The Forests Handbook, Vol 2 Applying Forest Science for Sustainable Management

The Forests Handbook: Applying Forest Science for Sustainable Management......Page 5
Contents......Page 7
List of contributors......Page 14
Preface to Volume 1......Page 16
Preface to Volume 2......Page 18
Acknowledgements......Page 19
1.1.1 Environmentalist pseudo-histories......Page 21
1.1.3 Definition of forest management......Page 22
1.2.1 Evidence for woodland management in prehistoric Britain......Page 23
1.2.3 Problems in finding and interpreting the evidence......Page 24
1.3 The history of forest cover......Page 25
1.3.1 Early human influence on forest cover: fire and hunting......Page 26
1.4.1 Forest and tree use in prehistory......Page 29
1.4.2 Why manage forests? Why not?......Page 30
1.4.3 When does use become management?......Page 31
1.5.2 Neolithic forest management in Central Europe......Page 32
1.5.4 Beyond mere subsistence: the value of forests in early medieval Britain and late medieval Normandy......Page 33
1.5.6 Beating the foresters at their own game: Shorea javanica forests planted by farmers in Sumatra......Page 34
1.6 Forest management by professionals......Page 35
1.6.2 The deep roots of modern silviculture......Page 36
1.6.4 Operation successful patient died: the Malayan Uniform System......Page 37
1.7 The impact of forest management on forests......Page 38
1.7.1 Biodiversity loss through discontinuing forest management practices......Page 39
1.8 Conclusions: leaving the margins of history......Page 40
1.8.2 Devising forest policies that work......Page 41
1.8.4 Let a thousand forests flourish......Page 42
Part 1: Sustaining Forest Influences......Page 45
2.2.1 A global perspective......Page 47
2.2.2 Australian national parks and conservation reserves......Page 48
2.3 A short history of forestry in Australia......Page 51
2.4.1 Regional forest assessments and agreements......Page 57
2.4.2 Outcomes of the Tasmanian Forest Assessment Process......Page 58
2.5 Wilderness and forest management......Page 59
2.6 Wilderness assessment and identification......Page 60
2.6.1 Wilderness assessment in the comprehensive forest: assessment process......Page 61
2.6.2 Assessment criteria......Page 63
2.7 A new approach to wilderness assessment......Page 64
2.7.1 The Brogo Wilderness Assessment Programme......Page 65
2.8 Summary......Page 69
3.1.4 Natural hazards that protection forests protect against......Page 73
3.1.5 An important distinction: direct and indirect protection......Page 75
3.2.1 Occurrence of protection forests......Page 76
3.2.2 History of protection forests......Page 77
3.3.1 Environment of subalpine protection forests......Page 78
3.3.2 Environment of montane protection forests......Page 79
3.4.1 Why small-scale disturbances prevail in protection forests in the Alps......Page 80
3.4.4 Factors favouring and impeding recovery from disturbance......Page 81
3.4.5 What is the ideal stand structure of protection forest?......Page 82
3.4.7 What is 'stability' in a protection forest?......Page 83
3.5 Suggested approach and principles for the management of protection forests......Page 84
3.5.2 Management approach: mimic natural ecosystem dynamics......Page 85
3.6.2 First step: collect general information on the management area......Page 87
3.6.3 Second step: design interventions......Page 89
3.7.1 Minimal tending in Switzerland......Page 91
3.8.1 Introduction......Page 92
3.8.3 Shelter of livestock......Page 94
3.9 Future management of protection forests......Page 95
3.10 Conclusions......Page 96
4.1 Background......Page 102
4.1.1 What is forest biodiversity?......Page 103
4.1.2 Biodiversity and sustainable management......Page 104
4.2.1 Problems with assessment......Page 105
4.2.2 Practical approaches to assessment and monitoring......Page 107
4.2.3 The use of criteria and indicators......Page 108
4.2.4 Prediction at non-sampled points......Page 109
4.3.1 Impacts of human activities on biodiversity......Page 111
4.3.2 Impacts of global climate change......Page 115
4.3.3 A system to assist in decisions to enhance conservation of biodiversity......Page 116
Part 2: Sustainable Wood Production......Page 123
5.1.3 Sustainability of what and for whom?......Page 125
5.1.5 Searching for solutions......Page 126
5.2.1 Definitions......Page 128
5.2.2 Key concepts......Page 131
5.3.1 A balancing act......Page 136
5.4.1 Assessing site potential......Page 137
5.4.2 Scheduling the harvest......Page 143
5.5 Synthesis and summary......Page 144
6.1 Introduction......Page 149
6.2.2 Limiting resources......Page 150
6.3.2 Tillage......Page 152
6.3.4 Non-crop vegetation control......Page 153
6.3.5 Thinning......Page 154
6.3.6 Nutrient additions......Page 155
6.5 Future opportunities......Page 156
7.2 Requirements for sustainable soil management......Page 160
7.3.1 Soil as an environment for root growth......Page 162
7.3.2 Nutrient supply......Page 164
7.4 Tree growth as evidence for sustainability......Page 168
7.5.1 Compaction and rutting......Page 170
7.5.2 The role of tillage......Page 171
7.6 Erosion......Page 172
7.7.1 Nutrient balance in undisturbed and managed forests......Page 174
7.7.2 Nutrient additions......Page 177
7.8 Contamination......Page 179
7.8.2 Pesticides......Page 180
7.8.3 Metals and salts......Page 181
7.9 Soil biology......Page 182
7.10 Conclusions......Page 184
8.1.1 Outbreaks of invertebrate pests: setting thresholds......Page 192
8.1.2 Great Britain as an example of a region where pest infestation has resulted in active intervention......Page 193
8.1.3 Pest risk assessment and the problems of exotic pests......Page 195
8.2.2 Host selection......Page 198
8.2.3 Tree suitability and initial rates of invertebrate colonization and growth......Page 199
8.3 Why are some insects pests?......Page 201
8.3.2 Spruce budworms in North America: a detailed example to illustrate the principles of pest dynamics and their links to forest structure and management......Page 202
8.3.3 Gypsy moth Lymantria dispar as an example of a non-indigenous pest that is still expanding its range......Page 209
8.3.4 Dendroctonus micans in Britain as an example of successful integrated forest management of an introduced forest pest......Page 210
8.3.5 Risk rating and management processes......Page 213
8.4.1 Genetically modified trees......Page 214
8.4.2 Improvements in monitoring and use of conventional pest management techniques......Page 215
9.2.2 The nature of disease......Page 222
9.2.4 Disease caused by introduced pathogens......Page 223
9.3.1 Exclusion......Page 224
9.4.1 Diagnosis......Page 226
9.4.2 Determination of disease distribution and severity......Page 227
9.4.3 Disease prognosis......Page 229
9.4.4 Deciding on a course of action or inaction......Page 230
9.4.5 Cultural control......Page 231
9.4.6 Control through the use of disease resistance......Page 232
9.4.7 Chemical control......Page 233
9.5 Conclusions......Page 234
Part 3: Sustaining Social Values and Benefits......Page 239
10.1.1 The importance of participation in assessing and realizing social values......Page 241
10.1.2 The forest stakeholder......Page 242
10.1.3 Identifying the main stakeholders their interests and their relations......Page 244
10.2.1 Collaborative forest management (government approaches to social values)......Page 248
10.2.2 Corporate/community partnerships (private sector approaches to social values)......Page 249
10.2.3 Preliminary guidance on partnerships that optimize social values......Page 250
10.2.4 Remaining challenges for partnerships......Page 251
11.1 Introduction......Page 253
11.2 Forest policy before 1988......Page 254
11.2.1 Social forestry......Page 256
11.3.1 Political factors behind change......Page 257
11.4 The June 1990 guidelines and joint forest management......Page 258
11.4.1 Progress of JFM in the states......Page 260
11.4.2 Impact of the new forest policy and JFM on deforestation......Page 261
11.5 Internal factors in community mobilization......Page 262
11.6 Constraints of government policy and action......Page 264
11.6.2 Intervillage disputes......Page 265
11.6.3 VFCs and panchayats......Page 266
11.6.4 Marketing of NTFPs......Page 267
11.6.5 Insensitivity to gender issues......Page 268
11.6.7 JFM and the poorest......Page 269
11.7 Changes in silviculture......Page 270
11.7.1 Regeneration versus planting on degraded lands......Page 273
11.8 Summing up......Page 275
12.2 Design aspects......Page 280
12.3 Species selection for urban areas......Page 281
12.4 Establishment techniques for urban trees......Page 282
12.4.2 Securing adequate tree-water supply......Page 283
12.5 Care and maintenance of urban trees and forest stands......Page 284
12.5.2 Wound treatment......Page 285
12.5.4 Management of urban forest stands......Page 286
12.6 Tree inventories......Page 287
12.7.3 Proceedings......Page 288
Part 4: Case Studies of Sustainable Management......Page 293
13.1 Introduction......Page 295
13.2 Characteristics of forests of Vancouver Island......Page 297
13.3.2 The 'salal hypothesis'......Page 298
13.4 Stand structure......Page 299
13.5 Nutrient cycling......Page 300
13.6.2 Regeneration......Page 302
13.6.3 Fertilization......Page 304
13.6.5 Recommendations for regenerating cedar–hemlock sites......Page 305
14.1 Historical aspects of the forests of Haute-Normandie......Page 308
14.2 Current silvicultural practice......Page 311
14.3 Forêt de Brotonne......Page 313
14.5 Forêt de Bord and Forêt de Louviers......Page 314
14.6 Forêt d'Eawy......Page 315
14.8 Conclusions......Page 316
15.2.2 Geology and soils......Page 318
15.2.4 Early history......Page 319
15.4 Forest design planning......Page 321
15.4.4 Felling plans......Page 322
15.5.2 Visual impact......Page 323
15.5.4 Wildlife conservation potential......Page 324
15.5.5 Prescription for the choice of tree species......Page 325
15.6.3 Wildlife conservation......Page 327
15.7 Sustainability of yields......Page 328
15.8 Conclusions......Page 329
16.1 Introduction......Page 330
16.2.2 Interactions between the states and the Commonwealth......Page 332
16.2.3 The development of Australian forest policy......Page 333
16.2.4 The structures for sustainable forest management......Page 341
16.2.5 National Forest Policy Statement......Page 342
16.2.6 The Regional Forest Agreement Process......Page 343
16.2.7 The international dimension of forest policy in Australia......Page 345
16.3.1 The Central Highlands Regional Forest Agreement......Page 347
16.3.2 Forest areas......Page 348
16.3.3 Meeting the targets for a comprehensive adequate and representative reserve system......Page 349
16.4.1 A summary of the ecology of mountain ash......Page 351
16.4.2 Silvicultural systems in mountain ash......Page 352
16.4.3 Managing diversity and ecological processes......Page 354
16.5 Concluding comment......Page 356
17.2 Geography geology and climate......Page 361
17.4 Developments in exploitation and utilization......Page 362
17.5.1 Improvement fellings......Page 365
17.5.2 Malayan Uniform System......Page 366
17.5.3 Modified Malayan Uniform System......Page 367
17.5.4 Selective Management System......Page 368
17.6.5 Shelterwood systems......Page 371
17.6.7 Enrichment plantings......Page 372
17.7.3 Model forests......Page 373
17.8 Conclusions......Page 374
18.1.1 The Usutu Forest......Page 377
18.2.1 Assessment methods......Page 378
18.2.2 Productivity in successive rotations......Page 379
18.2.3 Discussion of sustainability......Page 381
18.3.2 Background......Page 382
18.3.4 Environmental impacts......Page 383
18.4 Certification of sustainability......Page 387
18.4.1 Planning......Page 388
18.5 Conclusions......Page 389
Synthesis and Conclusions......Page 393
Index......Page 395