The Handbook of Personality Dynamics and Processes

The Handbook of Personality Dynamics and Processes\nContributors\nPreface\nSECTION I: CONCEPTS AND DOMAINS\n	Chapter 1:   The history of dynamic approaches to personality\n		Introduction\n		Early dynamic models\n			The data box\n			Time and change\n			Variables showing dynamic processes\n			Descriptive models\n		Control theory: The power of feedback\n			Animal models\n			Human models\n		Formal models of personality dynamics\n			Dynamics of action\n			Modeling goals\n			Modeling the dynamics of emotion and personality\n		Dynamic processes  stochastic variation\n		Some classic diary studies\n		Data collection methods\n			Self-report\n			Behavior and physiology\n		The ESM revolution\n		Conclusions\n		References\n	Chapter 2:   Personality processes-From description to explanation\n		Personality processes-From description to explanation\n		Where we stand (or: the customary way of thinking in personality psychology)\n		Why we doubt (or: the obstacle that hinders us to stay on the customary path)\n		Which arguments might justify traits as explanation (or: the-fruitless-attempt to remain on the customary path)\n			Traits as placeholders\n			Life outcomes as explanandum\n		Why a new focus on personality processes is worth it (or: the exciting new path)\n		Who should search for processes (or: our point of departure)\n		What the actual state of knowledge concerning psychological processes is (or: how far we have gone on the new path)\n		How processes can be grouped and compared (or: a signpost for a unified work on processes)\n			Parameter a (intercept)\n			Parameter b (lower boundary)\n			Parameter c (upper boundary)\n			Parameter d (slope)\n		How considering psychological processes connects subdisciplines (or: the bridges that are included in this path)\n		What shall be done with the trait concept (or: back to the roots)?\n		References\n	Chapter 3:   Psychological processes and mechanisms to explain associations between personality traits and outcomes\n		Overview of traits and trait mechanisms\n		Mediating mechanisms\n			Behaviors as mediators\n			Thoughts as mediators\n			Mediation chains\n			Mediators of happiness\n		Moderating mechanisms\n			Trait moderation of a contextual predictor\n			Trait moderation of trait predictors\n		Processes involving both moderation and mediation\n			Examples of studies combining mediation and moderation\n			Chains of mediation and moderation over the life course\n		Final remarks\n		Acknowledgments\n		References\n	Chapter 4:   Within-person variability\n		Early conceptualizations\n			The Person-Situation Debate\n			Social cognitive approaches to personality\n			Trait approaches to individual differences\n		Moving toward a science of within-person variability\n			Within-person variability conceptualizations\n			Temporal variability\n			Personxsituation transactions revisited\n			Bridging within- and between-person processes\n		Future directions\n			Beyond variability and autocorrelations\n			Novel methods\n			Personality as a dynamic system\n			The speed of psychological processes\n		Conclusion\n		References\n	Chapter 5:   Processes of personality development: An update of the TESSERA framework\n		Introduction\n			Theoretical frameworks and models of personality development\n			A brief overview of the TESSERA framework\n		Repeated momentary processes of situations, experiences, behaviors, and reactions\n		Associative and reflective processes during personality development\n			Associative processes of personality development\n			Reflective processes of personality development\n		Conclusion\n		Acknowledgments\n		References\n	Chapter 6:   Personality dynamics in the brain: Individual differences in updating of representations and their phylogenetic roots\n		Introduction\n			Predictive versus reactive control\n			Frontal functional asymmetry: Integrating novel information with internal models\n			Summary\n		Basic personality traits that reflect individual differences in PARCS\n			Basic proactive and reactive animal traits\n			Deriving human personality structure from basic animal traits: Applying PARCS theory\n				Rigid predictive control: The case of constraint-related conscientiousness\n				Flexible predictive control: Behavior through context-sensitive application of internal models\n				The resulting personality model\n			Liberalism versus conservatism\n			Absorption\n			Sensation seeking\n			Constraint\n			Self-directedness\n		Dynamics of PARCS\n		Conclusion\n		Acknowledgments\n		References\n	Chapter 7:   Synergistic and dynamic genotype-environment interplays in the development of personality differences\n		Introduction\n		Theoretical considerations of genetic differences: Genes, apes, and bananas\n		Quantifying relative genetic and environmental contributions\n		Relative genetic and environmental contributions to personality differences\n		Unfolding of genetic and environmental influences in personality differences\n			Rare and multiple gene variants and environmental factors\n			Multiple genexgene interactions\n			Age-related shared environmental factors plus nonadditive genetic factors\n			Multiple environmentxenvironment interactions\n		Interplay of genetic and environmental influences on personality differences\n			Genotypexenvironment interactions and epigenetic factors\n			Genotype-environment correlations and transactions\n		Cutting-edge research on genotype-environment interplays in personality development\n		Conclusions and an integrative perspective\n		Acknowledgments\n		References\n	Chapter 8:   Social interaction processes and personality\n		Situating social interaction processes: Structure and content of a complex process domain of personality\n		The PERSOC framework: Understanding social interaction process chains and their relation to personality expression, consequ ...\n			PERSOC principles\n			PERSOC and the expression of personality\n			PERSOC and the social consequences of personality\n			PERSOC and the development of personality\n		Interaction state contingencies and fluctuations\n		Empirical findings regarding individual differences in social interaction states\n			Differences in interaction state levels\n				Differences in own interaction behavior (actor effects)\n				Differences in interaction partner\'s behavior (partner effects)\n				Differences in own interpersonal perceptions and affect (perceiver effects)\n				Differences in interaction partners perceptions and affect (target effects)\n			Differences in interaction state contingencies\n			Similarity and other relational effects: Individual differences in reactivities to specific interaction partners\n		Limitations, perspectives, and implications: Understanding and assessing personality traits as dynamic social interaction s ...\n			Limitations: Fuzzy trait conceptualizations, insular and selective process analyses\n			Perspective 1: Integration with individual network approaches\n			Perspective 2: Integration with dynamic system approaches\n			Implications: A dynamic social-interaction conceptualization and assessment of personality\n		Conclusions\n		References\n	Chapter 9:   Wild horses dressed like unicorns: Relationship effects on personality\n		Levels of analysis\n		Relationship effects in ego-centered networks\n			Measuring ego-centered networks\n			Occurrence of relationship effects\n				Conceptual asymmetry between personality and relationship characteristics\n				Relationship effects in times of life transitions\n		Relationship effects in partner relationships\n			Starting a partner relationship\n			Relationship effects in established relationships\n		Methodological considerations\n			Alternatives to the cross-lagged panel model\n			Importance of dyadic designs\n		Outlook and future directions\n		Conclusion\n		References\n	Chapter 10:   Culture and personality processes: Basic tenets and current directions\n		Culture: Its nature and many forms\n			Where is culture in personality? Where is personality in culture? Personal, collective, and shared aspects\n			Many forms of culture\n		Culture and personality studies: Back to the future\n			A brief historical account\n			Moving forward and getting ahead\n			Further considerations\n		Basic debates never die: Emic vs. etic approaches\n		New theoretical developments\n			Social-ecology and personality\n			Dynamic-constructivism and polyculturalism\n		Personality and multiculturalism\n		Conclusion\n		References\n	Chapter 11:   Psychopathology and personality functioning\n		Medicalization of personality disorder diagnosis\n		Shift toward empirical classification\n		Extremity is not necessary or sufficient to define dysfunction\n		Maladaptive trait models\n		Mechanistic trait models\n		Integrating mechanistic models with existing clinical theory\n		The challenge of defining dysfunction\n		A comprehensive model of dysfunction\n		Summary\n		References\n	Chapter 12:   Motives and goals, or: The joys and meanings of life\n		Modes of behavior regulation\n		Motives\n		Goals\n		Relationships and interactions between motives and goals\n		Achieving motive-goal congruence\n			Experimental studies\n			Other moderators of motive-goal congruence\n		Coda: The contributions of motives and goals to well-being\n		Acknowledgment\n		References\n	Chapter 13:   Fates beyond traits: The dynamics and impacts of personal project pursuit\n		Units of analysis in personality psychology: Challenge and change\n			Personal projects as units of analysis\n		PPA: A multimodular methodology\n			PPA: Assessment modules\n			Assessment criteria for personal projects\n		The social ecology of personal project pursuit\n		Acting out of character: The dynamics of free traits\n			Counterdispositional behavior\n			Free traits: Biogenic, sociogenic, and idiogenic influences\n			Free traits: Benefits, costs, and optimal stretching\n			Pseudoextraversion: Feeling better and doing well?\n			Caveats about costs\n			Temporal dynamics and restorative niches\n		Well-doing: Core projects and their sustainable pursuit\n			Personal projects as mediators?\n			Well-doing: Shifting the outcome focus of the SEM\n		References\n	Chapter 14:   Self-regulatory processes and personality\n		Personality traits as predicting self-regulation\n			Conscientiousness\n			Neuroticism\n			Extraversion, agreeableness, and openness to experience\n			Combinations of personality traits and facets\n		Self-regulation as predicting personality traits\n			Personality as a byproduct of goals\n			Personality as a byproduct of self-regulatory strategies\n			Other considerations\n			Summary\n		Stable individual differences in self-regulation\n			Approach/avoidance\n			Promotion/prevention\n			Locomotion/assessment\n			Entity versus incremental theorists\n			Summary\n		Conclusion\n		References\n	Chapter 15:   Dynamic self-processes\n		Introduction\n		Toward a classification of self-processes\n		Self-awareness\n			Development\n			Related terms\n			Neuroanatomy\n		Mental time travel\n			Connection between episodic memory and prospection\n			Connection between episodic memory and self\n			Types and functions of prospection\n		Self-knowledge\n			Definition and related terms\n			Accuracy of self-perception\n		Other important self-processes\n			Theory-of-Mind\n			Self-rumination\n			Self-esteem\n			Self-talk\n		Conclusion\n		References\n	Chapter 16:   Narrative, identity, and the life story: Structural and process approaches\n		Two theoretical ``stories´´ about stories\n			Structural approaches: The life story as identity\n				Processes within the life story framework: How do life stories develop?\n				Processes within the life story framework: How do individual differences in the life story shape psychosocial outcomes over ...\n			Process approaches: Narrating as a socially situated process of self construction\n				Factors that shape situated stories\n				Effects of situated stories on subsequent memory, self, and emotion\n		Bringing the two frameworks together\n			Common ground between structural and process approaches\n			Better together: Two directions for integrated research\n				Does the life story develop via situated storytelling?\n				Does situated storytelling explain how the life story is associated with psychosocial outcomes?\n		Conclusions and directions for future work\n		References\n	Chapter 17:   Integrative processes and personality coherence across levels of functioning\n		The coherent actor\n		The coherent agent\n		The coherent author\n			Crosslevel coherence\n		Reflection and conclusion\n		References\nSECTION II: PERSPECTIVES AND THEORIES\n	Chapter 18:   Capturing interactions, correlations, fits, and transactions: A Person-Environment Relations Model\n		Introduction\n		Respecifying the Lewinian formula\n			Ingredients\n				Basic elements: Person and environment variables\n				Differentiations: Flections of measurement\n				Combinations\n			Functional configurations\n		A general Person-Environment Relations Model (PERM)\n		Person-environment relations\n			Person-environment interactions\n				Analysis of variance\n				Linear interaction effects\n				Nonlinear effects\n				Effect patterns\n				Outcome-based, variable-oriented person-environment fit\n				Summary and findings\n			Person-environment correlations\n				Variable-oriented correlations\n					Behavior genetics\n					Work\n					Relationships\n					Social investments\n					Daily life\n					Simulations\n				Person-oriented profile correlations\n			Person-environment fit\n				Important distinctions\n				Processes and consequences of person-environment fit\n			Person-environment transactions\n				Timescales of variables\n					Ontogenetic processes\n					Manifestive/expressive processes\n					Actualgenetic processes\n					Accumulative/accretive processes\n					Summary\n				Transaction effect patterns across time\n					Findings\n						Life events\n						Work\n						Relationships\n						Daily life\n					Summary\n		Person-environment calibrations and navigation mechanisms\n			Calibration types\n			Navigation mechanisms\n				Navigation mechanisms for person  environment calibrations\n					A systematic account\n					Empirical evidence\n				Navigation mechanisms for environment  person calibrations\n		Recommendations and future directions\n			Taking environment assessment seriously\n			Employing appropriate research designs\n			Zooming into processes, sequences, and cycles\n			Explanation vs. prediction and causality\n			Conceptualizing, measuring, and studying calibrations and navigation mechanisms\n			Distinguishing different types of person-environment fit\n			A transactional perspective on traits and personality\n			Formalization\n			Theory, multidisciplinary integration, replication, and collaboration\n			Working toward principles of person-environment relations\n		Conclusion\n		References\n		Further reading\n	Chapter 19:   Evolutionary perspectives on the mechanistic underpinnings of personality\n		Overview\n		Evolution and phenotypic variation\n			Evolutionary psychology\n				Deep vs. manifest structures of adaptations\n				Why phenotypic variation? The role of cost-benefit tradeoffs\n				Proximate mechanisms to explain variation: Genetic variation, developmental calibration, and immediate situational adjustment\n					Genetic variation\n					Developmental calibration\n					Immediate situational adjustment\n		Evolutionary personality science\n			Paradigm #1: Dimensional cost-benefit analysis (DCBA)\n				Limitations of the DCBA approach\n			Paradigm #2: Ground-up adaptationism (GUA)\n				Jealousy\n				Anger\n				Internal regulatory variables (IRVs)\n			GUA: The best way forward for personality science\n		Concluding remarks\n		Acknowledgment\n		References\n	Chapter 20:   Dual process models of personality\n		Dual process approaches to the personality self-concept\n			The personality self-concept\n			A conceptual distinction of the explicit and implicit personality self-concept: Reflective and impulsive processes\n			A procedural distinction of the explicit and implicit personality self-concept via the assessment method: Direct and indire ...\n		Dual process approaches to motive dispositions\n			Personality motives\n			Dual motive theory: The distinction of explicit and implicit motives\n			Assessment of explicit and implicit motives\n		Empirical evidence on the reliability and validity of indirect personality measures\n			Self-concept measures\n				Reliability\n				Convergence\n				Predictive validity\n			Indirect motive measures\n				Reliability\n				Convergence\n				Predictive validity\n		Advanced issues\n			Novel indirect assessment methods and scoring systems\n				Self-concept\n				Motives\n			The development of implicit personality characteristics\n			Including the other-perspective: Interpersonal extensions of dual process approaches to personality\n		Controversial issues\n			Convergence between measures\n			Unitary versus dualistic constructs and theories\n		Conclusions\n		References\n	Chapter 21:   Whole Trait Theory puts dynamics at the core of structure\n		The big five and HEXACO are real and in need of explanation\n		Whole Trait Theory\n		The whole trait: Explanatory and descriptive parts\n			The explanatory part of traits (TraitEXP)\n				Traits as sets\n				Accretion and the necessity of the explanatory concept\n				Implications of the explanatory side for the descriptive side of traits\n			The descriptive side of traits (TraitDES)\n		Empirical evidence for WTT claims\n			Evidence for the TraitEXP-TraitDES link\n			Evidence for states as manifestations of traits\n		Future research directions\n		Conclusion\n		References\n	Chapter 22:   The KAPA model of personality structure and dynamics\n		The KAPA model: Conceptual premises\n			Scientific explanation: ``Bottom-up´´ explanatory systems\n			Theoretical focus: Personality architecture\n			Target of investigations: Persons\n		The KAPA model: Theory of personality architecture\n			Theoretical gap: What are the social-cognitive personality variables, exactly?\n				The gap\n			Filling the gap: A taxonomy of intraindividual personality structures and processes\n				Intentionality\n				Knowledge and appraisal\n				The content of cognition: Beliefs, standards, and goals\n		The KAPA model: Theory of personality assessment\n			Assessment: A gap in the literature\n			Filling the gap: A social-cognitive theory of personality assessment\n		The KAPA model: Empirical strategies for identifying cross-situational coherence\n			Gap in the literature: Why do people display ``trait-like´´ consistency in experience and action?\n			Filling the gap: KAPA model strategy for identifying and explaining cross-situational consistency\n				The causal impact of knowledge-structure activation\n				Schematic knowledge structures and cross-situational coherence in self-efficacy appraisal\n			Extensions of the KAPA model\n		Limitations and future directions\n		References\n	Chapter 23:   Lifespan trait development: Toward an adequate theory of personality\n		The evolution of FFT\n			Theory building\n			The implications of longitudinal stability for personality theories\n			Childhood determinants: The role of parenting\n			Childhood determinants: The wider environment\n			A different perspective: Five-factor theory\n			Personality trait development and the missing arrow\n			The heuristic value of FFT\n				Cohort effects\n				Cultural differences\n				Animal analogs\n		A new test of social investment\n			Social investment\n		FFT as a guide to studying trait developmental processes\n			Critiques of FFT\n		Future directions\n		Acknowledgments\n		References\n	Chapter 24:   Using functional fields to represent accounts of the psychological processes that produce actions\n		Formally representing the psychological processes that produce actions\n		Using functional fields to represent the situation as perceived by the actor\n		Representing the field from verbal statements\n		Traits as regularities in forces within the person\'s field\n		Worked example: Why did Frank Abagnale start a life of crime? (and then, why did he stop?)\n		Broader applications of functional fields\n		Creating field models to simulate possible interventions\n		Conclusion\n		References\n	Chapter 25:   Interpersonal theory and personality processes\n		Introduction\n			The history of interpersonal theory\n			Contemporary conceptualizations of interpersonal theory\n			Further advancements in interpersonal theory\n		Interpersonal processing and dysfunction\n			Example of interpersonal dysfunction\n				Dysfunction in the self-system\n				Dysfunction in the interpersonal field\n				Dysfunction through distorted perceptions or mentalization processes\n			Research support: Ecological momentary assessment research designs\n				Interpersonal field-Complementarity\n				Interpersonal field-Other-perceptionself-affect associations\n				Interpersonal field-Self-affectself-behavior\n				Interpersonal field-Other perceptionself-affectself-behavior associations\n				Interpersonal field-Interpersonal behavior\n				Interpersonal field-Interpersonal perception\n				Interpersonal field-Complete model\n				Self- and other-systems\n				Mentalization system\n				EMA summary\n			Research support: Observational coding research designs\n				Interpersonal field-Complementarity\n				Interpersonal field-Affects and behaviors\n		Contrasting EMA and CAID methods\n		Future directions\n		Conclusion\n		References\n	Chapter 26:   Dynamic pathways of personality: A further development of the personality systems framework\n		Dynamics in a structural context\n		Dynamics are shaped by structure\n			Three sizes of personality dynamics\n		Dynamics of self-control\n			Top-down continuum: Effortful inhibition of temptation\n			Bottom-up continuum: Impulsivity\n			Multiple dynamics along the self-control pathway: The example of defense mechanisms\n		Dynamics of action\n			Inner-to-outer continuum: Competitiveness and its expression\n			Outer-to-inner continuum: Social comparison and self-evaluations\n			Multiple dynamics along the action-dynamic pathway and between inner personality and the outside environment\n		Discussion\n			Clarifications, limits, and extensions of the personality systems framework\n			Utility of the personality systems framework to research\n		Conclusion\n		References\n	Chapter 27:   Personality systems interactions (PSI theory): Toward a dynamic integration of personality theories\n		Seven levels of personality functioning: Integrating divergent theories of personality\n		Systems interactions underlying decisiveness and self-growth\n			Affective change modulates systems interactions: Empirical evidence\n			The functional significance of incongruence: Some practical implications\n		Conclusions\n		References\nSECTION III: METHODS AND STATISTICS\n	Chapter 28:   Variability and consistency in the analysis of behavior\n		Traditional conceptual and analytic approaches\n			Consistency versus variability\n			The person by situation data box and ANOVA\n		The simplest case: Persons and situations\n			Variance and consistency as basic elements of ANOVA\n			The person effect as a function of both variability and consistency\n				Mean squares\n				Eta squared\n				Variance components\n				Intraclass correlations (i.e., generalizability coefficients)\n			The situation effect is a function of both variability and consistency\n				Mean squares\n				Eta squared\n				Variance components\n				Intraclass correlations (i.e., generalizability coefficients)\n			The residual reflects inconsistency\n			Inferential statistics reflect consistency\n		The slightly more complex case: Persons, situations, and person-situation interaction\n			Person and situation effects\n			Residual/error as within-cell differences\n			Person x situation interaction as less-than-perfect consistency\n			Inferential statistics (again) are related to consistency\n		A more than ``slightly more´´ complex case: Persons, situations, and observations\n			Person effect and situation effect still reflect variability and consistency\n			Person-situation interaction as less consistency than would be possible, given measurement quality\n			Residual/error as related to consistency\n			Inferential statistics (yet again) are related to consistency\n		Alternative estimation procedures\n		Summary\n			Utility and implications\n		References\n	Chapter 29:   Mobile sensing for studying personality dynamics in daily life\n		Mobile sensing for capturing personality expression in daily life\n		Guidelines for studying personality dynamics using mobile sensing\n		Design factors to consider before launching a mobile sensing study\n		Description of tutorial materials\n		Analytic techniques to consider when working with sensor data\n		Describing within-person variability\n			Tutorial: Describing within-person variability in conversation behavior\n		Examining patterns over time\n			Tutorial: Examining change in conversation behavior over time\n		Identifying within-person dimensions\n			Tutorial: Identifying within-person components using a P-technique PCA\n		Conclusion\n		References\n	Chapter 30:   Experience sampling and daily diary studies: Basic concepts, designs, and challenges\n		Background of ESM studies\n		Research questions for experience sampling studies\n			Approaching ESM from the perspective of test construction\n				What is the construct being measured?\n				What is the purpose of the measure?\n					Research questions at the between-person level\n						Choosing the right number of items\n					Research questions at the within-person level\n				What is the targeted population?\n					Population of persons\n					Population of situations\n						Interval-contingent\n						Event-contingent\n						Combination of interval-contingent and event-contingent designs\n		Designing an experience sampling study\n			Basic setup\n			Detailed setup\n		Preregistration of experience sampling studies\n			Pilot testing an experience sampling study\n		Platforms for experience sampling studies\n		Summary\n		References\n	Chapter 31:   Modeling developmental processes\n		Individual, mean, and differential change\n		Mean level, positional and rank-order stability, and linear change\n		Methods for describing developmental trajectories\n			Multilevel models\n				Sample sizes\n				Assumptions\n				Centering time\n				Selective attrition\n				Other missing data\n			Latent growth curve models\n			Autoregressive models\n			Comparison of multilevel, growth curve, and autoregressive models\n			Person-centered approaches: Development of types and types of development\n		Models for explaining developmental trajectories\n			Statistically controlled long-term prediction\n			Intervention studies\n			Natural experiments\n			Crosslagged analyses\n			Longitudinal mediation\n		Conclusion\n		References\n	Chapter 32:   What if apples become oranges? A primer on measurement invariance in repeated measures research\n		Introduction\n		What is measurement invariance?\n		A method for testing invariance\n		Advanced techniques for testing invariance\n		The practical impact of noninvariance\n		When invariance fails\n		The future of invariance testing\n		Conclusion\n		Acknowledgments\n		References\n	Chapter 33:   Multilevel structural equation modeling for intensive longitudinal data: A practical guide for personality researchers\n		Multilevel structural equation modeling for intensive longitudinal data: A practical guide for applied personality researchers\n		Issues associated with ILD in personality research\n		A basic introduction to MSEM\n			MSEM: Merging two traditions\n			Latent decomposition of variance\n			Model structure across levels in MSEM\n			Evaluating model fit in MSEM\n			MSEM issues specific to ILD\n		Empirical demonstrations\n			Multilevel confirmatory factor analysis (MCFA)\n			Multilevel latent variable path analysis model\n			Multilevel path analysis model with random effects\n			Crosslevel interaction multilevel path analysis model\n			Random intercept and slope as predictors of an outcome at the between-persons level\n		Discussion\n			Practical issues in MSEM\n			Alternative approaches and emerging methods\n		Conclusion\n		Acknowledgments\n		References\n	Chapter 34:   Hierarchical continuous time modeling\n		Overview\n			Subject-level latent dynamic model\n			Subject-level measurement model\n			Overview of hierarchical model\n			Install software and prepare data\n			Missing values\n			Model specification\n			Model fitting\n			Summary\n			Plotting\n			Model prediction plots\n			Time-independent predictor effect plots\n		Additional details\n			Detailed model specification\n			Stationarity\n			Accessing Stan model code\n			Using rstan functions\n			Oscillating, single subject example-Sunspots data\n			Nonlinearities\n			Population standard deviations-Understanding the transforms\n		Conclusion\n		References\n	Chapter 35:   Multitrait-multimethod-multioccasion modeling of personality data\n		Multitrait-multimethod-multioccasion modeling of personality data\n			Single-indicator models\n				The multioccasion CU approach\n				The multioccasion CT-CM model\n				Other single-indicator models\n			Multi-indicator models\n				MTMM latent state (LS) model\n				Correlated states-correlated (methods-1) model\n				The CS-C(M-1) change model\n				MTMM-LST models\n		Data example\n			Sample\n				Measure\n		Results\n			MTMM-LS models\n				CS-C(M-1) model\n				MTMM-LST model\n		Conclusion\n			Models of variability vs. models of change\n		Acknowledgments\n		References\n	Chapter 36:   Dyadic data analysis\n		Dyadic data analysis\n		Analysis of dyadic data from single dyads\n		Cross-sectional dyadic data\n			Longitudinal dyadic data\n				Dyadic autoregressive path models\n				Dyadic growth models\n		Analyzing dyadic data from dyads in groups\n			Cross-sectional round-robin or social network data\n				Social relations model\n				Descriptive social network analysis\n			Longitudinal round robin data\n				Social relations growth model\n				Longitudinal network models-SIENA\n		Conclusion\n		Acknowledgment\n		References\n	Chapter 37:   Longitudinal structural equation modeling of personality data\n		Models for examining state variability\n			Trait-state-error model\n			Multiple-indicator LST models\n				Trait-state-occasion (TSO) model\n				The TSO model with indicator-specific factors\n				LST model with indicator-specific traits\n			Summary: State variability models\n			Outlook: More complex state variability models\n		Models for measuring change\n			Autoregressive/cross-lagged models\n				Single-indicator models\n				Multiple-indicator models\n				Multiple-indicator ACL model\n			The LST-AR model\n			Latent state change score models\n				Single-indicator models\n				Multiple-indicator models\n			Latent growth curve models\n				Single-indicator models\n			Latent trait change models\n				Latent trait change score models\n				Latent trait autoregressive models\n				Multiple-indicator LGC models\n			Summary: Models for measuring change\n		Conclusion\n		Acknowledgments\n		References\n	Chapter 38:   Finding order in the flow of personality: Dynamical systems techniques for measuring personality coherence and change\n		Dynamics in personality theory and research\n		Key concepts in dynamical systems theory\n			Features of dynamical systems\n			Fixed-point attractor dynamics\n			Multistability in dynamical systems\n		Applying dynamical systems methods to study personality\n			Empirical techniques\n				Obtaining time-series data over minutes and days\n					Mouse paradigm\n					Affect grid\n					Time-series and fractal approaches\n					Phase space approaches\n			Computational modeling\n		Conclusion\n		References\n	Chapter 39:   Personality traits in social interactions: A tutorial on network analysis of personality dynamics\n		Introduction to network analysis\n		A tutorial on network analysis of personality dynamics\n			Method\n				Participants\n				Procedure\n				Measures\n			Loading data and packages into R\n			Estimating and visualizing the overall network\n			Network indices and their stability in the overall network\n			Networks by personality trait\n		Implications for personality dynamics\n			Emotionality (E)\n			Agreeableness versus Anger (A)\n			Openness to experience (O)\n			eXtraversion, Conscientiousness, and Honesty-Humility\n		General conclusions\n		References\n	Chapter 40:   Virtual personalities and neural networks: Capturing the structure and dynamics of personality\n		Goals of the current approach\n		Theoretical background\n			Overview\n			Specific assumptions of the model\n				Traits are goal-based, motive-based structures\n				Broad motivational structures\n					Approach\n					Avoidance\n					Constraint\n			General description of the model of personality\n			Additional components of the overall model\n				Situations\n				Interoceptive state\n				Wanting or motivational strength\n		Overview of neural networks\n			Components of a network\n				Nodes, connections, and layers\n				Hidden layers\n				Learning\n			The Leabra neural network architecture\n		Advantages of building a neural network model\n		Simulations\n			Read et al. (2010): Simulating a range of personality findings\n			Read, Droutman, et al. (2017): Simulating the Big Five\n				Description of the network\n				Structure and training of the network\n				Recovering the Big Five\n			Read, Smith, et al. (2017): How a stable structure can produce high within-person variability\n		Conclusion\n		References\nSECTION IV: APPLICATIONS\n	Chapter 41:   Personality dynamics in the workplace: An overview of emerging literatures and future research needs\n		Personality defined\n		Representative literatures bearing on personality dynamics at work\n			Dispositional change\n				Neuroticism\n				Adaptability\n				Self-monitoring\n			Situational specificity and person-situation interactions\n				Situational specificity of personality trait validity in work settings\n				Theory of work adjustment\n				Job characteristics model\n				Attraction-selection-attrition model\n				Leadership contingencies\n				Cognitive-affective processing systems\n				Trait activation theory\n				Theory of purposeful work behavior\n				Trait-by-trait interactions\n			Personality states\n				Assessment of personality states at work\n				Personality trait-state linkages\n				Relations with valued outcomes\n				Personality states and situations\n				Within-person variability as a stable personality disposition\n			Personality development and long-term processes\n				Normative changes in personality over the lifespan\n				Rank-order changes in personality over the lifespan\n				Long-term reciprocal linkages between personality and situations\n			Self-regulation approaches to work motivation\n				Self-regulation in personality dynamics\n				Illustrative examples\n		Offerings of personality dynamics to work psychology\n		A partial model of personality dynamics in the workplace\n		Future research needs\n		Conclusion\n		References\n	Chapter 42:   Within-person variability in job performance\n		Job performance and within-person variability therein\n		Why is it important to adopt a within-person perspective on job performance?\n		Theories relevant to within-person job performance variability\n		Elaborating upon individual theories and integrating across theories: A road map\n			How is time conceptualized?\n			Which forms of variability are emphasized?\n			What timeframes are emphasized?\n			Are feedback loops and more generally performance-as-antecedent relationships hypothesized?\n			What types of job performance are featured?\n		Implications for practice in organizational settings\n			Employee selection\n			Organizational interventions\n			Performance appraisal\n		Acknowledgments\n		References\n	Chapter 43:   Process perspectives on leader traits, behaviors, and leadership situations\n		A short summary of leader-trait research\n		Leaders and leadership outcomes: Which traits do matter?\n			What are leadership outcomes?\n			Which leader traits predict leadership outcomes best?\n		A look into the leadership process: How and when do leader traits work?\n			Contemporary process models of leadership\n			The role of leadership behavior\n			The role of the leadership situation\n				Context and situation dependability of leader traits and behaviors\n				Situational construal and trait activation\n				Leader trait development within and across situations\n				Toward a better analysis of the leadership situation\n		Conclusion and outlook\n		References\n	Chapter 44:   Assessing personality dynamics in personnel selection\n		Traditional personality assessment in personnel selection\n		Toward a dynamic approach to personality in selection\n		Personality dynamics-A review of relevant concepts\n			Within-person personality stability and change\n			Traitedness and personality strength\n			Dynamic interactions between personality and situations\n		Assessing personality dynamics using personality inventories\n			Assessing within-person stability and change using personality inventories\n			Assessing person-situation interactions using personality inventories\n		Assessing personality dynamics using situational judgment tests\n			Assessing within-person fluctuations using SJTs\n			Assessing person-situation interactions using SJTs\n		Assessing personality dynamics using assessment center exercises\n			Assessing within-person stability and change using ACs\n			Assessing person-situation interactions using ACs\n		Quantification of within-person variability\n		Conclusion\n		Acknowledgments\n		References\n	Chapter 45:   An integrative framework to study wisdom\n		The many faces of wisdom\n			Bangen et al.s (2013) review\n			Staudinger and Glück\'s (2011) review\n			Yang\'s (2008) review\n			Grossmann\'s (2017) wisdom in context account\n			Walsh\'s (2015) crosscultural and crossdisciplinary syntheses\n			Glück et al. (2013)\n		Integrating wisdom literatures\n		A process-oriented framework to study wisdom\n		The nomological lens model network\n			The diagnostic perspective: The nomological network and the lens model\n			The personality psychological perspective: The four Ps\n		Exemplary application of the NLMN to two selected wisdom models\n			The Berlin wisdom paradigm\n			Ardelt\'s 3-D wisdom model\n			Integrating 3-D wisdom and the BWP in the NLMN\n				Person component\n				Product component\n				Process component\n				Presses component\n				Antecedents and outcomes\n		The NLMN as an integrative framework of wisdom\n			How can the four Ps be interrelated?\n			Advantages and limitations of the NLMN\n		Conclusion\n		Acknowledgments\n		References\n	Chapter 46:   Dynamic processes underlying individual differences in moral behavior\n		Dynamic processes constituting individual differences in moral behavior\n		Individual differences proposed specifically to explain or describe moral behavior\n		A six-category taxonomy of individual differences in moral character\n		Category 1: Perception of moral relevance\n			Moral expansiveness\n			Moral disengagement\n		Category 2: Judgment of morally correct behavior\n			Moral reasoning\n			Moral values\n			Beliefs about morality\n		Category 3: Affective prompts and inhibitors\n		Category 4: Identification with morality or others\n			Identification with morality\n			Identification with others\n		Category 5: Moral courage and follow-through\n		Category 6: Enacted morality\n		Dynamic processes underlying these individual differences\n			Knowledge about dynamics of individual differences in morality to date\n			The morally exceptional as a centrifuge for studying dynamics\n		Conclusion\n		Acknowledgments\n		References\n	Chapter 47:   Personality and stress\n		Personality and stress\n		Personality and stress: Concepts and definitions\n		Part I. Personality and stress: Short-term dynamics\n			Dispositions as moderators of the stress process\n			Dissolving the conceptual boundaries between personality and stress processes\n		Part II. Personality and stress: Long-term change\n			Direct and moderating effects of personality on well-being\n			The role of personality in mediation models on longer-term adjustment to stress\n			Personality and physical health\n			Personality as an outcome: Stress effects on longitudinal change\n		General remarks\n			Methodological considerations\n			Future directions and conclusion\n		Acknowledgment\n		References\n	Chapter 48:   Subjective well-being as a dynamic construct\n		Subjective well-being as a dynamic construct\n		How dynamic is SWB?\n			Heritability of SWB\n			Rank-order stability of SWB\n			Variance decomposition\n			Conclusion\n		Short-term dynamics of SWB\n			Occasion-specific determinants of momentary SWB\n			Person-level determinants of short-term dynamics of SWB\n			Summary\n		Long-term dynamics of SWB\n			SWB across the life span\n			Life events and SWB\n			SWB interventions\n			Summary\n		Conclusion\n		Acknowledgments\n		References\n	Chapter 49:   Health processes in personality\n		Health processes in personality\n		Personality traits and health outcomes\n		Mechanisms explaining personality-health associations\n			Health behavior model\n			Physiological functioning\n			Social relationships\n		Personality and health processes model\n		Personality within medical settings\n		Conclusions\n		References\n	Chapter 50:   Dynamics and processes in personality change interventions\n		Dynamics and processes in personality change interventions\n		What are personality traits?\n		Can personality traits change?\n			The social investment hypothesis\n			Sociogenomic theory\n		Interventions to change personality traits\n			Empirical evidence for personality change via intervention\n		Volitional personality change interventions\n			Do people want to change their personality traits?\n			Can people volitionally change?\n			Volitional change interventions\n		Future directions\n			What is the nature of intervention-driven personality change?\n			What factors promote successful interventions?\n			Can nonvolitional interventions work?\n		Conclusion\n		References\n	Chapter 51:   PSI theory in action: The assessment of self-competences as an aid in counseling and therapy\n		A short intro into PSI theory\n			Seven ``reasons´´ for laziness-Seven levels of personality functioning\n			Optimal functioning through personality systems interactions\n		Client A-When the self is not accessible\n			Sensitivity scales\n			Regulation scales\n			Motive scales\n			Therapy of Client A\n		Client B-When the self is too accessible\n			EOS assessments of Client B\n			Therapy of Client B\n		General implications and future directions\n		Conclusion\n		References\nAuthor Index\nSubject-Index\n810JzY9YtvL.jpg\nПустая страница\nПустая страница