The future of the euro currency

Content: Preface ix Introduction xi Chapter 1 The Monetary Steps that Preceded the Introduction of the Euro 1 1.1 The lack of a sustainable international monetary system 1 1.1.1 From the gold standard to the gold exchange standard system 2 1.1.2 The Bretton Woods international monetary system 3 1.1.3 The International Monetary Fund (IMF), guarantor of the Bretton Woods Agreements 4 1.1.4 The end of convertibility of the dollar and the instability of floating exchange rates 5 1.2 From the Treaty of Rome to the Maastricht Treaty 8 1.2.1 The lack of a monetary target at the beginning of the European Economic Community 8 1.2.2 The Werner Plan and the temporary failure to establish an Economic and Monetary Union 10 1.2.3 The Single European Act and the Delors Report 14 1.2.4 The Maastricht Treaty 18 1.3 Monetary experiences prior to the euro 19 1.3.1 The snake in the tunnel 20 1.3.2 The European Monetary System (EMS) 22 1.3.3 The European Monetary Cooperation Fund (EMCF) 25 1.3.4 The European Monetary Institute (EMI) 26 Chapter 2 The Monetary Policy Decisions Facing the European Monetary Institute 33 2.1 The central bank, Bank of Banks 35 2.1.1 The original function of the lender of last resort 35 2.1.2 The modern function of lender of last resort 37 2.1.3 Controversy over the choice of body to control banking risks 39 2.1.4 The limitations of the lender of last resort 41 2.2 The central bank, a body responsible for monetary policy 44 2.2.1 Conditions for implementing monetary policy 45 2.2.2 The main objective of the fight against inflation 47 2.2.3 Methods for achieving the objective of maintaining price stability 49 2.2.4 Monetary policy tools 50 2.3 The independence of the central bank 53 2.3.1 Institutional independence 54 2.3.2 Effective independence 57 Chapter 3 Monetary Policy Conducted by the European Central Bank 61 3.1 The monetary policy in force when the euro was introduced 62 3.1.1 The bodies responsible for European monetary policy 63 3.1.2 Organization of payment and prudential control systems 67 3.1.3 The choice of monetary policy objective 69 3.1.4 Monetary policy tools 72 3.1.5 Independence of the European Central Bank 75 3.2 Developments in conventional monetary policy between 1999 and 2007 77 3.2.1 Bank liquidity factors 77 3.2.2 Interest rates 83 3.2.3 Refinancing tools 87 3.3 Non-conventional monetary policy since 2008 94 3.3.1 The evolution of liquidity needs 95 3.3.2 Interest rates that gradually became zero and even became negative 97 3.3.3 Refinancing operations 102 Chapter 4 Consequences of the European Central Bank\'s Monetary Policy 117 4.1 Monetary consequences 118 4.1.1 About the balance sheet of the European Central Bank 118 4.1.2 On the monetary aspects of the euro zone 125 4.1.3 Improvements in banking and financial prudential supervision 130 4.2 Economic consequences 133 4.2.1 An increase in fluctuating price 134 4.2.2 Limited growth and an unemployment that is difficult to combat 136 4.2.3 A heavily deteriorated fiscal situation and public debt 138 Conclusion 145 References 151 Index 153