The Fascist Experience in Italy (Routledge Sources in History)

Book Cover......Page 1
Half-Title......Page 2
Title......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
Acknowledgements......Page 10
Glossary......Page 12
Introduction......Page 14
The Unification of Italy......Page 16
Liberal Italy and its Problems......Page 17
Document 1.1 The Statuto Albertino: 1848......Page 18
Document 1.2 Transformism in Operation......Page 19
Economic and Social Development in Liberal Italy......Page 20
Document 1.3 Statistical Indicators of Italy’s Relative Economic Weakness......Page 21
Document 1.4 Italian Industry on the Eve of the First World War......Page 23
The End of Century Crisis......Page 25
Italy in the Age of Giolitti......Page 26
The Nationalist Challenge......Page 27
Document 1.6  Enrico Corradini, The Proletarian Nations and Nationalism, 1911......Page 28
Document 1.7 The Principles of Nationalism......Page 29
Document 1.8 Manifesto of Futurism......Page 30
The Failure of Giolittianism......Page 31
The Intervention Crisis and the First World War......Page 34
Document 2.1 The Treaty of London, 1915......Page 35
Italy and the First World War......Page 36
Document 2.2 Italy during the First World War......Page 37
The Birth of Fascism......Page 39
Document 2.3 The Manifesto of the First Fascio, 1919......Page 40
The Crisis of the Liberal State: Parliamentary Paralysis......Page 41
Economic and Social Problems......Page 43
‘The Red Two Years’......Page 44
The Growth of the Fascist Movement, 1920–1......Page 45
Document 2.5 The Fascist Agrarian Programme, 1921......Page 47
Document 2.7  Agrarian Fascism......Page 48
Support for the Fascist Movement......Page 49
Document 2.8 P.N.F. Membership Statistics*, November 1921......Page 50
Document 2.9 Support for Fascism by Geographical Area......Page 52
Document 2.10 The Composition of a Fascist Squad......Page 53
Introduction......Page 54
Document 3.1 Italian General Election Results, 1919 and 1921......Page 55
Document 3.3 Complaint about the Failure of the Police to Deal with Squadrism, Bologna, 14 January 1922......Page 56
Document 3.4 Mussolini’s Maiden Speech in Parliament, 21 June 1921......Page 57
Document 3.6 Mussolini’s Speech in Udine, 20 September 1922......Page 58
The Deepening Parliamentary Crisis......Page 59
Document 3.7 Letter of Popolare Senators, 18 September 1922......Page 60
The March on Rome......Page 61
Document 3.8 The March on Rome......Page 62
The Consolidation of Power—from the March on Rome to the Matteotti Crisis (October 1922 to June 1924)......Page 63
The 1924 General Election......Page 65
The Matteotti Crisis (June 1924-January 1925)......Page 66
The Elimination of the Opposition......Page 68
Introduction......Page 72
Document 4.1 Decree on the Powers of the Head of the Government, 24 December 1925......Page 73
The Party and the State......Page 75
The Defeat of the Party......Page 76
The Role of the Party in the Fascist State......Page 78
Document 4.3 The Statute of the National Fascist Party, 1932......Page 79
Document 4.3 The Law on the Defence of the State, 1926......Page 81
Conformity and Consensus in the Fascist Regime......Page 82
Document 4.5 Fascist Architecture......Page 84
Document 4.6 Fascist Textbooks for the Elementary Schools......Page 85
Document 4.7 Fascist Youth......Page 87
Document 4.8 The Peasantry and the Proclamation of the Ethiopian War......Page 88
The Block of Consensus and the ‘Totalitarian’ Regime......Page 89
Document 4.8 Mussolini’s Speech to the Chamber on the Lateran Pacts, 13 May 1929......Page 90
The Economic and Social Policies of Fascism, 1919–22......Page 92
Mussolini’s Economic Battles: The ‘Battle for the Lira’......Page 93
The ‘Battle for Grain’......Page 94
Document 5.2 Mussolini’s ‘Speech of the Ascension’, 1927......Page 95
Document 5.3 The Policy of ‘Ruralisation’......Page 96
Other Social Policies......Page 97
The ‘Corporate State’......Page 98
Document 5.6 The Labour and Anti-strike Law, 1926......Page 99
Document 5.7 The Corporations and the Party: Critica Fascista, 1934......Page 101
Document 5.8 The Regime in Theory and Practice......Page 102
Empire and Autarky......Page 103
Document 5.10 The Goals of Fascism......Page 104
Document 5.11 Mussolini and the South......Page 105
6 Fascist foreign policy, 1922–39......Page 106
Fascist Foreign Policy in the 1920s......Page 108
Document 6.3 Mussolini—the Greatest Italian Statesman since Cavour?......Page 109
Fascist Foreign Policy in the 1930s: the Attack on Ethiopia......Page 110
Document 6.4 Mussolini on Abyssinia, 30 December 1934......Page 111
Document 6.5 ‘Facetta Nera’ (‘Little Black Face’).......Page 112
The Rome-Berlin Axis and the Spanish Civil War......Page 113
Document 6.6 Conversation between Mussolini and Ribbentrop, German Ambassador in London, 6 November 1937......Page 114
Mussolini and the Outbreak of the Second World War......Page 116
From ‘Non-belligerence’ to War......Page 117
Document 6.8 Mussolini and Hitler’s War, 10 May to 12 May 1940......Page 118
The Declaration of War......Page 119
7 War, defeat and the fall of Fascism......Page 120
The Overthrow of the Regime......Page 125
Document 7.4 Grandi’s Resolution at the Grand Council Meeting, 24–25 July 1943......Page 126
The Collapse of the Italian State and the Partition of Italy......Page 127
The Fascist Social Republic, 1943–5......Page 128
Document 7.7 Mussolini’s Last Public Speech, 16 December 1944......Page 129
Document 7.8 Blood and Honour in the Salo Republic......Page 130
Document 7.9  The Resistance Appeals to Young Conscripts......Page 132
Document 7.10 The Shooting of Deserters, 1944......Page 133
Conclusion......Page 134
Introduction......Page 136
The Ideas of Early Fascism......Page 138
Document 8.1 Fascism and the Will to Power......Page 139
The Doctrine of Fascism, 1932......Page 140
Document 8.4 The Roman, Imperial Destiny of the Italian People......Page 141
Corporatism......Page 142
Document 8.7 The Nation in the Doctrine of Fascism, 1932......Page 143
Document 8.8 Mussolini on Anti-Semitism......Page 145
Conclusion......Page 146
Foreign Policy and National identity......Page 148
Document 9.1 Italy After the Peace Treaty of 1947......Page 149
The Fascist Legacy and Post-war Politics in Italy......Page 150
The Fascist Legacy as a Threat to Democracy......Page 151
Church, State and Society after Fascism......Page 152
Document 9.3 Article 43 of the Concordat, 1929......Page 153
The Economic Legacy of Fascism......Page 154
Document 9.4 The Constitutional Ban on Fascism: Constitution of the Republic of Italy, Transitory and Final Provisions......Page 155
Document 9.5 Basic Ideas of Italian Neo-Fascism......Page 156
Italy in the Era of Post-Fascism......Page 157
Document 9.6 Excerpts from the M.S.I./National Alliance Manifesto, 1994......Page 159
Further reading......Page 162
Secondary sources in English......Page 166
Document collections and commentaries in Italian......Page 171
Fiction in translation......Page 172
Feature films about Fascism......Page 173
Index......Page 174