The handbook of stress science : biology, psychology, and health

Contents\n......Page 8
In Memoriam\n......Page 10
Contributors\n......Page 12
Foreword\n......Page 18
Preface\n......Page 22
1. Stress, Adaptation, and Health\n......Page 26
DEFINING STRESS......Page 27
THEMES AND DEVELOPMENTS......Page 28
ORGANIZATION OF THE HANDBOOK......Page 32
REFERENCES......Page 33
INTRODUCTION......Page 36
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE HPA AXIS......Page 39
FEEDBACK REGULATION OF THE HPA AXIS FROM THE PERIPHERY......Page 41
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ANS......Page 42
THE CHRONIC STRESS RESPONSE NETWORK......Page 43
MONOAMINERGIC SYSTEMS AND CHRONIC STRESS......Page 46
FEEDING AND METABOLISM......Page 47
REFERENCES......Page 52
THE CV SYSTEM......Page 62
COGNITIVE/EMOTIONAL STRESS AND CV REGULATION......Page 67
REFERENCES......Page 69
INTRODUCTION......Page 72
IMMUNE RESPONSES DEFINED IN TERMS OF THEIR END EFFECTS......Page 73
STRESS-INDUCED CHANGES IN IMMUNE CELL DISTRIBUTION......Page 74
EFFECTS OF ACUTE STRESS ON LEUKOCYTE TRAFFICKING TO A SITE OF SURGERY OR IMMUNE ACTIVATION......Page 77
ACUTE STRESS-INDUCED ENHANCEMENT OF ADAPTIVE/SECONDARY IMMUNE RESPONSES......Page 78
CHRONIC STRESS CAN SUPPRESS IMMUNOPROTECTION AND ENHANCE IMMUNOPATHOLOGY......Page 79
IMMUNOMODULATORY EFFECTS OF THE TIMING OF STRESS OR STRESS HORMONE ADMINISTRATION RELATIVE TO THE TIME COURSE OF THE ENSUING IMMUNE RESPONSE......Page 80
THE STRESS SPECTRUM......Page 82
REFERENCES......Page 84
IMMUNE SYSTEM–CNS INTERACTIONS......Page 90
CYTOKINE GENE VARIATION AND MENTAL DISORDERS......Page 95
SUMMARY......Page 94
CONCLUSIONS......Page 97
REFERENCES......Page 98
THEORETICAL MODEL OF THE ROLE OF GENETICS IN STRESS......Page 102
GENE × STRESSOR INTERACTION......Page 104
REFERENCES......Page 108
7. The Molecular Biology of Stress: Cellular Defense, Immune Response, and Aging......Page 112
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY......Page 113
STRESS AND IMMUNITY......Page 114
STRESS AND MOLECULAR MODULATION OF IMMUNE SYSTEM ACTIVITY......Page 115
REFERENCES......Page 122
STRESS AND AFFILIATION......Page 126
PROVIDING SOCIAL SUPPORT......Page 128
BIOLOGICAL BASES OF TEND AND BEFRIEND......Page 129
REFERENCES......Page 132
MAJOR MODELS LINKING SUPPORT AND STRESS......Page 136
GENERAL CRITIQUE OF MAJOR SUPPORT–STRESS MODELS......Page 140
INTERVENTION ISSUES......Page 142
REFERENCES......Page 144
10. Social Network Functions and Health......Page 148
HEALTH-RELATED FUNCTIONS PERFORMED BY SOCIAL NETWORK MEMBERS......Page 149
REFERENCES......Page 157
CAUSES OF STRESS......Page 162
STRESSORS AS CONTEMPORARY CONCERNS......Page 163
THE STRESS RESPONSE: RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY AND WORK STRESS......Page 164
OUTCOMES OF THE STRESS PROCESS......Page 165
STRESS PREVENTION: PRIMARY PREVENTIVE STRESS MANAGEMENT......Page 167
COGNITIVE INTERVENTION: CHANGING THE WAY WE THINK......Page 168
MANAGING STRESS: SECONDARY PREVENTIVE STRESS MANAGEMENT......Page 169
RELAXATION: REVERSING THE STRESS RESPONSE......Page 170
ADVANCES IN THE ROLE OF THE SUPERVISOR......Page 171
REFERENCES......Page 172
INDIVIDUAL SYMPTOMS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL STRAIN IN THE WORKPLACE......Page 176
ORGANIZATIONAL SYMPTOMS OF STRAIN......Page 177
PREVALENCE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL STRAIN IN ORGANIZATIONS......Page 178
THE PSYCHOLOGICAL CONTRACT......Page 179
MANAGING ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE......Page 180
THE NATURE OF MODERN WORKING......Page 181
EMOTIONS IN THE WORKPLACE......Page 182
A RESONANCE MODEL OF \nORGANIZATIONAL STRESS......Page 183
PREVENTING STRAIN IN THE WORKPLACE—PRIMARY LEVEL INTERVENTIONS......Page 184
STRESS MANAGEMENT AT WORK—SECONDARY LEVEL INTERVENTIONS......Page 185
TREATING THE WALKING WOUNDED—TERTIARY LEVEL INTERVENTIONS......Page 186
REFERENCES......Page 187
DEFINITIONS......Page 192
INTERPERSONAL EFFECTS OF CULTURAL AND INSTITUTIONAL RACISM: INTERACTIONS ACROSS LEVELS OF ANALYSIS......Page 194
PROCESSES OF TRANSITION FROM ACUTE EPISODES OF ETHNICITY-RELATED MALTREATMENT TO CHRONIC STRESS......Page 195
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 205
REFERENCES......Page 206
SES AND WORK-RELATED STRESSORS......Page 210
THE WHITEHALL II STUDY......Page 211
THE CONUNDRUM: OPPOSITE SOCIAL GRADIENTS IN PERCEIVED STRESS AND STRESSORS......Page 215
DOES STRESS EXPLAIN THE SOCIAL GRADIENT IN HEALTH?......Page 216
REFERENCES......Page 217
AN OVERVIEW OF STRESS AND COPING THEORY......Page 220
AN OVERVIEW OF THE APPRAISAL APPROACH TO THE STUDY OF EMOTION......Page 225
TOWARD AN INTEGRATED PERSPECTIVE ON APPRAISAL, EMOTION, AND COPING......Page 229
REFERENCES......Page 231
SOME USEFUL DEFINITIONS OF EMOTION AND STRESS......Page 234
MEASUREMENT AND INDUCTION OF EMOTION......Page 235
DYNAMICS OF EMOTION AND STRESS......Page 236
EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND STRESS......Page 237
NEGATIVE EMOTIONS, STRESS, AND HEALTH......Page 238
POSITIVE EMOTIONS, STRESS, AND HEALTH......Page 239
IMPLICATIONS FOR TREATMENT......Page 241
REFERENCES......Page 242
PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS......Page 246
COPING......Page 247
STRESS, COPING, AND HEALTH......Page 249
REFERENCES......Page 252
CONCEPTUALIZATION AND MEASUREMENT OF PERSONALITY......Page 256
PERSONALITY AND STRESS REGULATION......Page 260
CONCLUSION......Page 266
REFERENCES......Page 267
PSYCHOSOCIAL ACCOUNTS OF GENDER DIFFERENCES IN STRESS......Page 272
GENDER DIFFERENCES IN STRESS EXPOSURE......Page 273
GENDER AND RESPONSES TO STRESS......Page 275
CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS......Page 282
REFERENCES......Page 283
STRESS AND AGING......Page 288
COPING AND AGING......Page 292
STRESS, COPING, AND ADULT DEVELOPMENT......Page 294
SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION: AGE AND WISDOM......Page 295
REFERENCES......Page 296
BACKGROUND......Page 300
NATURE OF CHANGES IN EATING BEHAVIOR IN RESPONSE TO STRESS......Page 301
TYPES OF STRESS AFFECTING EATING BEHAVIOR......Page 302
MODERATORS OF THE STRESS–EATING RELATIONSHIP......Page 303
INFLUENCE OF STRESS ON COGNITIVE PROCESSES RELATING TO EATING......Page 306
BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS ASSOCIATED WITH STRESS-RELATED EATING......Page 307
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS......Page 308
REFERENCES......Page 309
WHAT IS STRESS?......Page 312
SUBSTANCES OF FOCUS......Page 314
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STRESS AND DRUG USE......Page 316
EXPLANATIONS FOR THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STRESS AND DRUG USE......Page 318
SUMMARY AND AREAS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH......Page 321
REFERENCES......Page 322
EXERCISE......Page 326
STRESS......Page 327
EXERCISE-RELATED STRESS REDUCTION......Page 329
PSYCHOLOGIC BENEFITS OF EXERCISE......Page 331
CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING EXERCISE DOSE, MODALITY, AND INTENSITY......Page 335
MECHANISMS OF CHANGE REGARDING THE PSYCHOLOGICAL BENEFITS OF EXERCISE......Page 336
PSYCHOPATHOLOGY IN EXERCISERS AND RELATED CONSIDERATIONS......Page 337
SUMMARY AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS......Page 338
REFERENCES......Page 339
THE DILEMMA OF DEFINING STRESS......Page 346
PREVALENCE AND CONSEQUENCES OF PRETERM BIRTH......Page 347
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF PRETERM LABOR AND DELIVERY......Page 348
EVIDENCE FOR STRESS CONTRIBUTING TO PTB......Page 349
EVIDENCE FOR THE ROLE OF STRESS IN BEHAVIORAL PATHWAYS TO PRETERM BIRTH......Page 356
EVIDENCE FOR THE ROLE OF STRESS IN IMMUNE, NEUROENDOCRINE, AND CARDIOVASCULAR PATHWAYS TO \nPRETERM BIRTH......Page 357
THEORY AND ANALYSIS OF STRESS AND PRETERM BIRTH MECHANISMS......Page 358
REFERENCES\n......Page 362
BASIC BIOLOGY OF THE STRESS RESPONSE......Page 374
HPA AXIS AND CRF......Page 375
FUNCTIONAL TESTS OF HPA AXIS ACTIVITY......Page 376
EARLY LIFE STRESS AND DEPRESSION: INSIGHTS FROM ANIMAL MODELS......Page 378
EARLY LIFE STRESS AND DEPRESSION......Page 379
ROLE OF THE SERT GENE......Page 380
ROLE OF THE CRF1 GENE......Page 381
CONCLUSION......Page 382
REFERENCES......Page 383
DEFINING STRESS FOR CHILD AND ADOLESCENT RESEARCH......Page 388
MEASURING STRESSORS IN CHILD AND ADOLESCENT RESEARCH......Page 389
CONCEPTUALIZING THE ROLE OF STRESSORS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY......Page 392
SUMMARY, INTEGRATION, AND DIRECTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH......Page 397
REFERENCES......Page 398
PHYSICAL HEALTH OUTCOMES......Page 402
DISEASE PATHWAYS......Page 406
CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS......Page 408
REFERENCES......Page 409
MARKERS OF CAD RISK AND PROGRESSION......Page 414
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF DISEASE AND THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BEHAVIOR AND STRESS......Page 415
DOES STRESS INFLUENCE STANDARD RISK FACTORS FOR HEART DISEASE?......Page 416
DOES STRESS INFLUENCE INTERMEDIATE/SUBCLINICAL MARKERS OF CAD?......Page 417
DOES STRESS INFLUENCE THE OCCURRENCE OF ATAL/NONFATAL CLINICAL EVENTS IN CAD?......Page 419
NOTES......Page 423
REFERENCES......Page 424
CARDIOMETABOLIC SYNDROME......Page 428
FREE FATTY ACIDS......Page 429
ADIPOSE TISSUE AND INFLAMMATION......Page 430
SNS AND CMS......Page 431
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS AND CMS......Page 432
ENDOCANNABINOID SYSTEM AND OBESITY......Page 433
CONCLUSIONS......Page 434
REFERENCES......Page 435
STRESS AND HEALTH......Page 440
STRESS AND CANCER INDUCTION......Page 441
STRESS AS A FACTOR IN SURVIVAL/PROGRESSION......Page 444
EFFECTS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL INTERVENTIONS ON LONG-TERM \nHEALTH OUTCOMES......Page 446
STRESS SYNDROMES AND CANCER......Page 448
REFERENCES......Page 450
ASSESSING INFECTIOUS DISEASES......Page 454
ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN STRESS AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE......Page 455
UPPER RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS......Page 456
HERPES VIRUS INFECTIONS: HERPES VIRUS LATENCY......Page 462
ORAL AND GENITAL HERPES OUTBREAKS......Page 464
DISCUSSION......Page 466
METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES......Page 467
POSSIBLE MODIFIERS OF THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN STRESS AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE......Page 468
CONCLUSION......Page 470
REFERENCES......Page 471
HIV/AIDS AND IMMUNE PARAMETERS......Page 476
HIV/AIDS AND PSYCHONEUROIMMUNOLOGY (PNI)......Page 477
MAJOR PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS REPORTED BY PLWHA......Page 478
MECHANISMS OF STRESS EFFECTS ON HEALTH AMONG PLWHA......Page 480
HEALTH BEHAVIORS......Page 482
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS......Page 483
REFERENCES......Page 485
33. Pain: The Biopsychosocial Perspective......Page 490
HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF THE CONCEPTUALIZATION OF PAIN......Page 491
NEUROSCIENCE OF PAIN\n......Page 493
THE BPS INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACH TO PAIN ASSESSMENT\n......Page 494
CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS OF INTERDISCIPLINARY PAIN MANAGEMENT\n......Page 498
ACKNOWLEDGMENT......Page 499
REFERENCES\n......Page 500
STRESS REDUCTION AND CANCER......Page 504
STRESS REDUCTION AND NON-INSULIN-DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS......Page 507
STRESS REDUCTION AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES......Page 509
GENERAL SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION......Page 511
REFERENCES......Page 512
35. Stress and Chronic Disease Management......Page 516
CHRONIC ILLNESS, CHRONIC ILLNESS MANAGEMENT, AND DISTRESS......Page 517
THE CSM: A DETAILED FRAMEWORK FOR LINKING CHRONIC PHYSICAL ILLNESS AND EMOTIONAL DISTRESS......Page 518
DISEASE-SPECIFIC EXAMPLES OF PSYCHOLOGICAL PATHWAYS TO DISTRESS......Page 521
REFERENCES......Page 526
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE PREDECESSORS TO MODERN LABORATORY-BASED MODELS......Page 530
STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF LABORATORY RESEARCH......Page 531
GENERAL ISSUES IN THE CONDUCT OF PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL STRESS STUDIES......Page 532
PHASES AND CHRONOLOGY IN A \"TYPICAL\" PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL STRESS STUDY......Page 535
GENERAL METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES......Page 538
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION......Page 541
REFERENCES......Page 542
37. Cardiovascular Measures in Stress Research: Methodological, Analytic, and Inferential Issues......Page 544
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN ISSUES......Page 545
ANALYTIC ISSUES......Page 551
INFERENTIAL ISSUES......Page 554
REFERENCES......Page 556
RESPONSES TO ACUTE AND CHRONIC STRESS......Page 560
THE SAM SYSTEM......Page 561
THE HPA AXIS......Page 562
METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS......Page 563
WHAT CAN WE LEARN FROM CORTISOL MEASUREMENTS?......Page 565
CONCLUSION......Page 568
REFERENCES......Page 569
OVERVIEW OF NEUROIMAGING MODALITIES AND METHODS......Page 572
FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING......Page 573
STRUCTURAL NEUROIMAGING METHODS......Page 574
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF FUNCTIONAL NEUROIMAGING STUDY DESIGN AND INFERENCE......Page 575
INFERENTIAL ISSUES......Page 576
FUNCTIONAL NEUROIMAGING STUDIES OF STRESS PROCESSES......Page 577
BRAIN SYSTEMS IMPORTANT FOR LINKING STRESS-RELATED PROCESSES TO HEALTH......Page 578
FUNCTIONAL NEUROIMAGING STUDIES OF ACUTE STRESSOR-EVOKED CARDIOVASCULAR REACTIVITY......Page 579
NEUROIMAGING STUDIES OF NEUROENDOCRINE ACTIVITY......Page 582
STUDIES OF CHRONIC STRESS PROCESSES......Page 584
REFERENCES......Page 587
THE MEASUREMENT OF STRESSOR EXPOSURE: A SHORT HISTORY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL PERSPECTIVE......Page 594
RESPONDENT-BASED METHODS FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF STRESSOR EXPOSURE: THE CHECKLIST APPROACH......Page 595
INVESTIGATOR-BASED METHODS FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF STRESSOR EXPOSURE: THE INTERVIEW APPROACH......Page 596
COMPARISON OF METHODS: INVESTIGATOR-BASED AND RESPONDENT-BASED METHODS......Page 600
SECOND-GENERATION LIFE STRESS ASSESSMENT TOOLS......Page 601
NEXT STEPS IN METHODS FOR ASSESSING EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSORS......Page 606
REFERENCES......Page 608
CHECKLIST APPROACHES IN DAILY STRESSOR RESEARCH......Page 612
NARRATIVE APPROACHES TO DAILY STRESSOR ASSESSMENT......Page 613
THE DISE......Page 614
PREVALENCE OF DAILY STRESSORS......Page 617
THE RESEARCH POTENTIAL OF THE DISE......Page 620
PERFORMANCE OF THE DISE IN COMPARISON TO SELF-ADMINISTERED DAILY DIARY METHODS......Page 621
SUMMARY AND NEXT STEPS......Page 622
REFERENCES......Page 623
WHY USE EMA FOR ASSESSING PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESS?......Page 626
WHAT ARE THE RELATIVE ADVANTAGES OF USING MOMENTARY MEASURES WHEN COMPARED WITH END-OF-DAY REPORTS?......Page 628
HOW DO WE TRANSLATE STRESS ASSESSMENT INTO A FORMAT COMPATIBLE WITH EMA?......Page 629
PSYCHOMETRIC AND DATA ANALYTIC CONSIDERATIONS......Page 633
RESEARCH DESIGN AND SAMPLING DECISIONS......Page 635
THE PITTSBURGH EXPERIENCE......Page 637
REFERENCES......Page 643
INTRODUCTION......Page 648
CONCEPTUAL FOUNDATIONS OF MULTILEVEL ANALYSIS......Page 650
NEUROANATOMICAL BASIS FOR MULTILEVEL ANALYSIS......Page 651
APPLICATIONS OF MULTILEVEL ANALYSES TO STRESS SCIENCE......Page 654
MULTILEVEL ANALYSIS OF MULTILEVEL SYSTEMS: IMPLICATIONS FOR STRESS......Page 659
REFERENCES......Page 660
Name Index......Page 664
Subject Index......Page 694
Color Plates\n......Page 370