The Ethnography of Communication: An Introduction

The Ethnography of Communication: An Introduction......Page 5
Contents......Page 7
Preface......Page 10
1 Introduction......Page 13
Scope and Focus......Page 14
Method......Page 15
Historical Background......Page 16
Significance......Page 18
Organization of the Book......Page 20
Patterns of Communication......Page 22
Communicative Functions......Page 24
Speech Community......Page 26
Communicative Competence......Page 30
The Competence of Incompetence......Page 34
Units of Analysis......Page 35
Categories of Talk......Page 38
Language and Culture......Page 39
Social Structure and Ideology......Page 42
Routines and Rituals......Page 47
Universals and Inequalities......Page 50
3 Varieties of Language......Page 53
Language Choice......Page 54
Diglossia and Dinomia......Page 57
Code-Switching and Style-Shifting......Page 60
Code-Markers......Page 71
Varieties Associated with Setting......Page 74
Varieties Associated with Activity Domain......Page 75
Varieties Associated with Region......Page 80
Varieties Associated with Ethnicity......Page 82
Varieties Associated with Social Class, Status, and Role......Page 84
Varieties Associated with Role-Relationships......Page 87
Varieties Associated with Sex......Page 89
Varieties Associated with Age......Page 93
Varieties Associated with Personality States and "Abnormal" Speech......Page 96
Non-Native Varieties......Page 98
Relationship of Ethnographer and Speech Community......Page 100
Types of Data......Page 104
Survey of Data Collection and Analytic Procedures......Page 107
Identification of Communicative Events......Page 120
Components of Communication......Page 122
Relationship among Components......Page 136
Elicitation within a Frame......Page 137
Analysis of Interaction......Page 138
Sample Analyses of Communicative Events......Page 140
Further Illustrations of Ethnographic Analysis......Page 153
Comparative Rhetoric......Page 156
Historical Development......Page 158
Ethnographic Perspective......Page 160
Establishing Validity......Page 163
Situated Event Analysis......Page 165
Other Data Collection and Analytic Procedures......Page 170
Cross-Cultural Communication......Page 180
Concepts of "Face"......Page 182
Constructing an Unseen Face......Page 183
6 Attitudes toward Communicative Performance......Page 195
Methodology......Page 196
Attitudes toward Language and Language Skills......Page 197
Attitudes toward Languages and Varieties......Page 200
Stereotyping......Page 205
Appropriateness......Page 207
Language and Identity......Page 210
Language Maintenance, Shift, and Spread......Page 213
Taboos and Euphemisms......Page 222
7 Acquisition of Communicative Competence......Page 226
Early Linguistic Environment......Page 227
Social Interaction......Page 230
Language and Enculturation......Page 234
Definition of Stages and Roles......Page 238
Communicative Strategies......Page 242
Formulaic Expressions......Page 243
Nonverbal Communication......Page 244
Peer Influence and Extended Acquisition......Page 246
Speech Play......Page 250
Formal Education......Page 255
Multilingual Contexts......Page 258
Children’s Beliefs about Language......Page 260
8 Politeness, Power, and Politics......Page 262
Language and Politics......Page 263
Language and Social Theories......Page 265
Linguistic Signs of Power......Page 267
Linguistic Performances of Power......Page 272
Linguistic Resistance and Rebellion......Page 284
Language Planning......Page 287
Responsibilities and Limitations......Page 288
9 Conclusion......Page 293
References......Page 297
Index of Languages......Page 329
General Index......Page 333