The Euroschool on Exotic Beams, Vol. VI (Lecture Notes in Physics)

Preface
Contents
1 Shell Model Approaches: From N=Z Towards the Neutron Drip Line
	1.1 Basic Concepts
		1.1.1 The Independent Particle Model
		1.1.2 The Independent Particle Model and the Liquid-Drop Mass Formula
	1.2 The Meaning of the Independent Particle Model
	1.3 Beyond the Independent Particle Model
	1.4 The Effective Interactions in Fock Space
		1.4.1 Monopole and Multipole Components of the Interaction
		1.4.2 Valence Spaces and Codes
	1.5 Collectivity in Nuclei
		1.5.1 Nuclear Superfluidity: Pairing Collectivity
		1.5.2 Vibrational Spectra: Quadrupole and OctupoleCollectivity
	1.6 Deformed Nuclei: Intrinsic vs. Laboratory Frame Approaches
		1.6.1 The Nilsson Model
		1.6.2 The SU3 Symmetry of the HO and Elliott\'s Model
	1.7 Nuclear Deformation in the Laboratory Frame: SM-CIApproaches
		1.7.1 The Quadrupole Interaction: Intrinsic Statesand Coherence
		1.7.2 The Quadrupole Interaction in a Single Orbit
		1.7.3 SU(3) and Pseudo-SU(3)
		1.7.4 Quasi-SU3
	1.8 Coexistence: Single-Particle, Deformed and Superdeformed States in 40Ca
		1.8.1 56Ni: The Lightest Spin-Orbit Doubly Magic Nucleus
	1.9 Islands of Inversion at the Neutron-Rich Shores
		1.9.1 68Ni and the N=40 Island of Inversion
		1.9.2 78Ni: The N=50 and the N=40 IoI\'s Merge
	1.10 Epilogue
	References
2 Low-Energy Coulomb Excitation and Nuclear Deformation
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Theoretical Description of Excitation and Decay Processes
		2.2.1 Coulomb-Excitation Process
		2.2.2 Electromagnetic Decay of Coulomb-Excited States
		2.2.3 Coulomb-Excitation Codes
	2.3 First- and Higher-Order Effects in Coulomb Excitation
		2.3.1 First-Order Effects
		2.3.2 Higher-Order Effects
			2.3.2.1 Relative Signs of Transitional Matrix Elements
			2.3.2.2 Reorientation Effect
			2.3.2.3 Effect of Unobserved States and Transitions on Excitation Cross Sections
	2.4 Quadrupole Moments and Nuclear Deformation
		2.4.1 Quadrupole Sum Rules
	2.5 Experimental Considerations
		2.5.1 Normalisation of Excitation Cross Sections
			2.5.1.1 Normalisation to Elastic Scattering
			2.5.1.2 Normalisation to Lifetimes in the Nucleus of Interest
			2.5.1.3 Normalisation to Target Excitation
		2.5.2 Particle Detectors for Stable and Radioactive Beam Experiments
			2.5.2.1 Experiments with No Particle Detection
			2.5.2.2 Requirements for Particle Detectors and Selected Examples
		2.5.3 Beam and Target Requirements
	2.6 Summary and Outlook
	References
3 Ab Initio Approaches to Nuclear Structure
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 The Big Picture
	3.3 Hamiltonian
		3.3.1 Intrinsic Hamiltonian
		3.3.2 Practitioners\' View on Chiral EFT
		3.3.3 Uncertainty Quantification
	3.4 Preconditioning
		3.4.1 Unitary Transformations, Pre-diagonalization, and Correlations
		3.4.2 Similarity Renormalization Group
			3.4.2.1 General Idea
			3.4.2.2 Consistent Observables
			3.4.2.3 Free-Space Similarity Renormalization Group
			3.4.2.4 Cluster Expansion and Cluster Truncation
			3.4.2.5 Example: SRG Evolution in Three-Body Space
		3.4.3 Single-Particle Basis
			3.4.3.1 Harmonic Oscillator Basis
			3.4.3.2 Hartree-Fock Basis
			3.4.3.3 Natural Orbital Basis
		3.4.4 Normal Ordering of Many-Body Interactions
	3.5 Diagonalization Approaches
		3.5.1 Many-Body Truncations
		3.5.2 Importance Truncation
		3.5.3 No-Core Shell Model
	3.6 Decoupling Approaches
		3.6.1 In-Medium Similarity Renormalization Group
		3.6.2 In-Medium No-Core Shell Model
	3.7 Things Left Out
	3.8 The Future of Ab Initio Nuclear Structure
	References
4 Nuclear Data and Experiments for Astrophysics
	4.1 Origin of Elements and Nucleosynthesis Processes
		4.1.1 The Composition of the Universe
		4.1.2 Nucleosynthesis Models
			4.1.2.1 The s-Process
			4.1.2.2 The r-Process
			4.1.2.3 The i-Process
			4.1.2.4 The p-Process
	4.2 Nuclear Physics Aspects of Nucleosynthesis
		4.2.1 Nuclear Reactions of Astrophysical Interest
		4.2.2 Data Needed for the Various Nucleosynthesis Processes
	4.3 Nuclear Astrophysics with Radioactive Beams
		4.3.1 Nuclear Reactions in Inverse Kinematics with Radioactive Beams
		4.3.2 Properties of Exotic Nuclei with Radioactive Beams
			4.3.2.1 Masses of Exotic Nuclides and Related Techniques
			4.3.2.2 Penning-Trap Mass Spectrometry
			4.3.2.3 Multi-Reflection Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometers
			4.3.2.4 Storage Rings
			4.3.2.5 Time of Flight and Magnetic Rigidity
			4.3.2.6 Current Status and Recent Mass Measurements for Nuclear Astrophysics
			4.3.2.7 β-Decay Experiments for Nuclear Astrophysics
			4.3.2.8 Neutron-Capture Rates
			4.3.2.9 Experiments on Fission
	4.4 Theory for Nuclear Astrophysics
		4.4.1 Nuclear Masses
		4.4.2 β-Decay Rates
		4.4.3 Nuclear Reactions
	4.5 Summary and Outlook
	References
5 State-of-the-Art Gamma-Ray Spectrometers for In-Beam Measurements
	5.1 Introduction
		5.1.1 Clovers and Add-Back Procedure
	5.2 Advanced γ-Ray Tracking
		5.2.1 General Aspects: The Tracking Concept
		5.2.2 Pulse Shape Analysis
			5.2.2.1 Radiation Damage by Fast Neutrons
		5.2.3 Digital Signal Processing
		5.2.4 Count Rate Capabilities
	5.3 Doppler Correction Capabilities
	5.4 Lifetime Measurements with Doppler Techniques
	5.5 Linear Polarization Measurements
	5.6 Conclusions
	References
6 Nuclear Structure Studies with Active Targets
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Working Principles
		6.2.1 Amplification Technology
		6.2.2 Configurations and Auxiliary Detectors
		6.2.3 Electronics and Trigger
		6.2.4 Track Finding and Reconstruction
		6.2.5 Active Targets for Nuclear Structure Studies
	6.3 Physics Cases
		6.3.1 Decay Through Charged Particle Emission
		6.3.2 Fusion and Reaction Cross Sections
		6.3.3 Resonant Reactions
		6.3.4 Inelastic Scattering to Excite Giant Resonances
		6.3.5 Transfer Reactions
	6.4 Conclusion
	References
7 Gamma Ray Emission Imaging in the Medical and Nuclear Safeguards Fields
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Applications of Gamma Ray Emission Imaging
		7.2.1 Nuclear Medicine
			7.2.1.1 The Dual Use of Radioactive Isotopes
			7.2.1.2 The Tracer Principle
		7.2.2 Particle Beam Radiotherapy
			7.2.2.1 The Rationale of Particle Beam Radiotherapy
			7.2.2.2 The Need of In Vivo Range Verification
			7.2.2.3 In Vivo Range Verification by Gamma Emission Imaging
		7.2.3 Nuclear Safeguards
	7.3 Principles of Gamma Ray Emission Imaging
		7.3.1 Basic Principles
		7.3.2 Essential Design Considerations for Gamma Ray Imaging Instruments
			7.3.2.1 Gamma Cameras Based on Physical Collimation
			7.3.2.2 Compton Cameras
			7.3.2.3 Positron Emission Imaging
			7.3.2.4 Object and Detector Scatter
			7.3.2.5 General Demands to Gamma Camera Detectors
		7.3.3 Iterative Image Reconstruction
	7.4 Implementation of Gamma Ray Emission Imaging
		7.4.1 Nuclear Medicine
			7.4.1.1 Gamma Camera and SPECT
			7.4.1.2 Positron Emission Tomography Scanner
			7.4.1.3 Additional Consideration on Iterative Reconstruction in Commercial PET and SPECT
		7.4.2 Particle Beam Radiotherapy
		7.4.3 Nuclear Safeguards
	7.5 Conclusions
	References