The Evolution of Management Thought

Copyright......Page 4
About the Authors......Page 25
Preface......Page 27
Part I: Early Management Thought......Page 31
Chapter 1: A Prologue to the Past......Page 33
A Cultural Framework......Page 35
The Economic Facet......Page 36
The Political Facet......Page 37
The Technological Facet......Page 38
People, Management, and Organizations......Page 39
The Human Being......Page 40
Organizations and Management......Page 41
Summary......Page 42
The Near East......Page 43
The Far East......Page 44
Egypt......Page 46
Greece......Page 47
The Catholic Church......Page 50
Feudalism and the Middle Ages......Page 51
The Revival of Commerce......Page 52
The Protestant Ethic......Page 55
A Criticism of the Weberian Thesis......Page 58
Modern Support for Weber......Page 59
The Liberty Ethic......Page 61
The Market Ethic......Page 63
Summary......Page 67
The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain......Page 69
The Steam Engine......Page 70
Management: The Fourth Factor of Production......Page 72
Management Problems in the Early Factory......Page 73
The Labor Problem......Page 74
Training......Page 75
Discipline and Motivation......Page 76
The Search for Managerial Talent......Page 80
Management Functions in the Early Factory......Page 82
The Condition of the Worker......Page 85
Child and Female Labor......Page 87
Summary......Page 90
Early Managerial Experiences......Page 91
The Call for Reform......Page 94
Charles Babbage: The Irascible Genius......Page 96
The First Computer......Page 97
Analyzing Industrial Operations......Page 99
Andrew Ure: Pioneering in Management Education......Page 100
Principles of Manufacturing......Page 101
Charles Dupin: Industrial Education in France......Page 103
The Pioneers: A Final Note......Page 105
Summary......Page 106
Antebellum Industry and Management......Page 107
Early Industrial Development......Page 108
The American System of Manufactures......Page 111
The Communication Revolution......Page 113
The Age of Rails......Page 114
Daniel Mccallum: System and Organization......Page 115
Henry v. Poor: A Broader View of Management......Page 118
Emerging Governance Issues......Page 120
Summary......Page 123
The Accumulation of Resources......Page 125
Carnegie and the Growth of Enterprise......Page 127
The Renaissance of Systematic Management......Page 129
Engineers and Economists......Page 130
The Labor Question......Page 134
Business and Society: Barons or Benefactors?......Page 137
Business and Labor: The Condition of the Worker......Page 141
Inventive and Innovative Impulses......Page 142
Business and Government: The Seeds of Reform......Page 144
Summary of Part I......Page 145
Part II: The Scientific Management Era......Page 149
Chapter 7: The Advent of Scientific Management......Page 151
Frederick Winslow Taylor: The Early Years......Page 152
Taylor at Midvale......Page 153
The Search for Science in Management......Page 155
The Quest for Improved Incentives......Page 156
The Task-Management System......Page 160
Taylor: The Manager and the Consultant......Page 163
Taylor: The Peripatetic Philosopher......Page 168
The Eastern Rate Case......Page 170
Watertown and the Congressional Investigation......Page 172
The Mental Revolution......Page 178
Taylor and the Human Factor......Page 182
Summary......Page 184
The Most Orthodox: Carl Barth......Page 187
The Task and Bonus System......Page 189
The Habits of Industry......Page 191
Graphic Aids to Management......Page 192
Gantt: The Later Years......Page 194
Partners for Life: The Gilbreths......Page 196
Nothing Succeeds Like . . .......Page 198
And So, Into Scientific Management......Page 199
Support for the Scientific-Management Movement......Page 201
The First Lady of Management......Page 203
Efficiency Through Organization: Harrington Emerson......Page 208
Line and Staff Organization......Page 209
Principles of Efficiency......Page 210
The Gospel in Public-Sector Organizations: Morris L. Cooke......Page 212
Boxly Talks......Page 213
Public Administration......Page 215
Summary......Page 217
Chapter 9: The Human Factor: Preparing the Way......Page 219
Personnel as Welfare Work......Page 220
Scientific Management and Personnel......Page 222
Psychology and The Individual......Page 226
The Birth of Industrial Psychology......Page 227
The Antecedents of Industrial Sociology......Page 230
Some Early Empirical Investigations......Page 234
The Trade Union Movement......Page 235
The Changing Nature of Union–Management Cooperation......Page 237
Summary......Page 240
Henri Fayol: The Man and His Career......Page 241
The Need for Management Theory......Page 245
The Principles of Management......Page 246
Planning......Page 251
Organizing......Page 253
Command, Coordination, and Control......Page 255
A Final Note......Page 257
Bureaucracy: Max Weber......Page 258
Bureaucracy as the Ideal......Page 259
The Advantages of Bureaucracy......Page 261
The Disadvantages of Bureaucracy......Page 262
Summary......Page 263
The Study and Practice of Scientific Management......Page 265
Education for Industrial Management......Page 266
Europe......Page 269
Japan......Page 273
Scientific Management in Industrial Practice......Page 274
The Hoxie Report......Page 276
The Thompson and Nelson Studies......Page 279
The Impact of Scientific Management on Other Disciplines......Page 282
Early Organization Theory......Page 283
Scientific Management at Du Pont and General Motors......Page 285
Business Policy and Philosophy......Page 287
Summary......Page 289
The Economic Environment: From the Farm to the Factory......Page 291
The Rationalization of Resource Utilization......Page 292
Management and the Worker......Page 293
Technology: Opening New Horizons......Page 296
The Social Environment: From Achievement to Affiliation......Page 300
The Collision Effect......Page 301
The Social Gospel......Page 303
Scientific Management and the Progressives......Page 305
Business and the Progressives......Page 307
Summary of Part II......Page 308
Part III: The Social Person Era......Page 311
Chapter 13: The Hawthorne Studies......Page 313
Illumination Study (1924–C1927)......Page 314
Relay-Assembly Test Room Study (1927–C1932)......Page 315
The Interviewing Program (1925–C1932)......Page 321
Bank-Wiring Observation Room Study (1931–C1932)......Page 324
Organizations as Social Systems......Page 327
Human Relations, Leadership, and Motivation......Page 329
Human Relations and Human Collaboration......Page 330
Anomie and Social Disorganization......Page 332
Developing the Human Relations Leader......Page 333
Human Relations and Motivation......Page 334
Summary......Page 336
Mary P. Follett: The Political Philosopher......Page 339
The Group Principle......Page 341
Conflict Resolution......Page 342
The Business Philosopher......Page 345
Authority and Power......Page 346
The Task of Leadership......Page 348
A Final Note......Page 351
Chester I. Barnard: The Erudite Executive......Page 352
The Nature of Cooperative Systems......Page 353
Formal Organizations: Theory and Structure......Page 354
The Acceptance Theory of Authority......Page 356
The Functions of the Executive......Page 357
Summary......Page 361
People at Work: The Micro View......Page 363
Developing Constructs for Group Analysis......Page 364
The Growth of Human-Relations Research and Training......Page 367
People and Motivation......Page 369
Job Enlargement......Page 372
Participation in Decision Making......Page 373
Leadership: Combining People and Production......Page 375
The Search for Fusion......Page 377
New Tools for Macro Analysis......Page 379
Summary......Page 382
Organizations: Structure and Design......Page 383
James D. Mooney: The Affable Irishman......Page 384
Texts, Teachers, and Trends......Page 387
Building Blocks for Administrative Theory......Page 391
Span of Control......Page 393
Ralph C. Davis: Pater Familiae Et Magister......Page 395
Harry Hopf: Toward the Optimum......Page 398
Analyzing Top Management......Page 399
Ownership and Control......Page 401
Invisible and Visible Hands......Page 402
Summary......Page 403
The Impact of Human Relations on Teaching and Practice......Page 405
Extending and Applying Human Relations......Page 406
Organized Labor and Human Relations......Page 407
The Premises of an Industrial Civilization......Page 409
The Research Methods and Results......Page 412
Summary......Page 415
The Economic Environment: From Depression to Prosperity......Page 417
Attempts at Economic Recovery......Page 418
Organization as the Answer......Page 420
Seeds of Change: The New Technologies......Page 421
The Social Environment: The Social Ethic and the Organization Man......Page 423
Shifting Social Values......Page 424
The Confusion of Souls......Page 426
The Social Ethic......Page 427
The New Deal......Page 430
Augmenting the Position of Labor......Page 431
Summary of Part III......Page 433
Part IV: The Modern Era......Page 437
The Renaissance of General Management......Page 439
Fayol’s Intellectual Heirs......Page 440
Management Education: Challenges and Responses......Page 442
The “Management Theory Jungle”......Page 443
Other Views of Managerial Work......Page 445
Management Theory and Practice......Page 449
Drucker: The Guru of Management Practice......Page 453
Markets and Hierarchies......Page 455
Governance and Agency Issues......Page 457
Management as an Integrating and Innovating Task......Page 459
Strategy and Views of the Firm......Page 461
Strategic Leadership and Evolutionary Dynamics......Page 464
Summary......Page 467
People and Organizations......Page 469
Human Relations and Organizational Behavior......Page 470
Theories X and Y......Page 472
Personnel/Human Resources Management and Industrial Relations......Page 475
Work Design......Page 477
Motivation......Page 480
Leadership......Page 484
Organizations and People......Page 491
Organizations as Open Systems......Page 492
Behavioral Theories of the Firm......Page 494
Economic and Business Theories of the Firm......Page 496
Strategy and Structure......Page 497
Summary......Page 499
The Quest for Science in Management......Page 501
Operations Research......Page 502
Production Management in Transition......Page 504
Old Lessons Relearned......Page 506
General Systems Theory......Page 512
From the Invisible Hand to the Digital Hand......Page 513
Summary......Page 517
Individuals and Organizations: Relating to Evolving Expectations......Page 519
Ethics......Page 520
Business and Society......Page 523
The Globalization of Business......Page 528
Managing Across Cultures......Page 531
Summary......Page 534
Chapter 23: Epilogue......Page 537
Name Index......Page 541
Subject Index......Page 553