The Energetics of Mangrove Forests

1402042701......Page 1
Contents......Page 8
1. Introduction......Page 12
2.1 Introduction......Page 17
2.2.1 Partitioning of Tree Components......Page 18
2.2.2 Global Patterns of Mangrove Biomass......Page 23
2.2.3 Nutrient Capital......Page 25
2.3.1 Anoxia......Page 27
2.3.3 Balancing Carbon Gain and Water Loss......Page 29
2.4 Tree Photosynthesis and Respiration......Page 31
2.4.1 Photosynthetic Rates......Page 32
2.4.2 Respiration......Page 34
2.5 Primary Productivity......Page 36
2.5.1 Methods and Their Limitations......Page 38
2.5.2 Carbon Allocation of Primary Productivity......Page 40
2.5.3 Rates and Patterns of Net Primary Productivity......Page 42
2.5.4 Nutrient Limitation and Nutrient-Use Efficiency......Page 48
2.5.5 Other Primary Producers......Page 52
2.6 Life in the Canopy and Root Epibionts......Page 53
3.2.1 Flow in Relation to Geomorphology......Page 56
3.2.2 Flow in Relation to Vegetation and Other Biological Structures......Page 60
3.3 Groundwater......Page 62
3.4 Waves......Page 65
3.5 Sediment Transport and Flocculation......Page 67
3.6 Sedimentation and Accretion: Short-Term Versus Long-Term Dynamics......Page 70
3.7 Chemical and Biological Consequences of Water and Sediment Flow......Page 73
4.2 Physicochemical and Biochemical Attributes......Page 74
4.3 Loops, Chains, and Hubs in the Microbial Machinery......Page 76
4.4 Phytoplankton Dynamics......Page 80
4.5 Are Mangrove Waters Net Heterotrophic or Autotrophic?......Page 83
4.6 Zooplankton......Page 86
4.6.1 Factors Affecting Abundance, Composition, and Biomass......Page 87
4.6.2 Diets and Grazing Rates......Page 88
4.6.3 Secondary Production......Page 89
4.7.1 Penaeid Shrimps......Page 90
4.7.2 Fish......Page 92
4.8 Is There a Link Between Mangroves and Fisheries Production?......Page 94
5.2 Soil Composition and Physicochemical Attributes......Page 97
5.3 Life on the Forest Floor......Page 100
5.3.1 The Role of Crabs in Consumption of Seeds and Litter......Page 101
5.3.2 Patterns of Microbial Decomposition of Litter......Page 105
5.3.3 Crabs as Ecosystem Engineers......Page 108
5.3.4 Trophic Dynamics of Other Macrobenthos......Page 110
5.3.5 Wood Decomposition......Page 112
5.3.6 Root Decomposition......Page 113
5.4 Microbial Processes in Forest Soils......Page 115
5.4.1 Rates and Pathways of Bacterial Decomposition of Soil Organic Matter......Page 116
5.4.2 Sulfate Reduction......Page 119
5.4.3 Iron and Manganese Reduction......Page 122
5.4.4 Methane Release......Page 123
5.4.5 Nitrogen Processes and Links to Trees......Page 124
5.4.6 Aspects of Phosphorus Cycling......Page 134
6.2 Material Exchange: The Outwelling Concept......Page 136
6.2.1 Carbon Export to the Coastal Ocean and the Atmosphere......Page 137
6.2.2 Dissolved Nitrogen and Phosphorus Exchange......Page 141
6.3.1 Whole-Ecosystem Balances......Page 142
6.3.2 The Mass Balance Approach......Page 144
6.4 Nitrogen Flow Through Mangrove Ecosystems: The Hinchinbrook Island Study......Page 148
6.5 Mineral Cycling......Page 152
6.6 Systems Analysis: Understanding Links Among Various Functions of an Ecosystem......Page 153
6.6.1 Network Models......Page 154
6.6.2 Ecohydrology: Linking Physics and Ecology for Management Applications......Page 157
6.7 Ecological Economics and Sustainability of Mangroves......Page 158
6.7.1 Models of Resource Economics......Page 159
6.7.2 Using Ecosystems Data to Quantify Sustainability......Page 161
7.1.1 A Budget and Its Implications......Page 170
7.1.2 The Contribution of Mangroves to Carbon Cycling in the Global Coastal Ocean......Page 172
7.2 The Most Important Facts Regarding Mangrove Energetics......Page 174
7.3 Epilogue......Page 184
References......Page 185
C......Page 218
M......Page 219
S......Page 220
Z......Page 221