The Golden Horde in World History

Foreword (Rafael Khakimov, Marie Favereau)  ............................................................................. 3 
Introduction (Vadim Trepavlov)  .................................................................................................... 7 
 
Chapter I. Central Asia and Eastern Europe in the 12th–Beginning of the 13th Centuries ...... 13 
§ 1.   Nomadic Empires of Central Asia (Nikolay Kradin)  ............................................................ 13 
§ 2.   Khwarezm, the Eastern Kipchaks and Volga Bulgaria in the Late 12–early 13th Centuries  
(Dmitry Timokhin, Vladimir Tishin)  ..................................................................................... 25 
§ 3.   The Nomads of Eastern Europe in the Early 13th Century (Vladimir Ivanov)  ..................... 40 
§ 4.   The Kingdom of Hungary and the Cumans Shortly before the Western Campaign  
of the Mongols (Roman Hautala)  ......................................................................................... 49 
§ 5.   The Mongol Empire and Its Role in World History (Nikolay Kradin)  ................................. 57 
 
Chapter II. The Formation of the Ulus of Jochi  ........................................................................ 70 
§ 1.   Jochi—The First Ruler of the Ulus (Ilnur Mirgaleyev)  ........................................................ 70 
§ 2.   The Conquest of Khwarezm by Mongol Troops (1219–1221)  
(Dmitry Timokhin)  ................................................................................................................ 75 
§ 3.   The Conquest of Russian Lands in 1237–1240 (Alexander Majorov)  .................................. 86 
§ 4.   The Campaign of Conquest of Central Europe:  
Military Force and Secret Diplomacy (Alexander Majorov)  .............................................. 110 
§ 5.   The Formation of the Ulus of Jochi (Vadim Trepavlov)  ..................................................... 134 
 
Chapter III. The Politics of the Ulus of Jochi  .......................................................................... 144 
§ 1.   The Administrative Structure. Administrative Organisation (Vadim Trepavlov)  ............... 144 
§ 2.   Territorial Organisation of the Ulus of Jochi  
(Territory to the West of the Don) (Boris Cherkas)  ............................................................ 153 
§ 3.  The Law of the Golden Horde. Taxation.  
Court Etiquette and the Protocol (Roman Pochekaev)  ........................................................ 175 
§ 4.   Interrelations of Rus’ with the Jochid Ulus (Charles J. Halperin)  ..................................... 193 
§ 5.   Left Wing of the Ulus of Jochi in the 13–the Beginning of the 15th Centuries  
(Kanat Uskenbay)  ............................................................................................................... 203 
§ 6.   Languages Used in the Records Keeping  
and Paperwork Culture of the Golden Horde (Lenar Abzalov)  ........................................... 212 
 
Chapter IV. The Golden Age of the Ulus of Jochi  .................................................................. 220 
§ 1.   First Rulers of the Ulus of Jochi (Roman Pochekaev)  ........................................................ 220 
§ 2.   The Golden Age of the Ulus of Jochi: The Rule of Öz Beg and Jani Beg  
  (Roman Pochekaev)  ............................................................................................................ 239 
§ 3.   Military Science in the Golden Horde (Emil Seydaliyev)  ................................................... 259 
 
Chapter V. The Population of the Ulus of Jochi and  
the Development of the Medieval Tatar Ethnos  ...................................................................... 282 
§ 1.   The Ethnonym ‘Tatar’ at Different Stages of Eurasian History (Rafael Khakimov)  ........... 282 
§ 2.   Interconfessional Population of the Ulus of Jochi  .............................................................. 304 
  Russians (Yuri Seleznyov)  ................................................................................................... 304 
  Peoples of the Volga-Ural Region (Vladimir Ivanov)  ......................................................... 310 
  Armenians (Alexander Osipyan)  ......................................................................................... 316 
§ 3.   Catholic Missionaries in the Golden Horde (Roman Hautala)  ........................................... 323 966    
Chapter VI. The Golden Horde and Its Neighbours  .............................................................. 329 
§ 1.   The Golden Horde and the Mamluks (Marie Favereau)  .................................................... 329 
§ 2.   The Golden Horde and Anatolia (Ilnur Mirgaleyev)  .......................................................... 347 
§ 3.   The Golden Horde and the Yuan Dynasty (Zhào Zhū Chén)  .............................................. 352 
§ 4.   Between Steppe Khanates: Relations Between the Chagataids  
and the Golden Horde (1260–1370) (Michal Biran)  ........................................................... 356 
§ 5.   Relations with the Ilkhans (Ilnur Mirgaleyev)  .................................................................... 360 
§ 6.   The Confrontation Between the Ulus of Jochi and the Catholic Europe  
from the Mid-13th to the Mid-14th Сenturies (Roman Hautala)  ........................................ 364 
§ 7.   The Golden Horde and the Balkans (13–14th Сenturies) (Aleksandar Uzelac) .................. 376 
§ 8.   The Domination of the Golden Horde in the Romanian Regions (Victor Spinei)  ............... 394 
 
Chapter VII. The Civilisation of the Golden Horde  ............................................................... 427 
§ 1.   The Golden Horde as a Сivilisation  
(Based on Archaeological Materials) (Mark Kramarovsky)  ............................................... 427 
§ 2.   Environmental and Economic Criteria of  
Civilisation in the Golden Horde (Eduard Kulpin-Gubaydullin)  ........................................ 448 
§ 3.   The Islamic Culture of the Golden Horde (Elmira Sayfetdinova)  ....................................... 458 
§ 4.   Architecture and Art in the Golden Horde (Emma Zilivinskaya)  ........................................ 465 
§ 5.   The Language of Written Records from the Golden Horde Period (Fanuza Nurieva)  ....... 503 
§ 6.   Literature of the Ulus of Jochi and the Post–Golden Horde  
Tatar Khanates (Khatip Minnegulov)  .................................................................................. 515 
§ 7.   Formation of the Historiographic Tradition (Elmira Sayfetdinova)  .................................... 524 
§ 8.   Multilingualism and Cultural Interactions in the Golden Horde (István Vásáry)  ............... 528 
 
Chapter VIII. Economy, Crafts, and Trade  ............................................................................ 540 
§ 1.   The Nomadic Population of the Ulus of Jochi (Vladimir Ivanov)  ...................................... 540 
§ 2.   Agriculture, Cattle Breeding, Crafts, and Trade (Leonard Nedashkovsky)  ......................... 550 
§ 3.   Tatars and Merchants on the Black Sea Border in the 13th and 14th Centuries:  
When Interests and Conflicts Align (Nicola Di Cosmo)  ..................................................... 578 
§ 4.   The Genoese and the Golden Horde (Michel Balard) ......................................................... 595 
§ 5.   International and Domestic Trade (Leonard Nedashkovsky)  .............................................. 605 
§ 6.   Jochid Money and Monetary Policy in the 13–15th Centuries (Pavel Petrov)  ................... 614 
§ 7.   Cities of the Golden Horde (Emma Zilivinskaya, Dmitry Vasilyev)  ................................... 630 
 
Chapter IX. Natural, Social and Economic Crises  .................................................................. 661 
§ 1.   Climate Change in Central Eurasia  
and the Golden Horde (Uli Schamiloglu)  ........................................................................... 661 
§ 2.   The Impact of the Black Death on the Golden Horde: Politics, Economy,  
Society, Civilisation (Uli Schamiloglu)  .............................................................................. 674 
 
Chapter X. The Break Up of the Ulus of Jochi  ........................................................................ 689 
§ 1.   The Time of Troubles in the 1360s and 1370s (Ilnur Mirgaleyev)   .................................... 689 
§ 2.   Attempts to Restore the Golden Horde at the End of the 14—Beginning  
of the 15th Century (Ilnur Mirgaleyev)   .............................................................................. 693 
§ 3.   Struggle for Power in the First Half of the 15th Century (Roman Reva)  ............................ 699 
§ 4.   Factors and Peculiarities Contributing to the Disintegration of the Ulus of Jochi  
(Vadim Trepavlov)  .............................................................................................................. 724 
 
Chapter XI. The Later Golden Horde Time  ............................................................................ 730 
§ 1.   The Jochid Ulus in the 15–16th Centuries: the Inertia of Unity (Vadim Trepavlov)  .......... 730 
§ 2.   The Great Horde (Vadim Trepavlov)  .................................................................................. 737   967 
§ 3.   The Astrakhan Yurt (Ilya Zaitsev)  ...................................................................................... 747 
§ 4.   Ulug Ulus (the Crimean Khanate) (Vladislav Gulevich)  .................................................... 756 
§ 5.   Vilayate Kazan (The Kazan Khanate) (Anvar Aksanov)  ..................................................... 772 
§ 6.   'The Meshchera Yurt' (Kasimov Khanate) (Bulat Rakhimzyanov)  ..................................... 783 
§ 7.   Tyumen and the Siberian Yurts (Denis Maslyuzhenko)  ...................................................... 793 
§ 8.   Tatar Political Structures in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania:  
the 'T'ma' (Tumen) of Jahołdaj (Ilya Zaitsev)  ..................................................................... 803 
§ 9.   Tatars in the Balkans (Tahsin Gemil)  ................................................................................. 806 
§ 10.  Tatars in the Muscovite State (Andrey Belyakov)  ............................................................... 811 
§ 11.  The Manghit Yurt (the Nogai Horde) (Vadim Trepavlov)  .................................................. 828 
§ 12.  The Domains of the Shibanids in Central Asia (Denis Maslyuzhenko)  .............................. 838 
§ 13.  The Kazakh Khanate (Alexander Nesterov)  ........................................................................ 848 
 
Chapter ХII. The Political Development of the Tatar States in the 15–18th Сenturies ....... 851 
§ 1.   The Legal Culture of the Tatar States in the 15–18th Centuries:  
the Heritage of the Golden Horde and Islamic Institutes (Roman Pochekaev)  ................... 851 
§ 2.   Tatar-Russian Relations in the 15th Century (Anton Gorsky)  ............................................. 858 
§ 3.   Tatar-Russian Relations in the 16–18th Centuries (Ilya Zaitsev) ........................................ 863 
§ 4.   Tatar Yurts and the Ottoman Empire (Ilya Zaitsev)  ............................................................ 871 
§ 5.   Relations Between Tatar States and the Polish-Lithuanian State  
(Dariusz Kołodziejczyk)  ...................................................................................................... 893 
§ 6.   The Heritage of Chinggis Khan's State on European Maps of the 15–18th Сenturies 
(Igor Fomenko)  ................................................................................................................... 902 
Conclusion. The Golden Horde and Tatar Yurts  
in World History (Vadim Trepavlov)  ......................................................................................... 919 
Name Index  .................................................................................................................................. 923 
Geographical Index  ...................................................................................................................... 944 
Information about the Authors  ..................................................................................................... 962