The General Exception Clauses of the TRIPS Agreement Promoting Sustainable Development

Cover
......Page 1
The General Exception Clauses of the TRIPS Agreement: Promoting Sustainable Development......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Dedication......Page 7
Contents......Page 9
List of tables......Page 14
Acknowledgements......Page 15
Court of Justice of the European Union (formerly European Court of Justice)......Page 16
France......Page 17
India......Page 18
International Court of Justice......Page 19
United States of America......Page 20
World Trade Organization......Page 21
Treaties, Declarations and Resolutions......Page 24
Statutes......Page 28
Abbreviations......Page 33
1.1 Relationship between sustainable development and access to knowledge......Page 37
Access to technologies......Page 44
Access to knowledge condensed into literary and scientific works......Page 46
Access to the identification signs used by companies and their products and services......Page 47
1.2 Role of intellectual property rights in restricting access to knowledge......Page 48
1.3 Purpose and plan of the work......Page 51
1.4 Methodological approach......Page 60
Part I: Determining the normative meaning of the general exception clauses of the TRIPS Agreement......Page 63
Introduction......Page 65
2.1 Ordinary meaning attributable to the terms of the treaty......Page 68
2.2 Principle of good faith......Page 69
2.2.1 Principle of effectiveness in the interpretation of treaties......Page 70
2.2.2 Doctrine of abuse of rights......Page 72
2.3 Object and purposes of the WTO system and the TRIPS Agreement......Page 75
2.3.1 General objectives of the WTO system......Page 77
2.3.2 Specific objectives of the TRIPS Agreement......Page 78
2.3.3 Article 8 of the TRIPS Agreement and the guiding principles of the general exception clauses......Page 80
2.4 Context of the general exception clauses of the TRIPS Agreement......Page 110
2.4.1 Interpretative agreements and subsequent State practices......Page 111
2.4.2 Rules of international law applicable in the relations between the parties......Page 114
2.5 Supplementary means of interpretation......Page 123
3.2 Art. 30 TRIPS according to Canada – Pharmaceutical Patents......Page 126
3.2.1 The first step of the test of art. 30......Page 127
3.2.2 The second step of the test of art. 30......Page 129
3.2.3 The third step of the test of art. 30......Page 131
3.2.4 Obstacles created by Canada – Pharmaceutical Patents......Page 132
3.3.1 The first step of the test......Page 133
3.3.2 The second step of the test......Page 136
3.3.3 The third step of the test......Page 139
3.3.4 Summary of the normative meaning of art. 30 resulting from the application of the general rule of interpretation of the VCLT......Page 143
3.4 Assessment test of the legitimacy of exceptions to the rights conferred by trademarks (art. 17)......Page 144
3.5 Assessment test of the legitimacy of exceptions to the rights conferred by protected industrial designs (art. 26.2)......Page 150
4.1 Introduction......Page 153
4.2.1 First step: exceptions shall be confined to certain special cases......Page 157
4.2.2 Second step: exceptions shall not conflict with a normal exploitation of the affected works......Page 158
4.2.4 Why US – Section 110(5) Copyright Act is legally irrelevant to future disputes......Page 160
4.3.1 The first step......Page 163
4.3.2 The second step......Page 166
4.3.3 The third step......Page 172
4.3.4 Aids offered by the records of the Stockholm Revision Conference......Page 176
Concluding remarks on Part I......Page 184
Part II: Putting to the test the capacity of the general exception clauses of the TRIPS Agreement to promote the pillars of sustainable development......Page 193
5.1 Introduction......Page 195
5.2.1 Challenges created by gene patents......Page 199
5.2.2 Patents on genes associated with disease and genetic tests......Page 204
5.2.3 Genes and unique resources......Page 207
5.2.4 Research tools......Page 208
5.2.5 Tragedy of the anti-commons......Page 212
5.2.6 Royalty stacking......Page 213
5.3 Research use exception and freedom in science and technology......Page 214
5.4 Research use exceptions adopted by some members of the international community137......Page 218
5.5 The R&D and genetic diagnostic test exceptions......Page 226
5.5.1 General rules applicable to both exceptions......Page 228
5.5.2 R&D exception – first component: uses focused on generating knowledge on the subject matter of the patent and developing new innovations......Page 237
5.5.3 R&D exception – second component: scientific and humanitarian uses......Page 240
5.5.4 R&D exception – third component: dual inventions, when used as research tools......Page 241
5.6.1 First step: assessment of the limited character of the exception......Page 247
5.6.2 Second step: assessment of the reasonableness of the interference caused by the exception......Page 248
5.6.3 Third step: assessment of the reasonableness of the degree of harm caused by the R&D exception......Page 262
5.7 The genetic diagnostic test exception and its functioning......Page 263
5.8.1 First step: assessment of the limited character of the exception......Page 267
5.8.2 Second step: assessment of the reasonableness of the interference caused by the exception......Page 269
5.8.3 Third step: assessment of the reasonableness of the prejudice caused by the exception......Page 271
6.1 Introduction......Page 273
6.2.1 Laugh It Off case......Page 276
6.2.2 Areva case......Page 279
6.2.3 Esso case......Page 281
6.2.4 Danone case......Page 283
6.2.5 “Guaraná Power” case......Page 284
6.2.6 Brazilian Olympic Committee case......Page 286
6.2.7 Tata Sons case......Page 288
6.2.8 Lessons to be drawn from the cases......Page 291
6.3 Proposal of a parody and criticism exception......Page 294
6.3.1 Assessment of the legality of the parody and criticism exception......Page 298
7.1 Introduction......Page 302
7.2 ANFAPE case......Page 304
7.2.1 SDE’s ruling......Page 307
7.2.2 Efforts to reverse SDE’s ruling......Page 312
7.3 European proposal for a repair exception......Page 318
Alternative 1: exclusive protection for a short period of time......Page 319
Alternative 2: Remuneration system......Page 320
Alternative 4: Non-onerous repair exception......Page 321
7.4.1 First step......Page 323
7.4.2 Second step......Page 324
7.4.3 Third step......Page 326
8.1 Introduction......Page 328
8.2 The broadening of exclusive rights and the Brazilian Copyright Act of 1998......Page 333
8.2.1 The cumbersome Brazilian private copying exception......Page 337
8.2.2 The response of the Brazilian government......Page 345
8.3 Proposal for an educational exception for underprivileged students and researchers......Page 348
8.3.1 Assessment of the legality of the proposed educational exception......Page 351
Concluding remarks on Part II......Page 356
Final remarks......Page 362
Bibliography......Page 366
Index......Page 387