The Handbook of Berber Linguistics

Introduction
Acknowledgments
Contents
About the Editors
Contributors
Section I: Berber Phonetics/Phonology
	1 Durational Correlates of Geminate Stops: The Case of Berber and Japanese
		Introduction
		Hypotheses
		Method
		Results
			Intersegmental Results for Voiceless Stops
			Intersegmental Results for Voiced Stops
			Intrasegmental Results for Voiceless Stops
			Intrasegmental Results for Voiced Stops
			Relative Values for Singletons Versus Geminates
		Discussion and Conclusions
			Absolute Durational Data
			Relative Durational Data
			Concluding Remarks
		References
	2 ``Within-Category´´ Consonant-Vowel Interactions in Tashlhit: Labialized Consonant Alternations
		Introduction
		Facts and Previous Accounts
			A Very Common Within-Category C-V Interaction: Labialized Consonant Dissimilation
			A Very Rare Within-Category C-V Interaction: Labialized Consonant Assimilation
		Cw-Dissimilation As Identity Avoidance
		Cw-Assimilation As a Corollary of Vowel Copying
			Vowel Copying
				Description and Analysis
				Round Dissimilation and Round Copying: The Reconciliation
			Cw-Assimilation As a Case of Consonant Permeability
		Is There a Commonality Between Cw-Dissimilation and Cw-Assimilation?
			Tashlhit C-V Interactions and Conspiracy in Phonology
			The Emergence of the Unmarked
		Conclusion
		References
	3 Acquisition in a Multilingual Context: English Mid and Low Vowel Contrasts by Native Speakers of Tashlhit
		Introduction
		Studies of L2 and L3 Phonology
			Role of L1 and L2 Transfer in L3 Acquisition
			Combined Transfer
		The Multilingual Context: Tashlhit Speakers´ Linguistic Repertoires
			Tashlhit (L1)
			Moroccan Arabic (MA)
			Modern Standard Arabic (MSA)
			French
			English
		The Study: Hypotheses and Predictions
			Participants
			Perceptual Experiments
			Results
			Production Experiments
				Results
		Discussion
			Role of L1 Transfer and Other Languages
			Comparing Across Systems in Multilingual Learning
			Implications for Language Teaching and Future Work
		Conclusion
		References
	4 Glide: High Vowel Alternation at the Syntax-Phonology Interface
		Introduction
		Glides Versus High Vowels: Features, Representations and Alternations
			Amazigh Phonemic System: An Outline
			Glides Versus High Vowels: Features and Representations
			Glide - High Vowel Alternations in Amazigh
				Contexts of Alternation
				Lack of Alternation
		Boundaries, Phases, and Spell-Out: The Basics
			Grammatical Carriers in Phonology
			Derivation by Phase
		Phasal Spell-Out of the High Vocoids I, U
		Emphasis Spread in Verbs and Nouns: Acoustic Data
		Conclusion
		References
	5 The Phonetics and Phonology of Tashlhiyt Geminates: An Overview
		Introduction
		Representation of Consonant Gemination
		Singletons Versus Geminates: Acoustic and Articulatory Attributes
			Primary Correlate of Gemination
			Secondary Correlates of Gemination
			A Contrast with Multiple Correlates
		The Perception of Geminates in Tashlhiyt
		Additional Issues
			Lexical Versus Derived Geminates
			Gemination and Speech Rate: A Search for Invariance
		Conclusion
		References
Section II: Cultural Linguistics, Sociolinguistics, Psycholinguistics, and Pedagogy
	6 Le corse et l´amazighe, de la minoration à l´officialisation et de la famille à l´école
		Introduction
		Pourquoi les langues minorées/minorisées et minoritaires sont-elles menacées de mort ?
		L´école et la sauvegarde des langues menacées
		Gros plan sur la langue corse et son introduction à l´école
			Le corse, d´un dialecte de l´italien à une langue autonome
			L´introduction du corse à l´école
		La langue polynomique: un concept pour gérer la variation linguistique
		La théorie de l´élaboration linguistique ou la production didactique en corse
		La langue corse: le choix d´une norme graphique
			Variation et norme graphique: une graphie pour le corse
			Réflexions sur la didactique de la langue corse et de sa norme graphique
		L´amazighe au Maroc, une langue en transformation
			L´amazighe: d´une langue minorée à une langue officielle
			La création de l´IRCAM et l´institutionnalisation de l´amazighe
		La langue amazighe: de l´aménagement de son corpus à son enseignement
			Quelle norme graphique pour la langue amazighe?
			La production didactique et l´accès de l´amazighe à l´école
			Quelle langue amazighe enseigner à l´école primaire ?
			Comment l´amazighe est enseigné en classe?
		Conclusion
		Annexes
		Références bibliographiques
			Documents officiels
			Ouvrages et articles
	7 Swadesh in the Sahara: Lexicostatistical Lists in Berber/Amazigh Languages and Their Loan Components
		Introduction
		Some Remarks on Sources
		Contact Influences on Berber: A Synopsis
			A Note on Early Semitic Influence: Cardinal Numerals
			Arabic (and Other) Loans on Some Amazigh Swadesh Lists
			Kabyle Berber/Taqbaylit (All from Arabic)
			Other Berber Varieties
		Comparison with Other High Borrowing Languages
		Berber Loans in Northern Songhay Swadesh List Vocabulary
		Conclusions
		References
	8 Auditory Word Recognition in Tashlhit/Berber: Supraliminal Speech Priming
		Introduction
		Tashlhit
		Word Recognition Process (Speech Supraliminal Priming)
			Frequency Pretest
		Experiment 1: Form and Meaning in the Tashlhit Mental Lexicon
			Method
				Participants
				Materials
				Procedure
			Results
			Discussion
		Experiment 2. Morphological and Phonological Priming Effect in Tashlhit
			Method
				Participants
				Materials
				Procedure
			Results
			Discussion
		General Discussion
		Conclusion
		Appendix A (Stimuli Used in Experiment 1)
		Appendix B (Real Words Used in Experiment 2)
		References
	9 Shaping Amazigh Identity: The Case of the Netherlands
		Introduction
		Moroccans in the Netherlands
		Leading Figures with an Amazigh Background in the Netherlands
		Amazigh Activists
		Amazigh Associations in the Netherlands
		Research on Berber
		The Language Issues
		The Berber Community in the Netherlands: A Case of Transnationalism?
		Outlook
		References
	10 Language Attitudes Toward Berber: Two Decades After the Official Recognition
		Language of Morocco: Status and Functions
			French
			Berber
		Measuring Language Attitudes
		Anonymous Questionnaire About Language Issues in Morocco for a Book Project
		Conclusion
		References
	11 Word Boundaries in the Writing System of Standard Amazigh: Challenges from Tarifit Facebook Users
		Introduction
		Languages, Scripts, and Writing Against the Background of the Standardization of Berber
		The Word as a Linguistic Entity
		The Noun in Tarifit
		The Word Spelling in Standard Amazigh According to Boukhris et al. (2008)
		Corpus and Method
		Analyses
			Definitness Markers
			Indefinitness Marker
			Prepositional Phrases
			The Preposition n in Noun-Noun Constructions
		Summary and Discussion
		Conclusion
		References
	12 The Berbers in Tunisia: Mistaken Identity Amid Contentious Politics in Post-Arab Spring Tunisia
		Introduction
		Literature Review
		Language Attitudes: Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives
		Discussion: The Future of Berber Language in the Context of Language Contact
			Language Contact and Attrition
			Language Policy and Language Planning
		Conclusion
		References
Section III: Historical Linguistics and Typology
	13 L´archaïsme linguistique en berbère (kabyle): étude sur un corpus parémiologique
		Introduction: Qu´est-ce qu´un archaïsme?
		Le corpus
		L´archaïsme linguistique dans les proverbes kabyles
			L´archaïsme phonétique
			L´archaïsme morphosyntaxique
			L´archaïsme lexico-sémantique
		Conclusion
		Annexe
		Bibliographie
	14 Reconstructing the Proto-Berber Verb System in Afro-Asiatic Perspective
		Introduction
		Berber Aspectual System
		The Role of Ablaut in the Formation of the Three Aspectual Stems
		Stative Conjugation
		Marking for the Contrast of Imperfectivity Versus Perfectivity
		Temporal/Aspectual Contrasts
		Lexical Aspect Contrasts (Initial Phase, Repetition of an Event)
		Conjoining Clauses in Berber and Semitic
		Berber Diathetic System
		Semitic Parallels in Marking for the Imperfective
		Reconstructing Common Proto-Semito-Berbero-Cushitic
		Conclusion
		References
	15 Proto-Berber Heavy Verbs
		Introduction
		The Perfective Vocalism
			Application of the A--A Vocalism to Quadrisyllabic Stems
		The Aorist Vocalism
		The Imperfective Formation
		The Classification of Middleweight Verbs
		Conclusion
		Appendix
			Class 1 (Aor. -A)
				*ăcăc
				*acăc
				*ăc
			Class 2 (Aor. )
				*ucc
				*uccc
				*c
				*ccucc
				*ccucu
				*1c2c1c2
				*ccicc
		Bibliography
	16 Berber isnin and ``Defined Numerals´´
		Evidence of isnin and Other Defined Numerals
			Beni Menacer
			Aurès
			Kabyle
			Tripolitania
			Jerba
			Mzab
			Touareg
			Southern and Northern Morocco: Tashelhit, Iznassen
			Zenaga
			The Kitāb al-Barbariyya
		Diachronic Considerations
		Conclusions
		References
Section IV: Morphology and Syntax (and Typology)
	17 On Berber Verbs of State
		Introduction
		The Morphophonological Properties of Q-verbs in Taqbaylit Berber
			Vocalic Properties
			Consonant Gemination in the Perfective of Basic Q-verbs
			Adjective Formation
		The Morphosyntactic Properties of the Perfective Stem of Q-verbs
			Agreement in the Perfective
			The Interpretation of the Perfective
			The Effect of Directional -d
		The Formal Properties of Verbal and Nominal Templates
			The `Normal´ Verbal Template
			The Nominal Template
			The Template of Q-verbs
		Conclusion and Outlook
		References
	18 The Status of Berber (Past and Present) and Its Contact with Arabic
		Introduction
		A Historical Background
		The Contact Between Berber and Colloquial Dialectal Arabic
			Colloquial Dialectal Arabic as an Indigenous Language
			Colloquial Arabic Loans
		The Issue of the Alphabet
		Introducing Amazigh in Schools
		The Evolution of the Status of Berber
		Conclusion
		References
	19 Comment la tradition berbérisante a intégré la partie ergative de la syntaxe berbère actuelle dans celle qui est accusative
		Introduction
		Des éléments syntaxiques ergatifs intégrés dans la forme prédominante de la syntaxe berbère moderne et actuelle
		Deux types de verbes et de syntaxe dans les berbères moderne et actuel
		Conclusion
		Bibliographie
	20 Conditionals in Berber
		Conditionals and Conditional Typology
		On Berber and Its Verbal System
		Marking and Clause Order in Berber Conditionals
		Degrees of Hypotheticality
		Some Related Adverbial Constructions
		Conclusion
		References
	21 Frequency Norms in Tashlhiyt: A Pilot Study
		Introduction
		Methods
		Word Frequency
		Consonant and Vowel Frequency
		Conclusion
		Appendix
		References
	22 On State and Case in Berber: A Typological Perspective
		Introduction
		The Morphosyntax of the Alternation: Diachrony, Synchrony, and Micro-variations
			Morphology
			Common Syntactic Patterns of the States
			Syntactic Micro-variations
		Accounts of the Berber Nominal Alternation in the Light of Typological Data
			Construct State
			Configurational Coding
			A New Unrecognized Category
			Marked Nominative
		Challenges to Case in Berber and Typology
			Post-Verbal S and A with Quantifiers
			O Arguments in the Annexed/Nominative Form
			Adjectives and Lack of Case Agreement
		Conclusion
		References
	23 Tashlhiyt Berber DP Assembled
		Introduction
		Nominal Structure in TsB
			The Internal Structure
				Number
				Gender
				State Alternations
			External Structure
		The Proposal
			Initial Vowel Status
			The DP Organization in TsB
				N0-to-n0 Raising
				N0- (n)-to-D0 Raising
					The Demonstrative
					The Quantifier
					The Numeral
					The Null Category
		Conclusion
		References
	24 Two Waves of Berber Influence on Moroccan Arabic
		Introduction
		In the Beginning
		Thereafter
		Hereafter
		References
	25 Conjugated Adjectives and Participles in Senhaja Berber (Northwestern Morocco)
		Introduction
		Adjectives and Participles in Senhaja
		Adjectives as a Distinct Morphological Class
		Conjugation of Adjectives and Participles in Senhaja
			Introduction
			Conjugated Berber Adjectives
			Arabic Adjectives and Participles
		Reference to the Future and Past
		Negation of (Conjugated) Adjectives and Participles
			Negation of (Conjugated) Adjectives and Participles in the Present
			Negation of (Conjugated) Adjectives and Participles in the Future and Past
		Relative Forms of Berber Adjectives, Arabic Adjectives, and Participles
			Introduction
			Berber Adjectives in Relative Constructions
			Arabic Adjectives and Participles in Relative Constructions
		Summary and Conclusion
		References
	26 The Use of the Bare Aorist in Figuig Berber (Eastern Morocco)
		Introduction
			Basics of the Figuig Berber System of Mood and Aspect
			The Aorist
		Framed Aorists
			After mi ``when´´ and daj mi ``every time that´´
			After i ``when´´
			Other Aspectual Framings
		Chained Aorists
			Introduction
			Bare Aorists in Chains Without a Clear Initial Verb
		What Does the Chained Aorist Express?
			The Chained Aorist in Orders
			The Chained Aorist Continuing a Perfective
		Conclusion
		Transcription and Abbreviations
		References
	27 Numeral Reduplication in Taqbaylit
		Introduction
		Numerals and Distributivity
		Numeral Reduplication and Pluractionality
			Syntactic Distribution of NumRed
			Participant-Distribution Is Reducible to Spatial-Distribution
			Atomicity and Exhaustivity
			Plurality Requirement
		Analysis
			Theoretical Background
			Semantics of Red
		Conclusion
		References
	28 Diatopic Variation in Kabyle Berber
		Introduction
		Some Characteristics of the External Plural in Kabyle (Dialect of At Mangelat)
		Uniform Plural Template in the Dialect of Dallet (At Mengelat Dialect)
			CVCV Framework
			Virtual Length and the Phonetic-Phonology Interface
			The Initial Vowel of Nouns in Kabyle
			Derivation of Kabyle Plural
		Analysis of Diatopic Variation
			Absence of Gemination in the Singular
		Conclusion
		References
	29 The Functions of Independent Personal Pronouns in Berber
		Introduction
		Typology of Independent Personal Pronouns: Forms and Functions
		Independent Personal Pronouns in Berber
			Forms of Independent Personal Pronouns
			Functions of Independent Personal Pronouns in Berber
		Independent Personal Pronouns in Siwi
			Morphology and Syntax of Independent Pronouns
			Information Structure Functions
				Independent Pronouns and Word Order
				Contrastive Focus and Contrastive Topic
				Focus Particles
		Conclusions
		References
	30 Action Nouns in Zenaga Berber of Mauritania
		Introduction
		Vowel Patterns of Action Nouns
			Bisyllabic ANs in ``Non-a´´
				Masculine ANs
				Feminine ANs
			Bisyllabic ANs in ``a´´
				Masculine ANs
				Feminine ANs
			AN in ``a-Non-a´´
				Masculine ANs
				Feminine ANs
			AN in ``Non-a-a´´
				Masculine ANs
				Feminine ANs
			Plurisyllabic AN in ``Non-a´´
				Masculine ANs
				Feminine ANs
			Plurisyllabic AN in ``a´´
				Masculine ANs
				Feminine ANs
			AN in ``a-a-Non-a´´
				Masculine ANs
				Feminine ANs
			AN in ``a-Non-a-Non-a[-Non-a]´´
				Masculine ANs
				Feminine ANs
			Other Cases
				Monosyllabic in ``Non-a´´
				Monosyllabic AN in ``a´´
				ANs in ``Non-a-a-Non-a´´
				ANs in ``a-Non-a[-Non-a]-a´´
				ANs in ``Non-a-a-a´´
				ANs in ``Non-a-Non-a[-Non-a]-a´´
				Borrowings from Arabic
			Summary Table of the Main Patterns
		Analysis and Comments
			From the Point of View of the Root
				Degemination
				Gemination
				Velars
				Glottal Stop
				Other Cases
			From a Morphological Point of View
				Negative Perfective (NP) Patterns
				IA Patterns
				Identical Imperative and Aorist Patterns
				FAN Endings
		Conclusion
		Bibliography
Section V: Lexicology and Onomastics
	31 A Preliminary Account of Hypocoristics in Moroccan Amazigh
		Introduction
		Review of the Literature
		Hypocoristics in Moroccan Amazigh
		Deriving Hypocoristics in MAm: A Preliminary Account
			Pattern I
			Pattern II
			Root-Based Hypocoristic Patterns
		Variation as Reflective of a Socio-pragmatic Function
		Conclusion
		Appendix
			Hypocoristics in MAm
		References
	32 Comparaison et reconstruction en berbère
		Structuration et organisation du lexique
		Quelques données berbères
		Comparer pour reconstruire
		Exemple de la base R et la notion de ``dureté, sécheresse´´
		Lieu sec et pierreux, endroit dur, terrain rocailleux et aride,
		azaar, tazaart, pl. izuar
		akeku, takekut
		Sécheresse, plage et aire à battre les céréales
		Lexique géographique berbère: une diversité de désignations et une unité de signification
		Références bibliographiques
	33 Le vocabulaire berbère des plantes. Profondeur historique, conservation et permanence
		Introduction
		Les sources
			Les difficultés spécifiques aux sources anciennes et modernes
			Les sources contemporaines
			La sémantique du vocabulaire des plantes
				Être humain
				Références Religieuses
				Mythologie
				Noms d´animaux
		Aspects phonétiques
		Structures composées
			Composés avec bu + X
			Composés avec substantif+substantif
			Verbe +Substantif
			Composés avec tif/tuf/f/af
			Composés avec eilal ``herbe´´
			Composés avec mer-
			Composés avec wa-
			Composés avec -enni,-enna, -emmi
			Archéologie linguistique et récupération-reconstruction lexicale
			Les emprunts
				De l´amazigh vers le latin?
				Les emprunts d´origine punique (suffixe - im)
		Conclusion
		Bibliographie consultée
Index