 97
The Competency Paradox......Page 98
Appendix: A Compendium of Battle-Tested Quantitative Requirements Scales......Page 102
References......Page 115
What Exactly Is a Secondary Source?......Page 117
Where Do Secondary Sources Fit Into the Work Analysis Process?......Page 118
Examples of Secondary Sources......Page 119
How to Use Secondary Sources......Page 123
References......Page 127
6. Analyzing Work Analysis Data: Robert J. Harvey......Page 129
Questions You Wish Had Been Addressed Earlier......Page 144
Getting the Data Ready......Page 149
Analytic Strategies and Methods......Page 157
References......Page 160
7. Evaluating Work Analysis in The 21st Century: Edward L. Levine and Juan I. Sanchez......Page 163
Validity of Work Analysis......Page 164
Suggestions for Future Investigations of the Validity of Work Analysis......Page 170
References......Page 172
8. Documenting Work Analysis Projects: A Review of Strategy and Legal Defensibility for Personnel Selection: Arthur Gutman and Eric M. Dunleavy......Page 175
A Case Study Demonstrating Work Analysis Documentationin Support of a Personnel Selection Procedure......Page 176
Documenting Various Phases of a Work Analysis Project......Page 182
Overview of EEO Laws for Which Work Analysis May Play a Role......Page 187
Legal/Professional Authorities and Work Analysis......Page 193
Recent Legal Defensibility Trends......Page 198
Concluding Thoughts......Page 201
References......Page 202
II. Work Analysis Systems: Shanan Gwaltney Gibson, Section Editor......Page 204
Important Job Analysis Contributors......Page 206
Job Analysis Career Vignettes......Page 212
References......Page 214
The Purpose of Cognitive Task Analysis......Page 219
The Generalized Cognitive Task Analysis Process......Page 220
Key CTA Knowledge Elicitation Methodologies......Page 224
Concluding Remarks......Page 231
References......Page 232
Question 1: What Is Task Analysis?......Page 235
Question 4: How Do You Conduct a Task Analysis?......Page 237
Question 5: Whither Task Analysis?......Page 245
References......Page 246
What Is Generalized Work Dimension Analysis and What Purpose Does It Serve?......Page 248
Generalized Work Dimension Analysis Instruments......Page 250
Conducting a Generalized Work Dimension Job Analysis......Page 253
Generalized Work Dimension Analysis in Action......Page 256
Unanswered Question in Generalized Work Dimension Analysis......Page 257
Additional Resources......Page 260
References......Page 261
13. The Fleishman Job Analysis Survey: Development, Validation, and Applications: Jay J. Caughron, Michael D. Mumford, and Edwin A. Fleishman......Page 264
Development......Page 265
Scales......Page 266
Applications......Page 268
Uses of the F-JAS......Page 270
Validation......Page 273
Future Directions......Page 276
References......Page 277
14. Personality-Based Job Analysis: Jeff Foster, Blaine Gaddis, and Joyce Hogan......Page 280
Job Analysis Techniques......Page 281
The Performance Improvement Characteristics Job Analysis......Page 284
Illustrative Applications......Page 289
Discussion......Page 293
References......Page 295
Steps in Functional Job Analysis......Page 298
History of Functional Job Analysis......Page 302
FJA Theory and Principles......Page 303
FJA Applications......Page 308
Other Questions and Issues......Page 309
Reference Materials......Page 311
References......Page 312
16. O*NET: The Occupational Information Network: Jonathan D. Levine and Frederick L. Oswald......Page 313
History......Page 314
The O*NET Data Collection Program......Page 318
Tools and Resources of the O*NET......Page 319
Applications of the O*NET......Page 326
Using O*NET in Work Analysis......Page 328
Implications and Directions......Page 330
Web Site Resources......Page 331
References......Page 332
17. Context Analysis: Reanna Poncheri Harman......Page 334
What Is Context?......Page 336
Context Analysis: State of Research and Practice......Page 337
Areas for Improvement......Page 339
Context Analysis: Step-by-Step......Page 340
Unanswered Questions......Page 348
References......Page 349
III. Work Analysis Applications: George M. Alliger and Gregory M. Hurtz, Section Editors......Page 352
References......Page 356
Perspectives on Job Design......Page 357
Work Design Phases: A Step-by-Step Guide......Page 360
Future Research......Page 370
Further Reading......Page 372
References......Page 373
Work Descriptions......Page 376
The Role of Work Descriptions in Employee Recruitment......Page 380
Summary and Future Directions......Page 390
References......Page 391
20. Using Job Analysis as the Foundation for Creating Equal Employment Opportunity in The Workplace: Dan A. Biddle and James E. Kuthy......Page 394
Job Analysis......Page 395
Validity Evidence as a Defense for Policies, Practices, and Tests in the Face of Adverse Impact......Page 398
Summary......Page 406
References......Page 407
21. The Role of Job Analysis in Test Selection and Development: Dennis Doverspike and Winfred Arthur, Jr.......Page 409
Job Analysis for Selection of Test Constructs and Methods......Page 410
Job Analysis for Test Item Writing Purposes......Page 418
Alternatives to Job Analysis......Page 424
Conclusion......Page 425
References......Page 426
What Are Work Simulations?......Page 428
The Role of Work Analysis in Work Simulations......Page 430
Psychometric Characteristics of Work Simulations......Page 431
How to Create Work Simulation Measures......Page 434
Future Potential Developments......Page 441
Further Reading......Page 442
References......Page 443
23. Building Effective Performance Appraisals From an Analysis of Work: Sylvia G. Roch and Kevin J. Williams......Page 446
The State of Practice: Malaise and Dissatisfaction With Appraisals......Page 447
The Role of Analysis of Work......Page 449
Organizational Analysis......Page 450
Defining Job Performance......Page 451
Work Analysis and the Specific Problems Associated With Performance Appraisal......Page 456
Legal Concerns......Page 461
References......Page 462
24. Training Needs Assessment: Aligning Learning and Capability With Performance Requirements and Organizational Objectives: Eric A. Surface......Page 464
Potential Scope of TNA Impact......Page 465
Chapter Overview......Page 466
Is a TNA Necessary?......Page 467
TNA Process: Asking and Answering Questions......Page 469
Factors/Trends Affecting TNA......Page 481
Ideas to Improve TNA Practice......Page 482
Making the Case for TNA......Page 486
Further Reading......Page 488
References......Page 489
Whole-Job Methods......Page 490
Compensable Factor Methods......Page 494
A Real-World Application of the Policy Capturing Point Factor Method......Page 498
Appendix......Page 504
References......Page 516
26. Career Planning: The Role of Work Analysis in the Work of Your Organization’s Career Development Manager: Stephen G. Atkins......Page 518
Work Adjustment Theory......Page 519
Holland Fit: Aiding Career Management via Work Analysis-Based Interests Correspondence......Page 524
More Sophisticated Indices of Fit Between Candidate or Career Explorer Profiles and Job Profiles From Work Analysis......Page 526
Job Features in Career Departures: Organizational Commitmentand the Job Characteristics Model......Page 528
Work Analysis and Myers-Briggs Typology in Career Management......Page 530
Profile Mismatch and Career-Field Exodus: Practical Example of a Small Workplace-Based Study......Page 532
Future Applications of Work Analysis to Career Management:The Promise of O*NET and Its Kin......Page 534
References......Page 536
27. Using Job Analysis Data to Perform Activity-Based Utility Analysis: Enhancement of a Technology: Brice M. Stone and Rosalinda Vasquez Maury......Page 539
TIDES—A Single Air Force Work Analysis Tool......Page 540
TIDES Components and Functions......Page 541
Methodology......Page 543
Multi-AFS Analysis Tool......Page 544
Example......Page 545
References......Page 551
28. A Comprehensive, Interactive, Web-Based Approach to Job Analysis: The SkillsNET Methodology: Darrel L. Sandall, John Henderson, Roni Reiter-Palmon, Michael L. Brown, and Scott R. Homan......Page 552
General Job Analytic Approaches......Page 553
Need for a Comprehensive Web-Based Job Analysis System......Page 554
The O*NET Content Model......Page 555
The SkillsNET Job Analysis System......Page 556
SkillObject Development......Page 563
Benefits and Concerns Associated With the SkillsNET System......Page 567
Ongoing Research......Page 571
References......Page 572
IV. Work Analysis Research and Innovation: Winston Bennett, Jr. and Suzanne Tsacoumis, Section Editors......Page 575
What Should Be Rated?......Page 578
What Sources of Information and Data Review/Verification Procedures Should Be Used?......Page 602
An Empirical Demonstration......Page 603
References......Page 612
Qualitative Review of Framework With Job Analysis Experts......Page 615
Social Sources of Inaccuracy......Page 617
Cognitive Sources of Inaccuracy......Page 619
References......Page 621
31. Understanding Mission Essential Competencies as a Job Analysis Method: George M. Alliger, Rebecca Beard, Winston Bennett, Jr., and Charles M. Colegrove......Page 624
What Are Competencies?......Page 625
Why Is Competency Modeling So Popular?......Page 626
What Are Mission Essential Competencies?......Page 627
The Mission Essential Competency Development Process......Page 632
Mission Essential Competencies as a Job Analytic Method......Page 640
References......Page 644
32. Integrating Cognitive Task Analysis and Verbal Protocol Analysis: A Typology for Describing Jobs: Thomas R. Gordon, Michael D. Coovert, and Linda R. Elliott......Page 646
Research Design......Page 650
Results......Page 652
Discussion......Page 657
Conclusions......Page 659
References......Page 660
33. Innovations in Team Task Analysis: Identifying Team-Based Task Elements, Tasks, and Jobs: Winfred Arthur, Jr., Anton J. Villado, and Winston Bennett, Jr.......Page 662
Review of the Team Task Analysis Literature......Page 664
Determining the Degree of Team Interdependence or “Teamness” of Tasks and Jobs......Page 670
Summary and Conclusions......Page 678
References......Page 679
34. Development and Evaluation of A Task Taxonomy to Support Research On Cross-Job Transferability of Skills: Charles E. Lance, Tracy Lambert Griggs, and R. Bruce Gould......Page 683
Development of the Taxonomy......Page 687
Evaluation of the Revised Task Taxonomy......Page 696
Conclusion......Page 703
References......Page 705
35. Analyzing Job and Occupational Content Using Latent Semantic Analysis: Peter W. Foltz, Robert J. Oberbreckling, and R. Darrell Laham......Page 710
Latent Semantic Analysis......Page 711
CareerMap......Page 712
Mission Communications Analysis......Page 718
Conclusions......Page 725
References......Page 727
36. The Science and Practice of Job Analysis Abroad: Rebecca Lyons, Peter Musaeus, Eduardo Salas, and Katherine A. Wilson......Page 728
Job Analysis......Page 729
Distinctions in the Theoretical Backgrounds That Inform Job Analysis......Page 750
Future Directions......Page 751
Conclusion......Page 752
References......Page 753
37. Concluding Thoughts: Challenges and Opportunities in Work Analysis: Winston Bennett, Jr., George M. Alliger, Mark A. Wilson, and Shanan Gwaltney Gibson......Page 760
Synergy Across Disciplines......Page 761
Generalizable Work Design Specifications and Indices of Job Similarity and Proximity......Page 762
Emergent Work Analysis via Automated Task and Motion Tracking......Page 763
Time for Usability Analysis in the Design of Work Analysis Tools and Reports......Page 764
Conclusion......Page 765
References......Page 766
Author Index......Page 767
Subject Index......Page 782