The grammar of negation: A constraint-based approach [PhD Thesis]

Preface xi 
Abbreviations xv 
2 
Introduction and Theoretical Foundations 1 
1.1 Introduction.................... .... 
1.2 Derivational vs. Nonderivational Perspectives . . . . 
1.3 Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
1.4 Theoretical Foundations of HPSG . . . . 
1.4.1 Universal Grammar ........... 
1.4.2 HPSG's X'-theory . . . . . . . . . 
1.4.3 The Lexicon and Its Organization 
1.5 Motivations for the Lexical Integrity Principle. 
1.5.1 Word Ordering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
1.5.2 Directionality in Headedness ...... 
1.5.3 Opaqueness of Word Internal Structure to Syntac- 
tic Operations ............ . . .. 20 
1.5.4 Why the Lexical Integrity Principle? . . . . . . .. 23 
Negation in Korean 25 
2.1 Introduction.................... .... 25 
2.2 Ways to Express Negation in Korean. . . . . .. 26 
2.2.1 Two Types of Negation . . . . . . . . . . 26 
2.2.1.1 Preverbal Negation: Type I . . 26 
2.2.1.2 Post verbal Negation: Type II . 27 
2.2.2 Basic Properties of The Two Types of Negation.. 27 
2.2.2.1 Similarities................. 27 
2.2.2.2 Differences................. 29 
2.3 The Structure of Type I and Type II Negation: A Non- 
derivational Analysis . . . . .. ........... 31 
2.3.1 Type I Negation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 31 
2.3.2 Type II Negation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 37 
2.3.2.1 Arguments for the VP Structure . . . .. 38 
2.3.2.2 Arguments for the Verb Complex Analysis 39 
2.3.3 Argument Composition in Type II Negation. 44 
2.3.3.1 Aspect Selection . . . . 46 
2.3.3.2 NPI Licensing . . . . . . . . 48 
2.3.3.3 Case Marking ... . . .. 49 
2.3.4 Further Implications . . . . . . . . . . . .. 52 
2.3.4.1 More on Basic Properties .... 52 
2.3.4.2 Double negation . . . . . . . . . . . 53 
2.3.4.3 Distribution of Adverbs . . . . . 55 
Review of Derivational Approaches and an Alternative 
Nonderivational Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 59 
2.4.1 Derivation of Type I and Type II Constructions . 60 
2.4.1.1 Type I .............. 60 
2.4.1.2 Type II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 
2.4.2 Some Theoretical and Empirical Issues . . . . 62 
2.4.2.1 On the Head Movement Constraint 62 
2.4.2.2 Lexical Idiosyncrasies . . . . 63 
2.4.2.3 Issues Raised by Ha-support 64 
2.4.2.4 On the Inventory of FPs ... 67 
2.4.2.5 Summary............ 69 
2.4.3 Two More Arguments for the Existence of NegP . 70 
2.4.3.1 NPI Licensing . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 70 
2.4.3.2 Scope of Negation and NPI Licensing in 
Coordination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 74 
2.4.4 An Alternative, Non-Derivational Analysis .... 77 
2.4.4.1 An Adjunct Analysis for Untensed Clauses 77 
2.4.4.2 Further Justification for the Asymmetric 
Approach. . 
Conclusion . 
80 
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 85 
3 Negation in English 87 
3.1 
3.2 
3.3 
3.4 
Introduction. . . . . . . . . 
Basic Properties of English Not . . 
3.2.1 Adverbial Properties . . . . . . . . 
3.2.2 Properties Different from Negative Adverbs 
3.2.3 Summary....... 
A Non-Derivational Analysis 
3.3.1 Not as a Modifier. 
3.3.2 Types of Adverbs . 
Not as a Complement .. 
87 
88 
88 
89 
90 
90 
90 
94 
98 
3.4.1 VP E lli psis . . . . . . . . .. 98 
3.4.2 VP Fronting ............... . 105 
3.4.3 Scope . . . . . . . . .. ...... . 109 
3.4.4 Treatment of the Periphrastic Do . .... . 113 
3.4.4.1 A Base-Generation Approach. . . . 113 
3.4.4.2 Comparison with a Do-support Approach 122 
3.4.5 Negation in Auxiliary Constructions . 124 
3.4.5.1 Be Constructions: . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 
3.4.5.2 Perfective have: .............. 126 
3.4.6 Further Discussion on the Justification of Not as 
a Complement ........... . . 126 
3.4.6.1 Cross-linguistic Facts. . . .. . 126 
3.4.6.2 Facts in English . . . .. ....... 127 
3.5 Comparison with Derivational Analyses . . . . . . 130 
3.5.1 The Position of not. . . . . . . . . . . 131 
3.5.1.1 In Infinitive Clauses . . . . .. . 131 
3.5.1.2 In Coordination Structures . . . .. . 132 
3.5.2 VP Ellipsis and Two not's. .... . . 133 
3.5.3 Adverb Placement . . . . . . . . . . 135 
3.6 Conclusion ................. .... . 137 
4 Negation in Romance Languages 139 
4 .1 Introduction....................... . 139 
4.2 Negation in French . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 
4.2.1 Negation in Infinitival Clauses . . .. ... 140 
4.2.2 Negation in Finite Clauses. . . .. .... . 142 
4.2.3 Arguments for the Treatment of Pas as a Comple- 
ment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 
4.2.4 Comparison with Derivational Analyses . . . . . . 149 
4.2.4.1 Motivations for Verb Movement and the 
Theory of Pollock (1989) . . . . . . . . . 149 
4.2.4.2 Differences between British and Ameri- 
can English . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 
4.2.4.3 Variations in Infinitival Auxiliary Con- 
structions . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 153 
4.2.4.4 Variations in Modal Constructions. . . . 155 
4.2.4.5 Adverb Positions. . . . . . . . . . 157 
4.3 Negation in Italian (with Reference to Spanish) . . 163 
4.3.1 Positions of non ................ . 163 
4.3.2 Properties of non . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 165 
4.3.2.1 Similarities with Pronominal Clitics . 165 
4.3.2.2 Differences with Pronominal Clitics . . . 168 
4.3.3 Analyses......... . . . . . 170 
4.3.3.1 Analysis A . . . . . 170 
4.3.3.2 Analysis B . . . . . . 171 
4.3.3.3 Analysis C . . . . . . . . . . 171 
4.3.3.4 Analysis D . . . . . . . . . 173 
4.3.4 Predictions of Analysis D . . . . . . 175 
4.3.4.1 Positions of non . . . . . 175 
4.3.4.2 Clitic Climbing . . . . 176 
4.3.4.3 AUX-to-COMP Constructions . 179 
4.3.5 Comparison with Derivational Analyses . 184 
4.3.5.1 Motivations for Verb Movement and NegP 
(Belletti 1990, 1994) . 184 
4.3.5.2 Positions of non . . . . . . . . . 186 
4.3.5.3 Clitic Climbing . . . . . . . . . .. .. 189 
4.3.5.4 AUX-to-COMP Constructions . 191 
4.3.5.5 Belletti's (1990) Treatment of Adverb Po- 
si tions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 
4.3.5.6 An Alternative Analysis . . 197 
4.3.5.7 Comparative Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . 203 
4.4 Conclusion ............... . 206 
Concluding Remarks 209 
5.1 Review of the Objectives of the Study . . . . . . . 
5.2 Modes of Expression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
5.3 Factors Determining the Distribution of Negation. 
5.3.1 Morphological Negation . . . . . . . . 
5.3.2 Negative Auxiliary Verb . . . . . . . . . 
5.3.3 Adverbial Negation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
5.3.3.1 Finiteness vs. Non-finiteness 
5.3.3.2 An Intrinsic Property of the Verb 
5.3.4 Clitic-like Negative Verb. . . . . . . . . . . . 
5.4 Consequences for the Theory of Grammar 
5.5 Conclusions................. 
5 
References 225 
Index 243