The Environment in Galicia: A Book of Images: Galician Environment Through Images

Preface
Contents
The Atmosphere
Atmosphere
	References
Pyrocumulus: A New Cloud in Galician Skies
	1 Scientific Story on Pyrocumulus
	2 Conclusion
	References
Geology
Introduction to the Geology of Galicia
	1 Introduction to the Geology of Galicia
	2 The Formation of Galicia, 0th Phase. The Oldest Pieces of the Geological Puzzle of Galicia: The Zircons of Cabo Ortegal
	3 The Formation of Galicia, 1st Phase. Galician Rocks
		3.1 The Senso Lato Granitic Rocks
	4 The Formation of Galicia, 2nd Phase. The Breakup of Pangea. The Definition of the Contour of Galicia
		4.1 The Intraplate Cliffs of Galicia. Cape Ortegal and Further South
		4.2 Fluvial Erosion and Galician-Portuguese Rivers
	5 The Formation of Galicia, 3rd Phase. Alpine Tectonics in Galicia and the Current Relief of Galicia
		5.1 The Elevation of the Rasa Cantábrica. The Rasa in the Rest of the Galician Coast
		5.2 The Ourense Corridor and Its Influence on the Cenozoic Evolution of the Galician River Network
		5.3 The Formation of the Galician Estuaries (Rías). The Galician-Portuguese Dry Estuaries (Rías)
		5.4 The Galician Coast: Sinking and Rising
		5.5 The Collateral Effects of the Tertiary Tectonics in Galicia
	6 The formation of Galicia, 4th Phase. The Pleistocene or the Ice Age in Galicia: Its Influence on the Galician Coast and Its Interior Mountains. Ice Cap Glaciers (Xurés, Manzaneda, Pena Trevinca) and Mountain Glaciers (Ancares and Courel)
		6.1 The Emptying of the Estuaries (Rías). The Galician-Portuguese Dry Estuaries (Rías)
		6.2 Aeolian Episodes During the Pleistocene in Galicia
		6.3 The Coastal Lagoons of the Galician Coast
		6.4 The Pleistocene Coastal Forests of the Galician-Portuguese Atlantic Coast
	References
Al-Rich Speleothems in Granite Caves: A Poorly Known Geologic Material and Environment
	1 Introduction
	2 Granite Caves and Speleothems: A Poorly Known Environment
	3 Al-Rich Speleothems: Geological Value
	4 Final Remarks
	References
Caves: Underground Landscapes
	1 Caves
	2 Karst, Parakarst and Pseudokarst in Galicia
	3 Types of Caves
	4 Morphogenesis: Forms and Processes
	5 Depositional Forms
	6 Final Remarks
	References
The Courel Mountains UNESCO Global Geopark: An Amazing Geological History Extended Along 600 Million Years
	1 Introduction
	2 Rock Milestone
	3 The Palaeozoic Fossils, Witnesses of the Geological History
	4 The Variscan Orogeny Exhibition
	5 Metallic Mineralization, Valuable Minerals
	6 Relief Building, Mountain Growing
	7 Final Remarks
	References
Endogenous/Exogenous Forms of Granite Geomorphology in Galicia
	1 Introduction
	2 Forms Found in Galicia. Mega and Minor
	3 Final Remarks
	References
Soils
Soils of Galicia
	1 Background
	2 The Soils of Galicia
	3 Soils of Galicia and Parent Material
		3.1 Soils Developed from Granitic Rocks
		3.2 Soils Developed from Slates, Phyllites and Quartz-Rich Schists
		3.3 Soils Developed from Sandstones and Quartzites
		3.4 Soils Developed on Schists Rich in Weatherable Minerals
		3.5 Soils Developed from Basic and Metabasic Rocks
		3.6 Soils Developed from Ultrabasic Rocks
		3.7 Soils Developed from Carbonate Rocks
		3.8 Soils Developed from Sedimentary Materials
	4 Organic Soils
	5 Anthropogenic Soils
	6 Final Remarks
	References
Landscape Modeling and Environmental Implications for Vineyard Cultivation in NW of Spain
	1 Introduction
	2 Monterrei Denomination of Origin
	3 Rías Baixas Denomination of Origin
	4 Ribeira Sacra Denomination of Origin
	5 Ribeiro Denomination of Origin
	6 Valdeorras Denomination of Origin
	7 Some Environmental Effects Due to Vineyards
	References
Peatlands
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Galician Peatland Landscapes at Present
	2 Palaeoenvironments Reconstructed Using Peat Records
		2.1 Galician Peatlands as Archives of Environmental Change
		2.2 Multi-proxy Records and the Use of Galician Peatlands’ Records in Local, Regional and Global Reconstructions
	3 Peatlands as Priority Protection Habitats
		3.1 Why Do Peatlands Matter?
		3.2 Peatland Pressures and Threats
		3.3 Legislation on Peatlands: Natura2000 Network and International Conventions
	References
Coastal Soils and Their Associated Habitats in Galicia
	1 Introduction
	2 Dune Soils
	3 Saltmarsh Soils
	4 Cliff Soils
	5 Final Remarks
	References
Soil Biodiversity in Galician Peatlands: A Unique Home for Specialised Invertebrates
	1 Peatlands Are Relic Ecosystems
	2 Peatlands Comprise Complex Habitat Mosaics
	3 Peatlands Are Home to a Wide Variety of Soil Organisms
	4 Final Remarks
	References
Grasslands on Acid Soils: Use of Different Amendments in the Context of Galicia
	1 Introduction
	2 Grasslands in Galicia
	3 Residual Effect of the Addition of Different Limestone Amendment Doses in the Establishment of Permanent Grasslands
	4 Mussel Shell as Soil Liming: A Possible Alternative to the Commercial Limestone
	5 Use of Various Mixtures of Industrial Residues as Liming Products and Fertilizers in Grassland Soils
	6 Final Remarks
	References
Forest Soils from Galicia: Aluminium Fractionation and Speciation
	1 Introduction
	2 Forest Soils Under Oak, Pine and Eucalyptus, Developed on Granitic Rocks, Slate and Limestone
	3 Rock’s Influence in the Nutrition, Al Toxicity and Growing of Pinus Pinaster
	4 Final Remarks
	References
Andosols and Podzols at Galicia
	1 Introduction
	2 Andosols in Galicia
	3 Podzols in Galicia
	4 Concluding Remarks: Andosols, Podzols and Umbrisols, the Same Processes?
	References
Water
Fresh Waters
	1 Introduction
	2 Water Balance
	3 Green Water
	4 Blue Water (Surface and Subsurface Flows)
	5 Blue Water (Underground Flow)
	6 Water Resources and Basins
	References
Research on Cyanobacterial Blooms and Cyanotoxin Production in Galician Inland Waters
	1 Introduction
	2 Control and Monitoring Programs
	3 Experiences in Mitigation and Bioremediation
	4 New Research Approaches
	References
Perspectives on Irrigation in  Galicia (NW Spain)
	1 Introduction
	2 Irrigation in Galicia
		2.1 Large Irrigation Areas in Galicia
	3 Private Irrigation: Irrigation Management
		3.1 Irrigation Modelling and Programming
		3.2 Digitization of Irrigation: Images and Sensors
	4 Challenges for the Future of Irrigation in Galicia
	References
Geomorphology and Landscapes
Geomorphology and Landscape
	1 Introduction
	2 Lithological Control Affecting the Landscape
	3 Geomorphological Processes and Landscapes
		3.1 Landscapes Shaped by Water
		3.2 Landscapes Shaped by Glacial Ice
		3.3 Landscapes Performed by Periglacial Dynamics
		3.4 Coastal Landscapes
	References
‘The Cultural Landscape of Galicia: A History of the Inappropriable’ A Scientific Story of Galicia’s Landscapes
	1 Introduction: Why Insist on a History of the Inappropiable?
		1.1 Landscape is Not Only Environment
		1.2 Paisaxe is Not Only Country
		1.3 A Method for Studying the History of Landscape
	2 A Concise History of the Landscape in Galicia
		2.1 The Word Paisaxe in Galician
		2.2 A Medieval ‘Landscape’?
		2.3 Licenciado Molina and Descriptions of the Land and Landscape in the Modern Age
		2.4 The Development of an Empiricist Gaze and a ‘Landscape Society’ in Galicia
		2.5 The Landscape Myth: Success of the Landscape and Reinforcement of Stereotypes
	3 Concluding Remarks: The Future of Landscape History in Galicia
	References
The Geological Landscape. 1. Geoforms in the Inland Galicia
	1 Introduction
	2 Determining Factors
		2.1 Lithological Factors
		2.2 Tectonic Factors
		2.3 Orographic Factors
	3 Geoforms
		3.1 Planation Surfaces
		3.2 Reliefs and Basins
		3.3 Glacial Morphology
		3.4 Fluvial Morphology
	References
The Geological Landscape. 2. Geoforms in the Coastal Galicia
	1 The Galician Coast
		1.1 Coastal Morphology
		1.2 Rías
		1.3 Estuaries
		1.4 Marshes
		1.5 Cliffs
		1.6 Coastal Plains
		1.7 Boulder Beaches
		1.8 Sandy Beaches and Dunes
		1.9 Coastal Lagoons
		1.10 Islands
	2 Geological Heritage
	3 Sustainability of the Geological Landscape
	References
Vegetation Cover
	1 Biogeographical Setting
	2 Vegetation and Human Activity
	3 Galicia: Ancient Land of Heaths
	4 Coastal and Wetland Habitats
	5 Vegetation in Extreme Environments
	6 Endangered Native Forests
	References
Agriculture Land in Galicia. Pastures and Crops to Feed Humans but Above All Cattle in the Country of One Million of Cows
	1 Introduction
	2 Pastures
	3 Annual Crops
		3.1 Fodder Crops
		3.2 Cereals
		3.3 Tubers
		3.4 Dry Grain Legumes
		3.5 Vegetables
	4 Perennial Crops
		4.1 Vineyards
		4.2 Chestnut
		4.3 Others
	5 Final Remarks
	References
Environmental Problems and Alternatives to Solve These Issues
Introduction to the Part “Environmental Problems and Alternatives to Solve These Issues”
	1 Content of this Introduction
	2 Opencast Mining
		2.1 Coal Mining
		2.2 Slate Mining
		2.3 Other Kinds of Opencast Mining
	3 Aluminum Facilities
	4 Environmental Pollution Caused by Heavy Metals and Emerging Pollutants
	5 Wastes from Various Activities
	6 Forest Fires
	References
A Storyboard of Wildfires in Galicia
	1 Introduction
	2 Socioecological Impacts of Wildfires in Galicia
	3 Pathways Toward ‘Fire-Smart’ Solutions to Wildfires
	4 Conclusions
	Appendix 1
	References
Soil Erodibility: Influencing Factors and Their Importance in Post-fire Erosion
	1 Introduction
	2 Erodibility of Galician Soils
	3 Final Remarks
	References
Soil Erosion in NW Spain
	1 Introduction
	2 Erosion by Forest Fires
	3 Erosion by Agricultural Practices
	References
Some Environmental Effects of Slate Exploitation and Palliative Treatments
	1 Introduction
	2 Some Environmental Effects Due to the Exploitation of Slate in Galicia, and Palliative Treatments
	3 Final Remarks
	References