The European Integration, Vol. 1: History (Springer Texts in Political Science and International Relations)

Contents
1: Introduction
	1.1 The Present Contribution
		Notes
		Recognised Independent States
		Comments
	References
2: The Genesis of the `European Idea´ and Its Early Implementation Efforts
	2.1 First Thoughts on European Integration
		2.1.1 Plans for a United Europe in the Middle Ages
		2.1.2 Plans for Europe in Modern Times
		2.1.3 The European Idea After the French Revolution
		2.1.4 New Initiatives for Unification After the First World War
			Excerpt from Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi´s Pan-Europe (1923)
			Excerpt from Aristide Briand´s Speech of Fifth September 1929 to the League of Nations
	2.2 Plans for the Future of Europe After World War II
		2.2.1 The Tehran Conference
		2.2.2 The Yalta Conference
		2.2.3 The Potsdam Conference
			Excerpt from Konrad Adenauer´s Memoirs 1945-1953
		2.2.4 Post-War Territorial Particularities in Europe
	References
3: From the Ruins of World War II to the Dawn of a New Europe (1945-1950)
	3.1 Political, Economic and Social Conditions
		3.1.1 The `Marshall Plan´
			Excerpt from the Speech at Harvard University of 5th June 1947 by George Marshall
		3.1.2 The Organisation for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC)
	3.2 The Start of the Cold War in Europe
		3.2.1 The Truman Doctrine
			Excerpt from Harry Truman´s Declaration to Congress of 12th March 1947
		3.2.2 The Berlin Blockade and the Prague Coup
	3.3 The Formation of Defence Coalitions
		3.3.1 The Treaty of Brussels and the Western Union
		3.3.2 The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
	3.4 The Post-War Political Movements for Unification
		Excerpt from the Speech at the University of Zurich on 19th September 1946 by Winston Churchill
		3.4.1 The Union of European Federalists
		3.4.2 The United Europe Movement
		3.4.3 The Hague Conference on Europe
		3.4.4 The European Movement
		3.4.5 The Council of Europe
	3.5 The First Post-War Economic Agreements
		3.5.1 The Custom Convention of Benelux
		3.5.2 The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (Comecon)
		3.5.3 The European Payments Union
	References
4: From Schuman Declaration to the Establishment of the European Communities (1950-1958)
	4.1 Peace Necessitates the Establishment of the First Community
		4.1.1 The Schuman Declaration
			Excerpt from the Declaration of 9 May 1950 by Robert Schumann
		4.1.2 The Establishment of the ECSC
		4.1.3 The Institutional Organisation of the ECSC
		4.1.4 The Functioning of the ECSC
		4.1.5 Consequences and Effects of the ECSC Operation
	4.2 Attempts to Establish a Defence and Political Community
		4.2.1 The Attempt to Establish a European Defence Community (EDC)
			Excerpt from the Declaration of 24 October 1950 by René Pleven
		4.2.2 The Failure to Establish a European Political Community (EPC)
		4.2.3 The `Re-founding´ of the Western European Union (WEU)
	4.3 Plans for Sectorial Integration and Establishment of New Communities
		4.3.1 The Establishment of the EEC and the EAEC
		4.3.2 The Institutional Organisation of the Two New Communities
		4.3.3 The Functioning of the EEC
		4.3.4 The Functioning of the EAEC
		4.3.5 Results from the Operation of the Two New Communities
	4.4 The Development and Impact of the Cold War in Europe
		4.4.1 The Berlin Question and the Workers´ Strikes
		4.4.2 The Establishment of the Warsaw Pact
		4.4.3 Conciliation Efforts and Peace Consolidation Meetings
		4.4.4 Riots in Poland
		4.4.5 Uprising in Hungary
	References
5: From Crisis to the Luxembourg Compromise: The Period of Stagnation (1958-1969)
	5.1 The First Steps of the EEC and the Establishment of Common Policies
		5.1.1 The European Customs Union
		5.1.2 The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP)
		5.1.3 The Common Transport Market
	5.2 Different Views and Different Paths
		5.2.1 The Positions of Charles de Gaulle
		5.2.2 The European Free Trade Association (EFTA)
		5.2.3 The Two Fouchet Plans and Their Rejection
			Excerpt from Charles de Gaulle´s Press Conference of 15 May 1962, on the `Europe of Nations´ and the `Europe of States´, after...
		5.2.4 Accession Efforts of Britain, Denmark, Ireland and Norway
		5.2.5 The Results of the Franco-German Friendship Pact
	5.3 The Compromise and the New Difficulties
		5.3.1 The Luxembourg Compromise
		5.3.2 France´s Second Refusal of Britain´s Accession
	5.4 Institutional Changes and Merging of Institutions
		5.4.1 The Signing of the Merger Treaty
	5.5 The Climax of the Cold War and the Crises in Europe
		5.5.1 The Construction of the Berlin Wall
		5.5.2 The `Prague Spring´ and the Invasion of Czechoslovakia
	References
6: From the Hague Conference to the Crises of the 1970s (1969-1979)
	6.1 The Change in French European Policy
		6.1.1 The Hague Conference
			Excerpt from the Statement to the Hague Conference of 1 December 1969, by Georges Pompidou
		6.1.2 The Introduction of the Community Own Resources
	6.2 Economic Circumstances, Trade Relations and Agricultural Policy
		6.2.1 The Two Oil Crises
		6.2.2 The Conclusion of International Trade Agreements
		6.2.3 The Reform of the CAP and the Mansholt Plan
	6.3 Plans for an Economic and Monetary Union (EMU)
		6.3.1 The `Werner Report´
		6.3.2 The European Currency Snake
		6.3.3 The European Monetary System (EMS)
	6.4 The Call for a European Political Cooperation (EPC)
		6.4.1 The `Davignon Report´ on European Political Cooperation (EPC)
		6.4.2 The `Copenhagen Report´ on the EPC and European Identity
		6.4.3 The Establishment of the European Council as the Coordinator of the EPC
		6.4.4 The `Tindemans Report´ on European Integration
		6.4.5 Evaluation of the Operation of the EPC
	6.5 The First Enlargement of the EC
		6.5.1 The Accession Negotiations with Britain
		6.5.2 The Accession Negotiations with Ireland, Denmark and Norway
		6.5.3 The Implementation of the First Enlargement
		6.5.4 The Impact of the First Enlargement
		6.5.5 Institutional Changes Since the First Enlargement
	6.6 Institutional Reforms. Elections for the European Parliament
		6.6.1 The Establishment of the European Council as an Informal Institution
		6.6.2 Proposals for Institutional Reforms
		6.6.3 Election of Members of the European Parliament
	6.7 Competition Between the Superpowers and European Reactions
		6.7.1 Germany´s `Ostpolitik´
		6.7.2 The Signing of the Helsinki Final Act
	References
7: From Enlargement to the South to the Single European Act (1979-1986)
	7.1 The Second and Third Enlargement of the EC towards the South
		7.1.1 The Accession Negotiations with Greece
		7.1.2 The Implementation of the Second Enlargement
		7.1.3 The Accession Negotiations with Spain and Portugal
		7.1.4 The Implementation of the Third Enlargement
		7.1.5 The Consequences of the First Enlargement
		7.1.6 Impact of the Second and Third Enlargements. The IMPs
		7.1.7 Institutional Changes Since the Second and Third Enlargements
	7.2 The Road to the Single European Act (SEA)
		7.2.1 The Genscher-Colombo Plan and the Promotion of the EPC
			Excerpt from the Speech in Stuttgart on 6 January 1981, by Hans-Dietrich Genscher
			Excerpt from the Speech in Florence of 28 January 1981, by Emilio Colombo
		7.2.2 The Spinelli Initiative for a Treaty Establishing the European Union
		7.2.3 The Mitterand-Kohl Initiative and the ``Dooge Report´´
		7.2.4 Jacques Delors´ White Paper on the Single Market
		7.2.5 The Intergovernmental Conference for the Revised Arrangements
		7.2.6 The Signature and Validation of the SEA
		7.2.7 Institutional Reforms as a Result of the SEA
		7.2.8 Launching the Single Internal Market
		7.2.9 Promoting a Social Policy
		7.2.10 Scientific and Technological Development
		7.2.11 The Operation and Institutionalisation of the EPC
	7.3 A ``Europe of the Peoples´´ Without Borders and with a Common Face
		7.3.1 The Establishment of the Official Symbols of the EC
		7.3.2 The Introduction of the European Passport
		7.3.3 The Signing of the Schengen Agreement
	7.4 The Arms Race and Changes in Europe
		7.4.1 The Arms Race of the Superpowers
		7.4.2 The Solidarity Trade Union Movement in Poland
		7.4.3 Mikhail Gorbachev Takes over the Reins of the USSR
		7.4.4 Self-Governing Greenland Is Leaving the EC
	References
8: From the Single Market Goal to the Treaty on European Union (1986-1993)
	8.1 The Community Budget and the Single Internal Market
		8.1.1 The `Delors I and II Packages´
		8.1.2 The 1992 `MacSharry CAP Reform´
		8.1.3 Relations with Trading Partners and the GATT Negotiations
		8.1.4 The Formulation of Regional Policy (First CSF 1988-1993)
		8.1.5 The Regional Policy Review (Second CSF 1994-1999)
		8.1.6 Progress of the Single Internal Market
		8.1.7 The Establishment of the European Economic Area (EEA)
	8.2 The Plans for EMU and the First Stage of Its Implementation
		8.2.1 The Delors´ Report on EMU
		8.2.2 The Implementation of the First Stage of EMU
	8.3 Plans for a Political Union
		8.3.1 The First Joint Message of Mitterand and Kohl on a Political Union
			Excerpt from the Joint Message of 18 April 1990 of François Mitterrand and Helmut Kohl
		8.3.2 Reactions to Franco-German Proposals for Political Union
	8.4 Towards the Treaty on European Union (TEU)
		8.4.1 The Intergovernmental Conference on EMU
		8.4.2 The Intergovernmental Conference on Political Cooperation
		8.4.3 The Signing and Ratification of the TEU
		8.4.4 The Institutional Reforms
		8.4.5 The First Pillar and the European Community
		8.4.6 Planning for the Implementation of the Final Stages of EMU
		8.4.7 The Second Pillar and the CFSP
		8.4.8 EU Activity in the CFSP Area
		8.4.9 Upgrading the WEU Through the CFSP
		8.4.10 The Third Pillar and Cooperation in JHA Areas
		8.4.11 The Establishment of EUROPOL in the Context of Cooperation in JHA
	8.5 The End of the Eastern Coalition and the Cold War
		8.5.1 The Disarmament Agreements and Gorbachev´s Reforms
		8.5.2 New Regime in Poland and the Role of Solidarity
		8.5.3 Regime Change in Hungary
		8.5.4 The Fall of the Berlin Wall and the Question of Reunification
		8.5.5 The Settlement of the German Question and the Unification Treaty
		8.5.6 Institutional Changes in the EC Since German Unification
		8.5.7 The Velvet Revolution in Czechoslovakia
		8.5.8 Regime Change in Romania, Bulgaria and Albania
		8.5.9 Dissolution of USSR: The Commonwealth of Independent States
		8.5.10 Focal Points of Conflict and Strife Within the CIS
		8.5.11 The Violent Break-Up of Yugoslavia
		8.5.12 The EU´s Attitude to the War in Yugoslavia
	8.6 Euro-Atlantic Relations Between Central-Eastern Europe and the CIS
		8.6.1 The Second and Third CSCE and Their Contribution to the Recession
		8.6.2 PHARE and TACIS Programmes: Association Agreements with the EC
		8.6.3 The Visegrad Group
		8.6.4 Accession of New States to the Council of Europe
		8.6.5 Dissolution of the Warsaw Pact and Cooperation with NATO
		8.6.6 The Copenhagen Criteria for the Accession of New Countries to the EU
	References
9: From the Inception of the EU to the Treaty of Amsterdam (1993-1999)
	9.1 The Fourth Enlargement of the EU
		9.1.1 The Accession Negotiations
		9.1.2 The Implementation of the Fourth Enlargement
		9.1.3 Institutional Changes Since the Fourth Enlargement
	9.2 The Single Internal Market, EMU and the Agenda 2000
		9.2.1 The Functioning of the Single Internal Market
		9.2.2 EMU, the Stability and Growth Pact and the `Euro´
		9.2.3 Changes in the Leadership and Appointment of the Commission
		9.2.4 Agenda 2000: Regional Policy (Third CSF 2000-2006)
		9.2.5 Agenda 2000: CAP Reform (Fischler I)
	9.3 The Treaty of Amsterdam and Its Implications
		9.3.1 The Intergovernmental Conference
			Excerpts from the Joint Message of 9 December 1996 of Helmut Kohl and Jacques Chirac
		9.3.2 The Signing of the Treaty of Amsterdam
		9.3.3 The Institutional Reforms
		9.3.4 The Community Provisions of the Treaty of Amsterdam
		9.3.5 Further Institutionalisation of the CFSP
		9.3.6 Changes in the JHA Sectors
		9.3.7 The Single Area of Freedom, Security and Justice (AFSJ)
		9.3.8 Integration of the Schengen Agreement into the European Acquis
		9.3.9 The Establishment of a European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP)
	9.4 Developments After the End of the Cold War
		9.4.1 The Transformation of the CSCE into an Organisation
		9.4.2 Developments on the Transnistria Issue
		9.4.3 The War in Kosovo
		9.4.4 Establishment of Bodies of European Interest in the Context of the CIS
		9.4.5 Establishment of Bodies of European Interest Outside the CIS
	References
10: From the Treaty of Nice to the Fifth and Sixth Enlargements (1999-2007)
	10.1 The Treaty of Nice
		10.1.1 The Intergovernmental Conference
		10.1.2 The Signing and Ratification of the Treaty of Nice
		10.1.3 The Institutional Reforms
		10.1.4 Changes to the CFSP
	10.2 Reports and Debates on the Future of Europe
		Excerpts from the speech: From Confederation to Federation - thoughts on the finality of European integration, 12 May 2000, at...
		Excerpts from the Speech: on ``The future of an enlarged Europe´´ of 28 May 2001, by Lionel Jospin
		10.2.1 The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union
		10.2.2 The Convention on the Future of Europe and the Draft Constitution
		10.2.3 The Intergovernmental Conference on the Constitutional Treaty
		10.2.4 The Signing of the CTE and the Failure to Ratify It
	10.3 Other Important Developments in Community Policies
		10.3.1 The Lisbon Strategy: An Innovation and Knowledge Society
		10.3.2 2003 Mid-Term Review and Reform of the CAP (Fischler II)
		10.3.3 The Course of EMU and the Eurogroup. The Revision of the SGP
		10.3.4 The New Regional Policy (NSRF 2007-2013)
		10.3.5 The Course of ESDP in the Context of the CFSP and Relations with NATO
		10.3.6 Operations and Missions Under the ESDP
		10.3.7 Developments in AFSJ, Dublin II Regulation and the Hague Programme
	10.4 The Fifth and Sixth Enlargements of the EU
		10.4.1 The Accession Negotiations of the Fifth Enlargement
		10.4.2 The Signing of the Accession Treaty for the Fifth Enlargement
		10.4.3 Institutional Changes Since the Fifth Enlargement
		10.4.4 The Accession Negotiations of the Sixth Enlargement
		10.4.5 The Signing of the Accession Treaty of the Sixth Enlargement
		10.4.6 Institutional Changes Since the Sixth Enlargement
	10.5 Developments in Europe Outside and in Relation to the EU
		10.5.1 New EU Pre-accession and Neighbourhood Programmes
		10.5.2 Developments in New Yugoslavia and Transnistria
		10.5.3 Establishment of Organisations of European Interest Within the CIS
	References
11: From the Treaty of Lisbon to the Seventh Enlargement (2007-2013)
	11.1 The Treaty of Lisbon as an Informal EU Constitution
		11.1.1 The Intergovernmental Conference
		11.1.2 The Signing and Ratification of the Treaty of Lisbon
		11.1.3 Institutional Reforms
		11.1.4 Improvements in the CFSP and Expansion of the Missions of the CSDP
		11.1.5 The Changes in JHA Issues and the Strengthening of the Single AFSJ
	11.2 Developments in European Policies and the Image of the EU
		11.2.1 The Europe 2020 Strategy
		11.2.2 Establishing the European Semester as a Coordination Cycle
		11.2.3 Developments in AFSJ, Stockholm Programme, and Dublin III Regulation
		11.2.4 The CAP ``Health Check´´ and the 2009 Reform (Boel)
		11.2.5 The 2009 CAP Reform with a View to 2020 (Ciolos)
		11.2.6 The Evolution of Regional Policy (NSRF 2014-2020)
			Excerpts from the Statement of 17th April 2012, by Christine Lagarde
		11.2.7 The European Banking Union as a Complement to EMU
			Excerpts from the Statement of 17th April 2012, by Christine Lagarde
		11.2.8 The ESDP/CRPD Missions
		11.2.9 The 2012 Nobel Peace Prize Is Awarded to the EU
			Announcement of the Nobel Prize Committee of 12 October 2012
	11.3 The Global Economic Crisis and the EU Response to It
		11.3.1 The Transfer of the Economic Crisis to the EU
		11.3.2 Methods of Responding to the Economic Crisis in the EU
		11.3.3 Providing Support to Eurozone and EU Member States
		11.3.4 The Recapitalisation of Banks and Their Supervisory Framework
	11.4 The Seventh Enlargement
		11.4.1 The Accession Negotiations with Croatia
		11.4.2 The Signing and Ratification of Croatia´s Accession
		11.4.3 Institutional Changes Since the Seventh Enlargement
	11.5 Developments in Europe Outside the EU and the EU´s Attitude
		11.5.1 The Declaration of Independence of Kosovo
		11.5.2 The Issue of Transnistria
		11.5.3 The War in South Ossetia and Abkhazia
		11.5.4 The Riots in Ukraine
	References
12: From Britain´s EU Exit Referendum to the COVID-19 Pandemic (2014-2020)
	12.1 Britain´s Referendum to Leave the EU
		12.1.1 A Historical Review: The 1975 Referendum
		12.1.2 The Referendum of 23rd July 2016
		12.1.3 The Negotiations for Britain´s Withdrawal
			Statement by the European Parliament´s Brexit Coordinator Guy Verhofstadt on Twitter on the rights of British citizens living ...
		12.1.4 Withdrawal, Negotiations on the Future, and the Consequences
	12.2 Developments in EU Policies: New Strategic Agenda
		12.2.1 The Proposal for the New CAP for the Period 2021-2027
		12.2.2 The New Regional Policy for the Period 2021-2027
		12.2.3 The CFSP and the EU´s Global Strategy
		12.2.4 EU-NATO Cooperation in the Context of ESDP
		12.2.5 The CSDP Missions
		12.2.6 The European Pillar of Social Rights
		12.2.7 Developments Related to the Crisis, EMU, and the Banking Union
		12.2.8 The European Green Deal
		12.2.9 The New EU Strategic Agenda 2019-2024
	12.3 Increased Migration Flows and the COVID-19 Pandemic
		12.3.1 Rapid Increase in Migration Flows and How to Deal with It
			Speech by Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker on the State of Europe, 9 September 2016
		12.3.2 Measures to Respond to the COVID-19 Pandemic
	12.4 Developments on the European Continent and in Relation to the EU
		12.4.1 The Crisis in the Crimean Peninsula
		12.4.2 Armed Clashes Between Armenians and Azeris in Nagorno Karabakh
	References