The Fundamentals of Thermal Analysis

Contents
Preface
Acknowledgment
Chapter 1
Applications of Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) for Biomass Thermal Characterization
	Abstract
	1. Introduction
	2. Improving TGA Results
		2.1. Sample Preparation and Instrument Compatibility
		2.2. Purge and Protective Gas Flow
		2.3. Instrument Calibration
		2.4. Forming the Calibration File
		2.5. Calibration Data Evaluation
		2.6. Calibration File Definition
		2.7. Control Measurement
		2.8. Sample Temperature Controller
		2.9. Correction Measurements and Buoyancy Effect
		2.10. Using Lids for Crucibles
	3. Coupling of TG Analyzer with Mass Spectrometer  (TG-MS Coupling) – in Depth Gas Analysis
		3.1. Introduction to Mass Spectrometry
		3.2. Qualitative Gas Analysis
		3.3. Semi Quantitative Evolved Gas Analysis
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 2
The Use of Thermogravimetric Analysis in the Production of Catalytic Support  Formed by CaO and Nb2O5
	Abstract
	1. Introduction
		1.1. Use of Catalysts
		1.2. Supported Catalysts
		1.3. Use of Niobium as a Support
		1.4. Structures of Niobium Oxide
		1.5. Use of CaO as an Active Phase
		1.6. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)
	2. Objective
	3. Materials and Methods
		3.1. Preparation of Niobium Oxide Support (Nb2O5)
	4. CaO Preparation
		4.1. Synthesis of Catalysts (CaO/Nb2O5)
		4.2. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)
	5. Results
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgment
	References
Chapter 3
Thermoelectric Generators (TEGs)
	Abstract
	1. Introduction
	2. Fundamentals of Thermoelectric Generators
	3. TEGs Design Approach
		3.1. Figure of Merit FOM and Conversion Efficiency
	4. Thermoelectric Materials
	5. TEGs Applications
		5.1. Electricity Production in Harsh Environments
			5.1.1. Space Industry
			5.1.2. Industrial Applications TEGs in Remote Areas
		5.2. Waste Heat Recovery
			5.2.1. Industrial Waste Heat
			5.2.2. Automotive Industry
		5.3. Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Generation Systems
		5.4. Domestic TEG in Developed Countries
		5.5. Micro-Generation for Sensors and Microelectronics
		5.6. A Solar Thermoelectric Generator (STEG)
		5.7. Other Applications
			5.7.1. Photovoltaic System
			5.7.2. Geothermal Energy
			5.7.3. Medical Domain
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 4
Thermal Analysis of Thermoelectric Devices
	Abstract
	1. Introduction
	2. Basic Concepts
	3. Governing Equations
	4. Constant Properties Model
		4.1. Thermoelectric Generator
		4.2. Thermoelectric Cooler
		4.3. Thermoelectric Heat Pump
		4.4. Choice of Constant Values for CPM
	5. Device Level Considerations
		5.1. Geometry
		5.2. Parasitic Losses
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 5
Bubble Dynamics Analysis in Subcooled  Flow Boiling
	Abstract
	1. Introduction
	2. Forces Acting on Bubbles
		2.1. Surface Tension Force
		2.2. Quasi-Steady Drag Force
		2.3. Unsteady Drag Force
		2.4. Buoyancy Force
		2.5. Shear Lift Force
		2.6. Contact and Hydrodynamic Pressure Forces
		2.7. Radial Pressure Gradient Force
		2.8. Centrifugal Force
	3. Forces Balance Analysis
		3.1. Departure Moment
		3.2. Lift-off Moment
	4. Empirical Coefficients
	5. Previous Studies
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 6
Entropy Generation in Flow Boiling  and Condensation
	Abstract
	1. Introduction
	2. Entropy Generation Model in Two-Phase Flow
	3. Entropy Generation in Smooth Straight,  Micro-Fin and Helical Coil Tubes
		3.1. Flow Boiling
		3.2. Flow Condensation
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 7
An Energy Model of Heat Pump Systems for Hot Water Assisted by PV/T Solar Energy in Climates above 15 C
	Abstract
	1. Introduction
	2. Methodology
		2.1. Compressor Model
		2.2. Evaporator Model
		2.3. Condenser Model
		2.4. Simulation Procedure
	3. Results
		3.1. Effect of Compressor Size
		3.2. Effect of Refrigerant Fluid
		3.3. Effect of Volume of Water Tank
		3.4. Effect of Length of Condenser
	Conclusion
	Acknowlegments
	References
Chapter 8
3D Numerical Modeling to Evaluate  the Thermal Performance of Single and Double U-Tube Ground-Coupled Heat Pumps
	Abstract
	Abbreviations
	Greek Letters
	Nomenclature
	Subscripts
	1. Introduction
	2. Model Methodology
		2.1. Case Study
		2.2. Governing Equations
			2.2.1. Assumptions
			2.2.2. Boundary Conditions
			2.2.3. Mesh Generation
	3. Data Reduction
	4. Results and Discussion
		4.1. Soil Single-Layer Model
		4.2. Soil Multi-Layer Model
	Conclusion
	Appendix A
		Fluid Domain
			Continuity Equation
			Navier-Stokes Equation
			Energy Equation
		Solid Domains
	References
Chapter 9
Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
	Abstract
	1. Introduction
	2. Fuel Cell Types
	3. Main Components of SOFCs
		3.1. Electrode
			3.1.1. Anode
			3.1.2. Cathode
		3.2. Electrolyte
		3.3. Interconnect
		3.4. Sealants
	4. Modeling of SOFC: Fluid, Heat Transfer,  and Electrochemistry
	5. Application of Artificial Intelligence for Modeling of SOFC: Design Parameters
	6. SOFCs Performance Analysis
		6.1. Pressure Effect
		6.2. Temperature Effect
		6.3. Current Density Effect
		6.4. Impurities Effect
	7. Hybrid Systems with SOFC
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Index
Editors’ Contact Information
Blank Page