The Geography of Contemporary China (World Regional Geography Book Series)

Preface
Contents
1: Introduction
	1.1	 Section 1. Overview
		1.1.1	 Geography
		1.1.2	 Territory and Territorial Waters
		1.1.3	 Population
			1.1.3.1	 Population Size
			1.1.3.2	 China’s Unique Demographic Structure
			1.1.3.3	 Overall Population Density and East-West Differences
		1.1.4	 Economy and Development
			1.1.4.1	 Rapid Economic Growth and the World’s Second-Largest Economy
			1.1.4.2	 Rich Natural Resources and Production
			1.1.4.3	 A Developing Country with Lower GDP Per Capita
	1.2	 Section 2. Geographical Divisions
		1.2.1	 Physical Geography
			1.2.1.1	 Eastern Monsoon Area
			1.2.1.2	 Northwestern Arid Area
			1.2.1.3	 Tibetan Highland
		1.2.2	 Four Economic Regions
			1.2.2.1	 Eastern
			1.2.2.2	 Central
			1.2.2.3	 Western
			1.2.2.4	 Northeastern
	1.3	 Section 3. Government
		1.3.1	 State Structure
			1.3.1.1	 National People’s Congress
			1.3.1.2	 President and Vice-President
			1.3.1.3	 State Council
			1.3.1.4	 Central Military Commission
			1.3.1.5	 Local People’s Congresses and Local People’s Governments
			1.3.1.6	 Self-Government in National Autonomous Areas
			1.3.1.7	 People’s Courts and People’s Procuratorates
		1.3.2	 Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference
		1.3.3	 Capital and Administrative Divisions
			1.3.3.1	 National Capital
			1.3.3.2	 Administrative Divisions
			1.3.3.3	 Special Economic Zones
			1.3.3.4	 Special Administrative Regions
			1.3.3.5	 One Country, Two Systems
	References
2: Territory and Geopolitics
	2.1	 Evolution of Territory in China’s Successive Dynasties
		2.1.1	 The Pre-Qin Period (Ancient China: Twenty-First Century BC–221 BC)
		2.1.2	 The Qin and Han Dynasties (221 BC–220 AD)
		2.1.3	 Three Kingdoms, Western and Eastern Jin Dynasties, and Northern and Southern Dynasties (220–589 AD)
		2.1.4	 The Sui, Tang, and Five Dynasties Period (581–960)
		2.1.5	 The Period of Song Dynasty, Liao Dynasty, Western Xia Dynasty, and Jin Dynasty (947–1279)
		2.1.6	 The Yuan Dynasty (1271–1368)
		2.1.7	 The Ming Dynasty (1368–1644)
		2.1.8	 The Qing Dynasty (1636–1911)
		2.1.9	 The Republic of China (1912–1949)
		2.1.10	 Qin Shi Huang (the First Emperor of Qin), Genghis Khan, and Zhu Di
	2.2	 Cradle of Civilization
		2.2.1	 Chinese Civilization
		2.2.2	 The “Three Major Projects” of Ancient China
			2.2.2.1	 The Great Wall
				2.2.2.1.1	 The Great Wall in the Qin Dynasty (221–206 BC)
				2.2.2.1.2	 Great Wall in the Han Dynasty (206 BC–AD 220)
				2.2.2.1.3	 Great Wall in the Ming Dynasty
			2.2.2.2	 Beijing–Hangzhou Grand Canal
			2.2.2.3	 Karez (Kanat) Wells
		2.2.3	 Confucius and Mencius
			2.2.3.1	 Confucius
			2.2.3.2	 Mencius
	2.3	 Boundaries and Geopolitics
		2.3.1	 Land Neighbors and Borders
			2.3.1.1	 Land-Adjacent Countries
			2.3.1.2	 Sino-Indian Border Issue
			2.3.1.3	 China-Bhutan Border Dispute
			2.3.1.4	 Kashmir
			2.3.1.5	 Sino-Russian Border
		2.3.2	 Maritime Neighboring Countries and Marine Space Division
			2.3.2.1	 Marine Space Division
			2.3.2.2	 Maritime Neighboring Countries
				2.3.2.2.1	 Disputes Over the Exclusive Economic Zone
				2.3.2.2.2	 Disputes Over Continental Shelf
			2.3.2.3	 Diaoyu Islands
		2.3.3	 South China Sea
			2.3.3.1	 Nine-Dashed Line (Nine-Dotted Line)
			2.3.3.2	 South China Sea Issue
	References
3: Topography and Landforms
	3.1	 Landform Patterns
		3.1.1	 Geotectonics
			3.1.1.1	 Outline of China’s Geotectonic Structure
			3.1.1.2	 Evolution of China’s Geotectonic Structure
		3.1.2	 Topography
			3.1.2.1	 Topographical Features
			3.1.2.2	 Geographical Significance of High Terrain Relief
		3.1.3	 Landforms
			3.1.3.1	 Mountain Ranges
			3.1.3.2	 Four Major Plateaus
			3.1.3.3	 Four Major Basins
			3.1.3.4	 Three Major Plains
			3.1.3.5	 Numerous Hills
	3.2	 Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
		3.2.1	 Himalayas and Glaciers
			3.2.1.1	 Himalayas
			3.2.1.2	 Asia’s “Water Tower”
		3.2.2	 Biology and Ecology
			3.2.2.1	 Plant and Animal Survival
			3.2.2.2	 Depopulated Zone
		3.2.3	 Tibetan Culture
			3.2.3.1	 Potala Palace
			3.2.3.2	 Ta’er Temple
	3.3	 Loess Plateau
		3.3.1	 Loess and Climate Change
			3.3.1.1	 Development of Loess and Ancient Soils
			3.3.1.2	 Paleosol Series
		3.3.2	 Loess and Soil Erosion
			3.3.2.1	 Soil Erosion
			3.3.2.2	 Soil and Water Conservation
			3.3.2.3	 Terraced Fields
		3.3.3	 The Red Capital and Local Folk Customs
			3.3.3.1	 Yan’an, the Red Capital
			3.3.3.2	 Northern Shaanxi Cave Dwellings
	3.4	 Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau
		3.4.1	 Karst Plateau
			3.4.1.1	 Karst Landforms
			3.4.1.2	 Stalagmites and Paleoclimate
		3.4.2	 Guilin Scenery
			3.4.2.1	 Stone Forests
			3.4.2.2	 Paddy Terraces
		3.4.3	 Cultural Customs and Practices
			3.4.3.1	 Ethnic Minorities
			3.4.3.2	 Mountain Culture and Original Ecology
	3.5	 Inner Mongolia Plateau
		3.5.1	 Profile
			3.5.1.1	 Geology and Geomorphology
			3.5.1.2	 Climate and Hydrology
			3.5.1.3	 Soil and Vegetation
			3.5.1.4	 Residents
		3.5.2	 China’s Pasture
		3.5.3	 Folk Customs
			3.5.3.1	 Culinary Culture
			3.5.3.2	 Nadam Fair
			3.5.3.3	 Aobao Festival
			3.5.3.4	 Hada
			3.5.3.5	 Folk Dress
	References
4: Climate and Climate Change
	4.1	 Climatic Variables
		4.1.1	 Solar Radiation
		4.1.2	 Temperature
		4.1.3	 Precipitation
		4.1.4	 Wind
	4.2	 General Atmospheric Circulation
		4.2.1	 Monsoons
			4.2.1.1	 Monsoon Circulation
			4.2.1.2	 Effects of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
		4.2.2	 Plum Rain
		4.2.3	 Typhoons
		4.2.4	 Cold Waves
			4.2.4.1	 Spatiotemporal Patterns
			4.2.4.2	 Effects
	4.3	 Climate Change Patterns and Causes
		4.3.1	 Historical Temperature and Precipitation Patterns
		4.3.2	 Future Changes and Effects
		4.3.3	 Greenhouse Gas Emissions
		4.3.4	 Urbanization
	References
5: Hydrology and Water Resources
	5.1	 Surface Water Systems
		5.1.1	 River Basins
			5.1.1.1	 General Characteristics
			5.1.1.2	 Runoff Zones
		5.1.2	 Major Rivers
			5.1.2.1	 Yangtze River
			5.1.2.2	 Yellow River
		5.1.3	 Lakes
			5.1.3.1	 Lower-Middle Yangtze River (North China Plain)
			5.1.3.2	 Northeastern China
			5.1.3.3	 Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau
			5.1.3.4	 Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang
			5.1.3.5	 Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
		5.1.4	 Reservoirs
			5.1.4.1	 Northeastern China
			5.1.4.2	 Northwestern China
			5.1.4.3	 Northern China
			5.1.4.4	 Middle and Lower Yangtze River
			5.1.4.5	 Southern China
			5.1.4.6	 Southwestern China
	5.2	 Water Resources
		5.2.1	 Water Cycle
			5.2.1.1	 Recharge and Water Regimes
			5.2.1.2	 Water Balance
		5.2.2	 Distribution and Utilization
			5.2.2.1	 Abundance
			5.2.2.2	 Water Distribution
			5.2.2.3	 Dujiangyan Weir
		5.2.3	 South-to-North Water Diversion Project
			5.2.3.1	 Engineering Layout and Effectiveness
			5.2.3.2	 Eastern Route
			5.2.3.3	 Central Route
		5.2.4	 Three Gorges Project
			5.2.4.1	 Flood Control and Disaster Mitigation
			5.2.4.2	 Power Generation
			5.2.4.3	 Shipping
			5.2.4.4	 Geological Hazards
			5.2.4.5	 Resettlement
	References
6: Land Cover and Land Use
	6.1	 Land Cover
		6.1.1	 Overview
			6.1.1.1	 Land Cover Classification System
			6.1.1.2	 Changes Over Time
		6.1.2	 Vegetation
			6.1.2.1	 Forests
			6.1.2.2	 Shrubs
			6.1.2.3	 Prairie and Savannah
			6.1.2.4	 Deserts
			6.1.2.5	 Meadows and Marsh Vegetation
		6.1.3	 Soils
			6.1.3.1	 Forest Soils
			6.1.3.2	 Grassland and Desert Soils
			6.1.3.3	 Hydromorphic Soils
			6.1.3.4	 Transitional Soils
			6.1.3.5	 Rock-Formed Soils
			6.1.3.6	 Anthrosols
		6.1.4	 Vegetation and Soil Zonation
			6.1.4.1	 Vegetation Zonation
			6.1.4.2	 Soil Zonation
			6.1.4.3	 Soil-Vegetation Horizontal Zonation
	6.2	 Land Use
		6.2.1	 Overview
			6.2.1.1	 Major Land Use Types
			6.2.1.2	 Spatial Pattern of Land Use
		6.2.2	 Changes in Land Use
			6.2.2.1	 Regional Differences
			6.2.2.2	 Change Analysis
			6.2.2.3	 Urbanization
			6.2.2.4	 Land-Use Policy Reforms
			6.2.2.5	 Urban-Rural Integration
			6.2.2.6	 New Urbanization
			6.2.2.7	 Metropolitan Planning
	References
7: Natural Resources and Energy
	7.1	 Biological Resources
		7.1.1	 Plants
			7.1.1.1	 Forests
			7.1.1.2	 Grasslands
			7.1.1.3	 Wild Plants
		7.1.2	 Wild Animals
		7.1.3	 Biodiversity
			7.1.3.1	 Overview
			7.1.3.2	 Genetic Diversity
			7.1.3.3	 Ecosystem Diversity
			7.1.3.4	 Biodiversity Distribution Centers
			7.1.3.5	 Threats to Species Diversity
			7.1.3.6	 Xishuangbanna National Nature Reserve
	7.2	 Energy Resources
		7.2.1	 Petroleum and Natural Gas
		7.2.2	 Coal
		7.2.3	 New Energy Sources
			7.2.3.1	 Solar
			7.2.3.2	 Wind
			7.2.3.3	 Bioenergy Resources
			7.2.3.4	 Natural Gas Hydrates
		7.2.4	 Energy Production, Consumption, and Security
			7.2.4.1	 Production and Consumption
			7.2.4.2	 Security
	7.3	 Mineral Resources
		7.3.1	 Overview
			7.3.1.1	 Distribution
			7.3.1.2	 Internal Mix
			7.3.1.3	 Regional Mix
		7.3.2	 Development
			7.3.2.1	 Industrial
			7.3.2.2	 Development of Resource-Based Cities and Circular Economies
	7.4	 Challenges in International Resource Markets
		7.4.1	 Resource Management
			7.4.1.1	 Resource Security
			7.4.1.2	 Resource Development
			7.4.1.3	 “Two Resources and Two Markets” Strategy
		7.4.2	 China’s Energy Imports and Exports
			7.4.2.1	 Coal
			7.4.2.2	 Petroleum and Natural Gas
	References
8: Land Degradation and Ecological Restoration
	8.1	 Overview of Land Degradation
		8.1.1	 Spatiotemporal Pattern
		8.1.2	 General Impacts
	8.2	 Types of Land Degradation
		8.2.1	 Soil Erosion
			8.2.1.1	 Overview
			8.2.1.2	 Causes
			8.2.1.3	 Impacts
		8.2.2	 Desertification
			8.2.2.1	 Overview
			8.2.2.2	 Causes
			8.2.2.3	 Impacts
		8.2.3	 Grassland Degradation
			8.2.3.1	 Overview
			8.2.3.2	 Causes
			8.2.3.3	 Impacts
		8.2.4	 Salinization
			8.2.4.1	 Overview
			8.2.4.2	 Causes
			8.2.4.3	 Impacts
		8.2.5	 Rocky Desertification
			8.2.5.1	 Overview
			8.2.5.2	 Causes
			8.2.5.3	 Impacts
	8.3	 Ecological Restoration
		8.3.1	 Example Projects
			8.3.1.1	 “Three North” Shelterbelt
			8.3.1.2	 Beijing-Tianjin Sandstorm Source Control
			8.3.1.3	 Yangtze River Basin Shelter Forest
			8.3.1.4	 Pearl River Basin Shelter Forest
			8.3.1.5	 Huaihe River and Taihu Lake Basin Shelter Forest
			8.3.1.6	 Coastal Shelter Forest
			8.3.1.7	 Natural Forest Protection
			8.3.1.8	 Grain for Green
			8.3.1.9	 Plains Greening
			8.3.1.10	 Returning Grazing Lands to Grasslands
		8.3.2	 Natural Ecological Protection Areas
		8.3.3	 Economic Aspects of Ecological Restoration
			8.3.3.1	 Kubuqi Desert (Seven Star Lake area)
			8.3.3.2	 Shapotou Sand Control
			8.3.3.3	 Ecological Restoration in Xiji-Haiyuan-Guyuan, Ningxia
	References
9: Environmental Pollution and Protection
	9.1	 Characteristics of Environmental Pollution in China
		9.1.1	 Causal Factors
			9.1.1.1	 Natural
			9.1.1.2	 Human
		9.1.2	 Characteristics
			9.1.2.1	 Major Emissions
			9.1.2.2	 Historical and Combined Pollution Patterns
			9.1.2.3	 Coal-Derived Soot Pollution
			9.1.2.4	 Point- and Non-point-Source Pollution
	9.2	 Major Environmental Pollutants
		9.2.1	 Water Pollution
		9.2.2	 Air Pollution
		9.2.3	 Solid Waste Pollution,
		9.2.4	 Soil Pollution
	9.3	 Environmental Protection
		9.3.1	 Regulations, Policies, and Measures
			9.3.1.1	 Legal Framework
			9.3.1.2	 Air Pollution Prevention and Control
			9.3.1.3	 Water Pollution Prevention and Control
			9.3.1.4	 Soil Pollution Prevention and Control
			9.3.1.5	 River and Lake Management
		9.3.2	 Environmental Governance Case Studies
			9.3.2.1	 Water Pollution Governance
			9.3.2.2	 Air Pollution Governance
			9.3.2.3	 Solid Waste Governance
			9.3.2.4	 Soil Pollution Governance
			9.3.2.5	 Beautiful Village Construction
	References
10: Natural Disasters
	10.1	 Major Natural Disaster Types
		10.1.1	 Earthquakes and Surficial Movements
			10.1.1.1	 Earthquakes
			10.1.1.2	 Surficial Movements
		10.1.2	 Extreme Precipitation and Flooding
			10.1.2.1	 Rainstorms
			10.1.2.2	 Flooding
		10.1.3	 Droughts and Sandstorms
			10.1.3.1	 Drought
			10.1.3.2	 Sandstorms
		10.1.4	 Typhoons
		10.1.5	 Marine Hazards
			10.1.5.1	 Storm Surge
			10.1.5.2	 Red Tides
			10.1.5.3	 Sea Ice
		10.1.6	 Forest and Grassland Fires
	10.2	 Overview
		10.2.1	 Basic Characteristics
		10.2.2	 Hazard-Formative Environments and Disaster-Inducing Factors
		10.2.3	 Hazard-Bearing Bodies and Disaster Effects
	10.3	 Disaster Prevention and Mitigation
		10.3.1	 Disaster Prevention, Resistance, and Relief
		10.3.2	 Integrated Disaster Risk
		10.3.3	 Case Study of National Disaster Response: 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake
	References
11: Population and Urbanization
	11.1	 The Population and Its Historical Changes
		11.1.1	 Total Population: Characteristics and Changes
			11.1.1.1	 Characteristics of Total Population
			11.1.1.2	 Population Distribution
			11.1.1.3	 Population Movement and Migration
		11.1.2	 The Composition and Distribution of Population by Nationality
			11.1.2.1	 Composition by Nationality
			11.1.2.2	 Geographical Distribution of Ethnic Groups
		11.1.3	 Language and Religion
			11.1.3.1	 Language
			11.1.3.2	 Religion
	11.2	 Household Registration and Urbanization
		11.2.1	 Household Registration Management
			11.2.1.1	 Chinese Household Registration System
			11.2.1.2	 Floating Population Management
			11.2.1.3	 Peri-Urbanization
			11.2.1.4	 The Spring Festival and the Floating Population
		11.2.2	 Urbanization
			11.2.2.1	 Town and Rural Population
			11.2.2.2	 Changes in Urban Population
			11.2.2.3	 The Fluctuating Acceleration of Urbanization
			11.2.2.4	 Regional Differences in Urbanization
		11.2.3	 Rapid Urbanization of Shenzhen
	11.3	 Family Planning and Aging
		11.3.1	 Family Planning
			11.3.1.1	 Family Planning Policy
			11.3.1.2	 Current Population Policy
			11.3.1.3	 Evaluation of Population Policy
		11.3.2	 Aging
			11.3.2.1	 Accelerated Development
			11.3.2.2	 Characteristics of Population Aging
	References
12: Economic Geography
	12.1	 Industrial Structure and Economic Layout
		12.1.1	 Aggregate Economy and Regional Differences
		12.1.2	 Changes in Industrial Structure
		12.1.3	 Economic Development by Region
	12.2	 Industrial Layout and Economic and Technological Development Zones
		12.2.1	 Industrial Development
			12.2.1.1	 Characteristics of Industrial Development
			12.2.1.2	 Industrial Layout and Evolution
		12.2.2	 Energy Industry
			12.2.2.1	 Coal Industry
			12.2.2.2	 Oil and Gas Industry
			12.2.2.3	 Power Industry
		12.2.3	 Steel Industry
		12.2.4	 Mechanical and Electrical Industries
			12.2.4.1	 Machinery Industry
			12.2.4.2	 Electronics Industry
		12.2.5	 Light Industries
			12.2.5.1	 Textile Industry
			12.2.5.2	 Other Light Industries
		12.2.6	 New and High-Tech Industries
	12.3	 Agricultural Development and Layout
		12.3.1	 Agricultural Production Patterns
			12.3.1.1	 Agricultural Production Levels
			12.3.1.2	 Internal Structure of Agriculture
			12.3.1.3	 Distribution of Agricultural Production
		12.3.2	 Distribution of Grain Production
			12.3.2.1	 Paddy Rice (Oryza sativa Linn)
			12.3.2.2	 Wheat
			12.3.2.3	 Maize (Corn)
			12.3.2.4	 Other Food Crops
		12.3.3	 Distribution of Commercial Crops (Cash Crops)
		12.3.4	 Major Livestock-Producing Areas
		12.3.5	 Aquaculture Areas
		12.3.6	 China’s Agricultural Development Orientation and Optimization
	12.4	 Transportation and Communication Industry
		12.4.1	 Transportation Development and Structure
			12.4.1.1	 Transportation Development
			12.4.1.2	 Transportation Structure
		12.4.2	 Layout of the Transportation Network
			12.4.2.1	 Railway Transportation
			12.4.2.2	 Road Transport
			12.4.2.3	 Waterway Transportation
			12.4.2.4	 Civil Aviation Transport
			12.4.2.5	 Pipeline Transportation
			12.4.2.6	 Development Priorities
		12.4.3	 Development and Layout of the Post and Telecommunications Industry
	References
13: China’s Opening Up and Trade
	13.1	 China’s Opening Up Pattern
		13.1.1	 Opening Up Process
			13.1.1.1	 Opening Up in Coastal Areas
			13.1.1.2	 Opening Up Along the Rivers and Borders and in Inland Areas
			13.1.1.3	 Establishment of a Multifaceted Opening Up Pattern
		13.1.2	 Outcomes of 40 Years of Reform and Opening Up
		13.1.3	 International Exchanges and Organizations
			13.1.3.1	 Establishment of Diplomatic Relations
			13.1.3.2	 Participation in International Organizations
	13.2	 The Belt and Road Initiative
		13.2.1	 Proposal and Significance of the B&R
			13.2.1.1	 Backdrop for the B&R Strategy
			13.2.1.2	 B&R Route
			13.2.1.3	 Significance of the B&R
		13.2.2	 Silk Road Economic Belt
			13.2.2.1	 Coverage of the Silk Road Economic Belt
			13.2.2.2	 Resource Pattern of the Silk Road Economic Belt
			13.2.2.3	 Impact of the Silk Road Economic Belt on China’s Land Development’
		13.2.3	 Maritime Silk Road
			13.2.3.1	 Coverage of the Maritime Silk Road
			13.2.3.2	 Construction of Important Routes on the Maritime Silk Road
			13.2.3.3	 Impact of the Maritime Silk Road on China’s Coastal Cities and Port Construction
		13.2.4	 Regional Positioning and Openness
	13.3	 China’s International Investment and Trade
		13.3.1	 Foreign Direct Investment
			13.3.1.1	 Historical Development of Foreign Direct Investment
			13.3.1.2	 New FDI Patterns
		13.3.2	 China’s Outward FDI (OFDI)
			13.3.2.1	 Historical Development of China’s OFDI
			13.3.2.2	 New Patterns in China’s OFDI
		13.3.3	 China’s Foreign Trade
			13.3.3.1	 Changes in China’s Foreign Trade Volume
			13.3.3.2	 Changes in China’s Foreign Trade Targets
			13.3.3.3	 Changes in China’s Foreign Trade Structure
		13.3.4	 International Production by Multinational Corporations
			13.3.4.1	 Development of Chinese Multinational Corporations
			13.3.4.2	 Development of Foreign MNCs
	13.4	 International Cooperation in Resource Development and Utilization
		13.4.1	 Energy Development and Utilization
			13.4.1.1	 Status of Energy Imports and Exports
			13.4.1.2	 Imports and Exports of Major Energy Sources
		13.4.2	 Food Production and Consumption
			13.4.2.1	 Current Status of Grain Imports and Exports
			13.4.2.2	 Imports and Exports of Staple Foods
		13.4.3	 Human Resources
			13.4.3.1	 Labor Exports
			13.4.3.2	 Talent Development
		13.4.4	 Tourism
			13.4.4.1	 International Inbound Tourism
			13.4.4.2	 Outbound International Tourism
		13.4.5	 Currency
			13.4.5.1	 Renminbi Internationalization
			13.4.5.2	 RMB International Transactions
			13.4.5.3	 RMB International Reserves
	References
14: Tourism Geography
	14.1	 Natural and Cultural Heritage
		14.1.1	 Types of Heritage Resources
		14.1.2	 Distribution of Human Heritage Resources
	14.2	 Tourist Attractions
		14.2.1	 Distribution of Tourism Resources
			14.2.1.1	 Natural Tourism Resources
			14.2.1.2	 Cultural Tourism Resources
			14.2.1.3	 Tourism Resource Division
		14.2.2	 Tourist Area
			14.2.2.1	 North China: Huaxia (Sinic) Civilization Mountains, Seas
				14.2.2.1.1	 Ancient Capitals and Ancient Cities
				14.2.2.1.2	 Famous Mountains and Ancient Temples
				14.2.2.1.3	 Ancient Mausoleum Buildings
				14.2.2.1.4	 Grotto Art
			14.2.2.2	 Northeast: Snow and Ice Scenery, Modern City
			14.2.2.3	 Northwest: Silk Road Historic Site and Desert Oasis
			14.2.2.4	 Grassland Scenery and Ethnic Culture Tourist Area Beyond the Great Wall
			14.2.2.5	 East China’s Famous Mountains, Rivers and Lakes, Gardens, and Urban Tourism
			14.2.2.6	 Central China: Canyons and Mountains Cultural
			14.2.2.7	 South China: Tropical Beachfront and Modern Tourist Area
			14.2.2.8	 Southwest: Strange Mountains and Waters, Minority Cultures
			14.2.2.9	 Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan: Mixed Culture Island Scenic Area
			14.2.2.10	 Qinghai, Tibet: Tibetan Buddhist Culture, Snow Plateaus, Grassland Scenery
	14.3	 Tourism Products
		14.3.1	 Tea
			14.3.1.1	 A Brief History of Tea Culture in China
			14.3.1.2	 Tea Products
			14.3.1.3	 Tea Ceremony, Tea Art, and Tea Customs
		14.3.2	 Calligraphy and Painting
			14.3.2.1	 Calligraphy
			14.3.2.2	 Wenfang Four Treasures
		14.3.3	 Food and Drink
			14.3.3.1	 Characteristics of Chinese Food Culture
			14.3.3.2	 Wide Range of Cuisines
				14.3.3.2.1	 Regional Han Cuisine
				14.3.3.2.2	 Culinary Customs of Nationalities
		14.3.4	 Customs in Costume and Adornment
			14.3.4.1	 Dynasty Costume
			14.3.4.2	 Life Etiquette Costumes
			14.3.4.3	 Chinese Tunic Suit (Zhongshan Suit)
			14.3.4.4	 Traditional Costumes of Ethnic Minorities
	References
15: Sustainable Development
	15.1	 The Concept in Ancient China
		15.1.1	 Harmony Between Humanity and Nature
		15.1.2	 Harmony
		15.1.3	 Harmony in Culture
		15.1.4	 Sustainability
	15.2	 Strategy and Planning for Sustainable Development
		15.2.1	 China’s Agenda 21
		15.2.2	 National Outline of Ecological Environment Protection Program
			15.2.2.1	 Objectives
			15.2.2.2	 Designs and Methods
		15.2.3	 National Ecological Environment Construction Plan
			15.2.3.1	 Objectives
			15.2.3.2	 Design and Methods
		15.2.4	 United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development
			15.2.4.1	 Overview
			15.2.4.2	 China and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development
		15.2.5	 Building a Shared Future
	15.3	 Geographic Synergetics
		15.3.1	 Background
		15.3.2	 Human-Earth Synergy
		15.3.3	 Geographic Synergetics
			15.3.3.1	 Natural and Social Units
			15.3.3.2	 Natural Resources and Natural Disasters
			15.3.3.3	 Human Achievement and Harm
			15.3.3.4	 Relationship Between Natural and Administrative Maps
			15.3.3.5	 Dynamics and Non-dynamics
		15.3.4	 Application of Geographic Synergetics
	References
Index