The Ethics of Courage: Volume 2: From Early Modernity to the Global Age

Contents
1: Truth, Power, and Life
	Early Modernity and the Twin Rules of Physis and Polis
	Modern Optimism and the Pessimism of Strength
	The Ethics of Courage and the Courage of Ethics
2: The Body and the Body Politic
	Animal Spirits and Climate: René Descartes and Montesquieu
	Organised Cowardice: Étienne de La Boétie
	Artificial Courage and the Politics of Self-love: Bernard Mandeville
	References
3: Self-interest and the Sovereign
	The Lion and the Fox: Niccolo Machiavelli
	Courage at War and the Conditions of Peace: Thomas Hobbes
	References
4: Justice, the Laws of Nature, and God
	Self-preservation and Just War: Hugo Grotius and Samuel von Pufendorf
	A Reasoned Disposition Towards God and Country
	References
5: Moral Sympathy and Higher Passions
	Freedom and Well-rewarded Passions: Claude-Adrien Helvétius
	Sympathy and Sentiments of the Heart and Mind: David Hume
	Self-love and Social Love: Adam Ferguson
	References
6: The Natural and Rational Duty to God and Country
	Martial Courage and Christian Virtue: Francis Hutcheson and Henry Home
	Conservatism and the Sublime Passion of Duty: Edmund Burke
	God, Valour, and Victories of the Mind: George Turnbull and David Fordyce
	Fortitudo, Pleasure, and the Universe: Baruch Spinoza
	References
7: Michel de Montaigne and the Vanity of Reason
	The Merits of Stoicism
	Irrationality, Chance Events, and Human Emotions
	The Courage of Conscience and Self-awareness
	References
8: Language, Self-consciousness, and Learning Experiences
	Words, Education, and the Quiet Possession of Self: John Locke
	Natural Living, Moral Strictness, and Republican Courage: Jean-Jacques Rousseau
	References
9: Reasons Examined in Good Conscience
	The Strength of Mind and the Love of Order: Nicolas Malebranche
	Self-command, Sympathy, and the Impartial Spectator: Adam Smith
	Practical Reason and Imperatives of the Mind: Immanuel Kant
	Women’s Voices and Strength of Mind
	References
10: The Evolution of Mind, Species, and Society
	Running with the Hare and Hunting with the Hounds
	The Owl at Dusk: Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
	The Law of Inheritance, Natural Selection, and Social Sympathy: Charles Darwin
	References
11: Variations in Evolutionary Ethics
	Levels of Social Complexity and Vitality: Herbert Spencer and Leslie Stephen
	Evolving Theories of Evolution
	References
12: Utilitarianism and Relativism with a Bias
	The Calculations of Consequent Advantage: Jeremy Bentham and Henry Sidgwick
	Sociological Relativism, in Support of Civilisation
	Sociological Relativism, Against the Existing Order
	References
13: Emerson’s Heroes of Truth
	Energetic Courage and the Rule of Might
	Self-commanding Individualism and the Solitary Scholar
	Infinite Power and the Ultimate Sacrifice
	Moral Duty and the Struggle for Freedom
	References
14: The Courage of Despair
	The Aesthetic, the Ethical, and the Religious: Søren Kierkegaard
	The Tyranny of Reason and Morality: Max Stirner and Lev Shestov
	References
15: Nietzsche’s Animal Foes and Friends
	The Fox, the Ant, and the Ape
	The Horse and the Lion
	The Eagle and the Serpent
	The Lamb and the Ass
	References
16: The Will to Power
	German Character, Tragic Art, and the Unhistorical
	Pessimism of Strength and Dionysian Nihilism
	Moral Scepticism and the Ascetic Will for Nothingness
	Christianity and the Body
	References
17: Thus Spoke Nietzsche
	Democracy, Race, and the Herd Instinct
	Aristocratic Radicalism and Argonauts of the Ideal
	Lonesomeness, the Abyss, and the Eternal Return
	Transvaluation of Nietzschean Courage
	References
18: Courage in the Body and the  Sociable Self
	Energy of the Will and Social Sentiments: Shadworth Hodgson and Wilhelm Dilthey
	The Feeling Body and the Socius: William James
	A Suffering Humanity: Hermann Cohen
	References
19: The Courage of Disobedience
	The Faceless Wars: Albert Camus and Emmanuel Levinas
	Escape from Authoritarianism: Erich Fromm and Paulo Freire
	Resistance and Nonviolence: Mahatma Gandhi
	References
20: Paul Tillich and the Courage to Be
	Death, Condemnation, and Meaninglessness
	Individuation, Participation, and Periods of History
	Transcendence and the Acceptance of Acceptance
	A World Above the World of Cynicism
	References
21: Throwing Courage to the Dogs
	Cynicism and Truth: Michel Foucault
	Osho’s Farting Dog
	Reasons to Lose Heart
	References
22: Risk and Resilience
	Imagining and Risking: Bertrand Russell and Paul Ricoeur
	From Despair to Resilience
	Recovery, for Want of Courage
	References
23: Courage in the Global Age
	Courage Thus Far
	Beyond the Happy Mean
	Reference