The Global Coffee Economy in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, 1500-1989

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Dedication......Page 7
Contents......Page 9
Introduction......Page 21
Why Coffee?......Page 22
Early Views and Policies Concerning Coffee......Page 24
Ten Propositions on Coffee from Postwar Developmental Economics......Page 31
New Directions......Page 34
Acknowledgments......Page 36
PART I ORIGINS OF THE WORLD COFFEE ECONOMY......Page 39
1 The Integration of the World Coffee Market......Page 41
The Beginning......Page 44
Mass Consumption......Page 56
Futures......Page 59
Grading......Page 60
The Valorization of Coffee......Page 66
Conclusions......Page 68
The Origins of the Coffee Economy......Page 70
The Development of the Red Sea Coffee Economy, 1540s–1725......Page 72
The Survival of the Red Sea Coffee Economy, 1725–1840......Page 75
Transformations and Continuities, 1840–1880......Page 78
The Rise of Aden as a Coffee Exporter......Page 80
Jiddah, the Great Entrepot of the Red Sea......Page 82
Conclusion......Page 86
Réunion, 1711–1895......Page 87
Madagascar under the Hegemony of the Merina Empire......Page 91
Colonial Protectionism and New Varieties of Coffee, 1896–1947......Page 95
Scale of Cultivation, 1896–1947......Page 101
Credit and Cooperatives, 1896–1947......Page 103
Technical Assistance and Transport, 1896–1947......Page 104
Labor, 1896–1947......Page 106
Scale of Cultivation, 1947–1972......Page 110
Labor and Quality, 1947–1972......Page 112
Credit, 1947–1972......Page 113
Protectionism and Markets, 1947–1972......Page 114
Conclusion......Page 118
4 The Coffee Crisis in Asia, Africa, and the Pacific, 1870–1914......Page 120
Pests and Diseases......Page 121
Shortages of Forest Land and Methods of Cultivation......Page 125
Estate Owners......Page 128
From Coerced to Free Smallholders......Page 130
Competing Activities and Supplies of Labor......Page 132
Prices and Taxation......Page 135
Conclusion......Page 138
5 The Historical Construction of Quality and Competitiveness......Page 140
The Unity of Production and Consumption......Page 141
Systems of Production and Commodity Chains......Page 142
Technologies and Social Relations......Page 144
Quality Is a Curious Thing......Page 146
The Cost of Good Coffee......Page 163
Transportation and Transformation......Page 164
Before and Beyond the Coffee Farm......Page 166
Processing as a Crucial Link......Page 168
Questions of Quality and Competitiveness......Page 172
PART II PEASANTS......Page 175
6 Coffee Cultivation in Java, 1830–1917......Page 177
Java’s Coffee Cultivation before 1832......Page 179
State Enterprise in Commercial Agriculture after 1832......Page 180
The Expansion of Coffee Production, 1832–1884......Page 181
The Decline of Coffee Cultivation after 1880......Page 184
Coffee Cultivation and the Peasant Economy......Page 185
Conclusion......Page 192
The Bias toward European Ownership on Coffee Plantations......Page 193
A Shortage of Local Labor......Page 196
A “Foreign” Work Force for Coffee Plantations......Page 197
Early Attempts at Encouraging Labor Migration......Page 199
Female Labor......Page 201
The Patriarchal and Caste Hierarchy of Labor Control and Management......Page 202
Indebtedness and Infrequent Payment as Methods of Labor Control......Page 205
The Harsh Life and Work Regime of Laborers, and their Resistance......Page 207
Conclusion......Page 209
8 Coffee and Indigenous Labor in Guatemala, 1871–1980......Page 211
9 Patriarchy from Above, Patriarchy from Below......Page 229
1. Patriarchal Laws and Practices......Page 232
2. Landed Peasants: Debt Peons......Page 236
3. Patriarchy from Above......Page 238
4. Patriarchy from Below......Page 248
5. Female Headship......Page 253
10 Small Farmers and Coffee in Nicaragua......Page 256
Smaller Farmers and Land......Page 258
Smaller Farmers and Credit......Page 262
Smaller Farmers and Processing......Page 265
Unequal Opportunities......Page 268
Conclusions......Page 271
PART III COFFEE, POLITICS, AND STATE BUILDING......Page 275
Introduction......Page 277
Labor in Chiapas before Coffee......Page 279
Mobilizing Workers for Tropical Agriculture, 1871–1892......Page 284
Indians and the Cargo-Bearing Boom of the 1880s and ’90s......Page 289
“Freeing Indian Workers,” Part 1: The Missteps of the Early 1890s......Page 292
“Freeing Indian Workers,” Part 2: The Attack on the Highland Elite, 1894–1897......Page 296
The “Labor Problem” Is Finally Solved: The Arrangement of 1897–1998......Page 299
The Highlands Recolonized......Page 303
12 Comparing Coffee Production in Cameroon and Tanganyika, c. 1900 to 1960s......Page 306
Coffee on Mount Kilimanjaro, Tanganyika......Page 307
Coffee Growing among the Bamiléké of Cameroon......Page 322
Conclusion......Page 331
13 Smaller Is Better......Page 332
Coffee and Scale of Production......Page 333
Consensus: The Creation of a Yeoman Peasantry......Page 338
Twaiyanga, Nyarubanja, and Control of Markets......Page 342
Conclusion: Late Colonial Continuities......Page 351
14 On Paths Not Taken......Page 355
A Tale of Two Villages: Different Bases for Similar Outcomes......Page 359
Commercial Capital and the Nontransformation of Coffee Production......Page 365
Lessons of Capital’s Abdication and Peasant to Farmer Differentiation......Page 369
Conclusion......Page 378
Introduction......Page 380
The March of Coffee in Rio de Janeiro......Page 383
Rio de Janeiro Railroads......Page 386
Coffee Trade......Page 390
Forward Linkage Effects: Coffee Processing......Page 395
Final Demand Linkage Effects......Page 397
Conclusions......Page 402
Conclusion......Page 405
1. Size of Holdings......Page 406
2. Economies and Diseconomies of Scale......Page 409
3. The Impact of the Moving Frontier......Page 411
4. Monoculture and Polyculture......Page 413
5. The Nature of the Labor Force......Page 414
6. Workers and Revolution......Page 416
7. Merchants and Coffee Economies......Page 419
8. Coffee Elites as Bearers of Progress......Page 421
9. Coffee and Manufacturing Industry......Page 423
10. Coffee Planters and Liberal National States......Page 425
A Research Agenda......Page 428
Introduction......Page 431
Scope of Statistical Survey......Page 434
References for Appendix Tables and Figures......Page 478
Index......Page 483