The EU in International Negotiations

Acknowledgements
Contents
Abbreviations
Introduction
	The EU as an International Negotiator
	Approach
	Case Selection
	Terminology
	Structure of the Book
	References
Theorising the EU as an International Actor
	International Negotiations as a Two-Level Game with Principals and Agents
		The Negotiator in a Two-Level Game
		Principal–Agent Analysis—Domestic Dynamics
		Strategic Action by the International Negotiator
		Strategic Action by the Principals at the International Level
		Negotiating Context
	Two-Level Game and Principal–Agent Analysis of EU International Negotiations
	The EU Negotiators at the Centre: A Framework for Analysis
	References
Development Negotiations
	Introduction
	Background
		From Yaoundé to Cotonou
		From Lomé to Cotonou
	The EU Institutional Set-Up: A Principal–Agent Relationship
		Agent Power
		Principal Control
			The College of Commissioners
			The Council of the EU
			The European Parliament
	Case Study—Negotiating the Partnership Agreement with the OACPS
		Preparation Phase
			The EU’s Domestic Negotiations at Level Two—Identifying the Win-Set
			International Engagement at Level One
		Negotiation Phase
			The EU’s Domestic Negotiations at Level Two
			International Negotiations at Level One
		Ratification Phase
	Conclusion
	References
Trade Negotiations
	Introduction
	Background
		Entering the Multilateral Trading System
		Towards Bilateralism
	The EU Institutional Set-Up: A Principal–Agent Relationship
		Agent Power
		Principal Control
			The College of Commissioners
			The Council of the EU
			The European Parliament
	Case Study—Negotiating the Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) with Japan
		Preparation Phase
			The EU’s Domestic Negotiations at Level Two—Identifying the Win-Set
			International Engagement at Level One
		Negotiation Phase
			The EU’s Domestic Negotiations at Level Two
			International Negotiations at Level One
		Ratification Phase
	Conclusion
	References
Enlargement Negotiations
	Introduction
	Background
		The First Enlargement: From Six to Nine
		The Southern Enlargement: From Nine to Twelve
		The EFTA Enlargement: From Twelve to Fifteen
		The Eastern Enlargement: From Fifteen to Twenty-Seven
		The Enlargement to Croatia: From Twenty-Seven to Twenty-Eight
	The EU Institutional Set-Up: A Principal–Agent Relationship
		Agent Power
		Principal Control
			The College of Commissioners
			The European Council and the Council of the EU
			The European Parliament
	Case Study—Negotiating Accession with the Western Balkans
		Preparation Phase
			The EU’s Domestic Negotiations at Level Two—Preparing the Negotiating Frameworks for Montenegro and Serbia
			The EU’s Domestic Negotiations at Level Two—Preparing the Negotiating Frameworks for Albania and North Macedonia
			International Engagement at Level One
		Negotiation Phase
			The EU’s Domestic Negotiations at Level Two
			International Negotiations at Level One
	Conclusions
	References
Withdrawal Negotiations
	Introduction
	Background
		The Legal Basis for Exit Negotiations
		Re-Negotiation: A Precursor to Brexit
	The EU Institutional Set-Up During the Negotiations of the EU–UK Withdrawal Agreement: A Principal–Agent Relationship
		Agent Power
		Principal Control
			College of Commissioners
			The Council of the EU and the European Council
			The European Parliament
	Case Study—Part 1: Negotiating the UK’s Withdrawal from the EU
		Preparation Phase
			The EU’s Domestic Negotiations at Level Two—Identifying the Win-Set
			International Engagement at Level One
		Negotiation Phase
			The EU’s Domestic Negotiations at Level Two
			International Negotiations at Level One
		Ratification Phase
	The EU Institutional Set-Up During the Negotiations of the EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement: A Principal–Agent Relationship (Part 2)
		Agent Power
		Principal Control
			College of Commissioners
			Council of the EU
			The European Parliament
	Case Study—Part 2: Negotiating the UK’s Withdrawal from the EU
		Preparation Phase
			The EU’s Domestic Negotiations at Level Two—Identifying the Win-Set
			International Engagement at Level One
		Negotiation Phase
			The EU’s Domestic Negotiations at Level Two
			International Negotiations at Level One
		Ratification Phase
	Conclusion
	References
Conclusion
	Introduction
	The EU’s Negotiating Agents
	The Principals and Their Control
	Strategic Action by the Negotiator and Their Principals
	Negotiating Context
	Final Reflections on the EU in International Negotiations
Appendix 1
Interviews
Chapter on Development Negotiations: 13 Interviews
Chapter on Trade Negotiations: 13 Interviews
Chapter on Enlargement Negotiations: 14 Interviews
Chapter on Withdrawal Negotiations: 8 Interviews
Index