The European Court of Human Rights in the Post-Cold War Era: Universality in Transition

The European Court of Human Rights in the Post-Cold War Era Universality in Transition
......Page 6
Copyright......Page 7
Contents......Page 10
Acknowledgements......Page 16
Table of cases......Page 18
Table of legislation......Page 24
Introduction......Page 26
Part I Concepts......Page 30
1.1 The Council of Europe......Page 32
1.1.1 The Council of Europe, human rights and democracy......Page 34
1.1.2 The Genesis of the European Convention on Human Rights......Page 36
1.1.3 Enlargement of the Council of Europe......Page 38
1.1.4 Implications of enlargement......Page 39
1.2.1 The Council of Europe and dismantling communism......Page 43
1.2.2 Transitional justice......Page 46
1.2.3 Transitional justice in the Council of Europe......Page 49
1.2.4 Transitional justice and human rights: the odd couple......Page 50
1.3.1 The universality debate......Page 55
1.3.2 The universality debate at the ECHR: the margin of appreciation......Page 57
1.3.3 Transitional justice and universality......Page 61
1.4 Conclusion......Page 63
Part II Cases......Page 66
A.1 Introduction......Page 68
2.1 Introduction......Page 70
2.2 Successor trials and retroactivity......Page 73
2.2.1 Setting the tone: the Berlin Wall cases......Page 76
2.3.1 The developing orthodoxy......Page 82
2.3.2 Korbely v Hungary......Page 85
2.4 Dealing with the pre-Communist past: the Kononov case and ‘historical truth’......Page 88
2.5 Conclusion......Page 92
3.2 The right to truth......Page 95
3.3 PACE Resolution 1096 and historical justice......Page 100
3.4 The Convention as a foundation for access to secret information......Page 101
3.4.1 Access to secret information during lustration proceedings......Page 103
3.4.2 Openness and historical research......Page 106
3.5 Historical justice, memorialisation and matters of ‘purely historical fact’......Page 108
3.6 Conclusion......Page 113
4.1 Introduction......Page 116
4.1.1 International human rights law as a basis for reparatory justice......Page 117
4.1.2 PACE and reparatory justice......Page 122
4.2.1 Temporal scope of the Convention......Page 124
4.2.2 Material scope of the Convention......Page 126
4.3.1 The ‘legitimacy’ of restitution schemes......Page 128
4.3.2 The scope of restitution policies......Page 132
4.3.3 Proportionality and a ‘fair balance’: reparatory justice for victims of communism......Page 136
4.3.4 Proportionality and a ‘fair balance’: effecting constitutional and economic reforms......Page 138
4.4.1 Positive obligations......Page 144
4.4.3 The effect of Article 6 ECHR on restitution proceedings......Page 146
4.4.4 Reparatory justice and ‘pilot judgments’......Page 149
4.5 Conclusion......Page 150
5.1 Introduction......Page 152
5.1.1 The European Court’s early approach to lustration: pre-PACE Resolution 1096......Page 153
5.1.2 PACE Resolution 1096 and lustration......Page 156
5.2 The European Convention and the ‘legitimacy’ of lustration processes......Page 158
5.3 Proportionality in the lustration process......Page 161
5.4.1 The applicability of Article 6 ECHR to lustration processes......Page 164
5.4.2 The effect of Article 6 on lustration processes......Page 166
5.5 Conclusion......Page 168
B.1 Introduction......Page 170
B.2 The centrality of democracy in the ECHR......Page 172
B.3 Democratic rights in the European Convention......Page 175
B.4 Article 17 and ‘gatekeepers’ of the democratic rights......Page 176
6.1.1 The media and political speech: a recipe for reservations?......Page 178
6.2 Freedom of expression: ‘transitional’ arguments by the Respondent State......Page 180
6.3.1 Press intimidation and censorship......Page 183
6.3.2 Political expression about the transition itself......Page 189
6.3.3 ‘Wild’ lustration and the relationship between Articles 8 and 10 ECHR......Page 192
6.4 Conclusion......Page 198
7.1 Introduction......Page 199
7.2.1 Freedom of assembly: ‘transitional’ arguments by the Respondent State......Page 200
7.2.1.1 Clarifying ‘peaceful’ assembly in transition......Page 203
7.2.2.2 A culture of popular protest and content-based restrictions......Page 206
7.2.2.3 Notification regimes and spontaneous assemblies......Page 208
7.2.2.4 The quality of domestic law and freedom of peaceful assembly......Page 211
7.2.2.5 Procedural justice and freedom of peaceful assembly......Page 212
7.2.2.6 Freedom of peaceful assembly and emergency situations......Page 214
7.2.3 Conclusions on freedom of assembly......Page 216
7.3.1.1.1 The ‘classic’ law: the German post-war Basic Law and ‘wehrhafte Demokratie’......Page 217
7.3.1.1.2 Building on the ‘classic’ law: events in Turkey......Page 220
7.3.1.1.3 The post-Cold War era......Page 222
7.3.1.1.4.1 Macedonians in Bulgaria......Page 227
7.3.1.1.4.2 Bulgarians in Macedonia......Page 231
7.3.1.2 Decontaminating the state apparatus......Page 233
7.3.1.3 Religion as a stabilising factor......Page 236
7.4 Freedom of association: ‘echoes’ of totalitarianism and systemic problems......Page 239
7.4.1 Conclusions on freedom of association......Page 241
8.1 Introduction......Page 243
8.2 ‘Transitional’ arguments by the Respondent State......Page 244
8.2.1 The legacy of Ždanoka: ‘self-consolidating’ democracies, transitional relativism and the question of timing......Page 248
8.3 Free elections: ‘echoes’ of totalitarianism and systemic problems......Page 252
8.3.1 Loyalty and fitness to stand for election......Page 253
8.3.2 Ethnicity and nationality-based restrictions: the question of timing revisited......Page 255
8.4 Conclusion......Page 259
Part III Conclusions......Page 262
9.1.1 The first level of interaction......Page 264
9.1.2 The second level of interaction......Page 265
9.1.2.2 The use and abuse of legitimate aims......Page 266
9.1.2.3 Precision of the restrictive measure/proximity to the transition......Page 267
9.1.2.4 Self-consolidating democracy......Page 268
9.1.3 Fashioning a transitional jurisprudence......Page 269
9.1.4 Applying the transitional jurisprudence......Page 272
9.2 Universality in transition: implications of transitional relativism......Page 276
Index......Page 279