The Green Economy and the Water-Energy-Food Nexus

Acknowledgements
Contents
List of Tables
1 Introduction
	Introduction
2 The Green Economy
	Introduction
	Challenges to the Global Economy
		Population Growth and Rapid Urbanisation
		Rapid Economic Growth
		Air Pollution
		Biodiversity Loss
		Soil Pollution
		Poverty and Inequality
		Trade and Globalisation
		Changing Consumption Patterns
		Technological Development and Innovation
		Climate Change
	The Green Economy
		Green Growth
		Objectives of the Green Economy
			Improving Resource-Use Efficiency
			Ensuring Ecosystem Resilience
			Enhancing Social Equity
		The Green Economy and Sustainable Development
			Economic Sustainability
			Social Sustainability
			Environmental Sustainability
	Notes
	References
3 The Green Economy and the Water-Energy-Food Nexus
	Introduction
	Components of the Water-Energy-Food Nexus
		Water
		Energy
		Food
	Interactions Across the Water-Energy-Food Nexus
		Water-Energy/Energy–Water
		Water-Food/Food-Water
		Food-Energy/Energy-Food
	Impacts of Water-Energy-Food Nexus Pressures
	Benefits of Reducing Water-Energy-Food Nexus Pressures
	Realising Reduced Water-Energy-Food Nexus Pressures
	Notes
	References
4 Policy Tools to Reduce Water-Energy-Food Nexus Pressures
	Introduction
	Fiscal Tools
		Environmental Taxes
		Market-Based Instruments
		Subsidies and Grants
		Green Bonds
		Payments for Ecosystem Services
		Public–Private Partnerships
	Non-fiscal Tools
		Regulations
		Standards and Mandatory Labelling
		Public Education and Skills Development
		Stakeholder Participation
		Information and Awareness-Raising
		School Education
		Voluntary Labelling
		Cluster Policies
		Resource Mapping
		Green Public Procurement
		Demonstration Projects
		Awards and Public Recognition
		Voluntary Agreements
	Notes
	References
5 The Green Economy and the Water-Energy-Food Nexus in San Francisco
	Introduction
	Water-Energy-Food Nexus Pressures
		Water
		Energy
		Food
	General: Fiscal Tools
		San Francisco Carbon Fund
	General: Non-fiscal Tools
		San Francisco Green Business Program
		Precautionary Purchasing Ordinance
	Water: Fiscal Tools
		Green Infrastructure Grant Program
		Pilot Community Garden Irrigation Meter Grant Program
		Onsite Water Reuse Grant Program
		Laundry-to-Landscape Graywater Rebate Program
	Water: Non-fiscal Tools
		Free Phone Consultations, Evaluations, and Devices
		Plumbing Fixture Replacement Program
	Energy: Fiscal Tools
		Bay Area Multifamily Building Enhancements Program
		GoSolarSF Programme
	Energy: Non-fiscal Tools
		Commercial Garage Electric Vehicle Charging Ordinance
		Existing Buildings Ordinance
		100% Renewable Electricity for Commercial Buildings Ordinance
	Food: Fiscal Tools
		Community Challenge Grant Program
	Food: Non-fiscal Tools
		Food Recovery Requirements
		Urban Agriculture Program
		Community Gardens
		Garden Resource Days
		Kerbside Composting
	Case Study Summary
	Notes
	References
6 The Green Economy and the Water-Energy-Food Nexus in Singapore
	Introduction
	Water-Energy-Food Nexus Pressures
		Water
		Energy
		Food
	General: Fiscal Tools
		HDB Greenprint Fund
	General: Non-Fiscal Tools
		Green Mark Certification Scheme
		Green School Roadmap
		Achieving Minimum Environmental Sustainability Standards for Existing Buildings
	Water: Fiscal Tools
		Potable Water Price Revision
		Water Efficiency Fund
	Water: Non-Fiscal Tools
		Mandatory Water Efficiency Labelling Scheme
		Water Efficiency Management Plan
		Water Efficient Building (Basic) Certification
		Smart Meter Trial
	Energy: Fiscal Tools
		Green Mark Incentive Scheme for Existing Buildings 2.0
		Energy Efficiency Fund
	Energy: Non-Fiscal Tools
		Energy Efficiency National Partnership
			Energy Efficiency National Partnership Awards
		Mandatory Energy Management Practices for Existing Industrial Facilities
		Mandatory Energy Management Practices for New Industrial Facilities
	Food: Fiscal Tools
		Agri-food Cluster Transformation Fund
	Food: Non-Fiscal Tools
		Food Security Education
		SG Fresh Produce Logo
			Singapore Good Agricultural Practices Certification Logo
			Singapore Clean and Green Urban Farms Certification Logo
	Case Study Summary
	Notes
	References
7 The Green Economy and the Water-Energy-Food Nexus in Massachusetts
	Introduction
	Water-Energy-Food Nexus Pressures
		Water
		Energy
		Food
	General: Fiscal Tools
		Commonwealth Land Tax Credit
	General: Non-Fiscal Tools
		Sustainable Business Leader Program
		Environmentally Preferable Products Procurement Programme
		Green Team Programme
	Water: Fiscal Tools
		Catalyst Programme
		InnovateMass
	Water: Non-Fiscal Tools
		Water Conservation Toolkit
	Energy: Fiscal Tools
		Green Communities Designation and Grant Program
		Mass Save
			Mass Save Community Education Grant
			Mass Save Residential Rebates and Incentives
			Mass Save Business Rebates and Incentives
		Mass Solar Loan
	Energy: Non-Fiscal Tools
		Building Rating and Labelling
		Mass Save\'s Home Energy Assessment
		Leading By Example Program
			Leading by Example Green Buildings and Infrastructure Energy Efficiency
			Leading By Example Awards
	Food: Fiscal Tools
		Massachusetts Department of Agricultural Resources Grants and Funding
			Climate Smart Agriculture Program
		Urban Agriculture Program
	Food: Non-Fiscal Tools
		Agricultural Business Training Program
	Case Study Summary
	Notes
	References
8 The Green Economy and the Water-Energy-Food Nexus in Scotland
	Introduction
	Water-Energy-Food Nexus Pressures
		Water
		Energy
		Food
	General: Fiscal Tools
		Business Innovation and Growth Grant
	General: Non-Fiscal Tools
		VIBES Scottish Environment Business Awards
	Water: Fiscal Tools
		Water Charging Principles
		Metered Water Charges
	Water: Non-Fiscal Tools
		Measuring and Monitoring Your Resources
		GetWaterFit
		Hydro Nation
	Energy: Fiscal Tools
		Local and Small-Scale Renewables
			Community and Renewable Energy Scheme
			Energy Efficiency Business Support Service from Zero Waste Scotland
			Home Energy Scotland Loan
		Scottish Central Government Energy Efficiency Grant
	Energy: Non-Fiscal Tools
		Community Home Energy Check
		Energy Efficiency and Renewable Assessments
	Food: Fiscal Tools
		Farm Advisory Service
			Integrated Land Management Plan
			Specialist Advice
			Carbon Audits
		Sustainable Agriculture Capital Grant Scheme
		Preparing for Sustainable Farming
		Scottish Rural Development Programme
			Agri-Environment Climate Scheme
	Food: Non-Fiscal Tools
		Sustainable and Regenerative Farming
			Preparing for Sustainable Farming
	Case Study Summary
	Notes
	References
9 The Green Economy and the Water-Energy-Food Nexus in Canada
	Introduction
	Water-Energy-Food Nexus Pressures
		Water
		Energy
		Food
	General: Fiscal Tools
		Inaugural Green Bond
	General: Non-Fiscal Tools
		Policy on Green Procurement
		Centre for Greening Government
	Water: Fiscal Tools
		EcoAction Community Funding
		Green Municipal Fund
			Pilot Project: Water Conservation, Municipal Project
		Natural Infrastructure Fund
	Water: Non-Fiscal Tools
		National Hydrometric Program
		Ecosystem Initiatives
			Lake Winnipeg Basin Program
			Great Lakes Protection Initiative
	Energy: Fiscal Tools
		Canada Greener Homes Initiative
		Decarbonization Incentive Program
		Low Carbon Economy Challenge
	Energy: Non-Fiscal Tools
		EnerGuide Label
			EnerGuide Rating for Products
			EnerGuide for Home Evaluations
	Food: Fiscal Tools
		Agricultural Climate Solutions—On-Farm Climate Action Fund
		Canadian Agricultural Partnership\'s AgriInnovate Program
	Food: Non-Fiscal Tools
		Agricultural Climate Solutions—Living Labs
	Case Study Summary
	Notes
	References
10 The Green Economy and the Water-Energy-Food Nexus in Denmark
	Introduction
	Water-Energy-Food Nexus Pressures
		Water
		Energy
		Food
	General: Fiscal Tools
		Green Future Fund
		Danish Green Investment Fund
			Investment Criteria
			Cost of Loans
	General: Non-Fiscal Tools
		Partnership for Green Public Procurement
		Climate Partnerships
	Water: Fiscal Tools
		Pesticide Tax
	Water: Non-Fiscal Tools
		Groundwater and Surface Water Protection
		Integrated Pest Management
		Enhancing Efficiency in Denmark\'s Water Sector Through Benchmarking
	Energy: Fiscal Tools
		Green Bonds Financing Renewable Energy
		Renewable Energy Subsidy
		Subsidy for Power-to-X
	Energy: Non-Fiscal Tools
		Eco-Management and Audit Scheme
		Energy-Labelling Scheme for Buildings
	Food: Fiscal Tools
		Alternative Plant Protection Product Grants
		Green Development and Demonstration Programme: Organic Research, Development, and Demonstration Programme
	Food: Non-Fiscal Tools
		Certificate of Organic Production
		Organic Labelling for Catering
	Case Study Summary
	Notes
	References
11 The Green Economy and the Water-Energy-Food Nexus in the Murray-Darling River Basin
	Introduction
	Water-Energy-Food Nexus Pressures
		Water
		Energy
		Food
	General: Fiscal Tools
		ecoMarkets
			BushTender
			EcoTender
			BushBroker
	General: Non-Fiscal Tools
		Sustainable Schools Program
		Sustainability Advantage
			Sustainability Advantage Recognition Scheme
		ResourceSmart Schools
			ResourceSmart Schools Modules
	Water: Fiscal Tools
		Water Rights Trading
		South Australia’s Residential Water Charges
			Recycled Water Price
	Water: Non-Fiscal Tools
		Schools Water Efficiency Program
		Sydney Water Benchmarking Water Users
	Energy: Fiscal Tools
		Sustainability Victoria’s Waste to Energy Fund: Bioenergy
		Business Energy and Water Program
	Energy: Non-Fiscal Tools
		Recommendations for Energy Upgrades
		Actsmart’s Home Energy Action Kit
		Improving the Energy Efficiency of New Victorian Homes
	Food: Fiscal Tools
		Accelerating Regional Innovation Fund
		Digital Agriculture Investment Scheme
		Farm Innovation Fund
	Food: Non-Fiscal Tools
		Farm Business Resilience Program
		Climate Webinars
		Eat Local South Australia
			Programme Audits
	Case Study Summary
	Notes
	References
12 The Green Economy and the Water-Energy-Food Nexus in the Rhine River Basin
	Introduction
	Water-Energy-Food Nexus Pressures
		Water
		Energy
		Food
	General: Fiscal Tools
		Environmental Investment Allowance and Arbitrary Depreciation of Environmental Investments
	General: Non-fiscal Tools
		Climate Protection Competition: KlimaKita.NRW
		Green Building Frankfurt Architecture Award
		Guidelines for Economic Building
		Innovation-Orientated Procurement Tool
		Sustainability Clusters in Wallonia
		Demonstration Project: 100 Climate Protection Housing Estates
		City Deals
		Green Deals
	Water: Fiscal Tools
		Pricing Water to Encourage Efficiency and Protect Water Quality
		Energy Investment Allowance: Tax Deductions for Investments by Water Companies in Energy-Saving Measures
	Water: Non-fiscal Tools
		Water Knowledge Programme: Lumbricus
		Water Quality Protection: Activities Decree
		Delta Plan for Agricultural Water Management
		The Water Nexus Project: Salt Water Where Possible, Freshwater Where Necessary
		Partners for Water
	Energy: Fiscal Tools
		Energy-Saving Cash Bonuses
		Frankfurt Saves Electricity
		Energy Investment Allowance
	Energy: Non-fiscal Tools
		Extensive Advice on Renovation and New Construction
		EnergyRegion.NRW Cluster
		Municipal-Scale Information on Geothermal Energy Potential
		Energy(-Savvy) Village
		Klimakidz Project: Renewable Energy Education
		The Netherlands’ Agreement on Energy for Sustainable Growth
		Guidelines for Incorporating Energy Savings in Historical Building Renovations
		Public–Private Partnership in the Biobased Delta
	Food: Fiscal Tools
		Sustainability Bonds
	Food: Non-fiscal Tools
		Netherlands Sustainable Food Alliance
		The Wagralim Cluster
	Case Study Summary
	Notes
	References
13 Best Practices
	Introduction
	General: Fiscal Tools
		Carbon Reduction
		Sustainable Building and Environmental Solutions
		Land Conservation
		Promoting Green Business Innovation and Growth
		Promoting Sustainable Food and Water Production
	General: Non-fiscal Tools
		Green Business and Procurement
		Green Building and Energy Efficiency
		Climate Protection and Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions
		Education and Awareness
		Resource Efficiency and Waste Reduction
		Innovation and Technology
		Collaboration and Partnerships
		Climate Adaptation and Resilience
		Awards
	Water: Fiscal Tools
		Green Infrastructure
		Water Conservation
		Water Reuse
		Pricing Water
		Innovative Technologies
		Community Involvement
		Water Markets
		Taxation
	Water: Non-fiscal Tools
		Water Conservation
		Water Efficiency Plans
		Water Efficiency Rating and Certification
		Smart Water Metres
		Customer Education and Tools
		Buffer Zones and Integrated Pest Management
		Real-Time Data and Ecosystem Initiatives
		Water Efficiency Benchmarks and Research
		Water as an Energy Asset
		Demonstrating Feasibility
	Energy: Fiscal Tools
		Providing Rebates for Energy Efficiency Upgrades
		Solar PV Incentive Programmes
		Lowering Upfront Costs for Energy Efficiency Retrofits
		Funding and Grants for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Projects
		Energy Efficiency Programmes and Services for Residential and Commercial Sectors
		Providing Low-Interest Loans for Solar PV and Energy Efficiency Measures
		Community-Owned Renewable Energy Grant Programme
		Support for Clean Energy Projects in Municipal Buildings and Facilities
		Funding for Low-Carbon Heating and Energy Efficiency Projects
		Promoting the Adoption of Renewable Energy and Energy Storage Technologies
	Energy: Non-fiscal Tools
		Mandate Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in Large Parking Lots and Garages
		Mandate Energy Audits for Large Buildings and Report Total Energy Consumption
		Mandate 100 Percent Renewable Electricity for Large Commercial Buildings
		Adopt In-House Energy Management Systems
		Mandatory Energy Management Practices for Existing Industrial Facilities
		Mandatory Energy Management Practices for Energy-Intensive Industrial Facilities
		Establish Building Energy Ratings and Labels for Homes and Offices
		Home Energy Assessments for Energy Efficiency
		Implement Energy-Efficient Buildings in State-Owned and Leased Properties
		Online Tools and Energy Assessments for Business Energy Savings
	Food: Fiscal Tools
		Community Challenge Grant Programmes
		Supporting Local Farms to Build a Sustainable Agri-food Sector
		Funding for Climate Resilience in Agriculture
		Establishing Urban Agriculture Programmes for Community Food Production
		Providing Grants for Sustainable Farming Practices
		Sustainable Agriculture Capital Grant Scheme
		Establishing Programmes to Help Farmers Reduce Carbon Emissions and Increase Efficiencies
		Supporting Sustainable Agriculture Through Environmental Investments
		Supporting Farmers in Adopting Climate-Smart Best Management Practices
		Accelerating Innovation in the Agri-sector
	Food: Non-fiscal Tools
		Implementing Food Recovery and Donation Programmes
		Promoting Urban Agriculture and Community Gardens
		Composting and Waste Reduction
		Educating Communities About Food Security
		Encouraging Sustainable Agricultural Practices and Certifications
		Providing Agricultural Business Training and Support
		Supporting Climate Resilience and Adaptation for Farms
		Promoting Local Food Production and Distribution Networks
		Offering Webinars and Educational Resources for Farmers
		Establishing Sustainable Agro-industry Networks
14 Conclusion
Index