The Elements of Moral Philosophy

Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 2
Copyright Page......Page 3
About the Authors......Page 4
Contents......Page 6
Preface......Page 10
About the Ninth Edition......Page 12
1.2. First Example: Baby Theresa......Page 16
1.3. Second Example: Jodie and Mary......Page 20
1.4. Third Example: Tracy Latimer......Page 22
1.5. Reason and Impartiality......Page 25
Notes on Sources......Page 28
2.1. Different Cultures Have Different Moral Codes......Page 29
2.2. Cultural Relativism......Page 31
2.3. The Cultural Differences Argument......Page 32
2.4. What Follows from Cultural Relativism......Page 34
2.5. Why There Is Less Disagreement Than There Seems to Be......Page 36
2.6. Some Values Are Shared by All Cultures......Page 38
2.7. Judging a Cultural Practice to Be Undesirable......Page 39
2.8. Back to the Five Claims......Page 42
2.9. What We Can Learn from Cultural Relativism......Page 44
Notes on Sources......Page 46
3.1. The Basic Idea of Ethical Subjectivism......Page 48
3.2. The Linguistic Turn......Page 50
3.3. The Denial of Value......Page 54
3.4. Ethics and Science......Page 55
3.5. Same-Sex Relations......Page 58
Notes on Sources......Page 63
4.1. The Presumed Connection between Morality and Religion......Page 65
4.2. The Divine Command Theory......Page 67
4.3. The Theory of Natural Law......Page 71
4.4. Religion and Particular Moral Issues......Page 74
Notes on Sources......Page 79
5.1. Is There a Duty to Help the Starving?......Page 81
5.2. Psychological Egoism......Page 82
5.3. Three Arguments for Ethical Egoism......Page 88
5.4. Two Arguments against Ethical Egoism......Page 93
Notes on Sources......Page 97
6.1. Hobbes’s Argument......Page 99
6.2. The Prisoner’s Dilemma......Page 102
6.3. Some Advantages of the Social Contract Theory......Page 106
6.4. The Problem of Civil Disobedience......Page 108
6.5. Difficulties for the Theory......Page 111
Notes on Sources......Page 115
7.1. The Revolution in Ethics......Page 116
7.2. First Example: Euthanasia......Page 117
7.3. Second Example: Marijuana......Page 120
7.4. Third Example: Nonhuman Animals......Page 127
Notes on Sources......Page 131
8.1. The Classical Version of the Theory......Page 133
8.2. Is Pleasure All That Matters?......Page 134
8.3. Are Consequences All That Matter?......Page 135
8.4. Should We Be Equally Concerned for Everyone?......Page 139
8.5. The Defense of Utilitarianism......Page 140
8.6. Concluding Thoughts......Page 146
Notes on Sources......Page 147
9.1. Harry Truman and Elizabeth Anscombe......Page 148
9.2. The Categorical Imperative......Page 151
9.3. Kant’s Arguments on Lying......Page 153
9.4. Conflicts between Rules......Page 155
9.5. Kant’s Insight......Page 156
Notes on Sources......Page 158
10.1. Kant’s Core Ideas......Page 160
10.2. Retribution and Utility in the Theory of Punishment......Page 163
10.3. Kant’s Retributivism......Page 165
Notes on Sources......Page 169
11.1. Do Women and Men Think Differently about Ethics?......Page 171
11.2. Implications for Moral Judgment......Page 177
11.3. Implications for Ethical Theory......Page 181
Notes on Sources......Page 182
12.1. The Ethics of Virtue and the Ethics of Right Action......Page 184
12.2. The Virtues......Page 186
12.3. Two Advantages of Virtue Ethics......Page 195
12.4. Virtue and Conduct......Page 196
12.5. The Problem of Incompleteness......Page 197
Notes on Sources......Page 199
13.1. Morality without Hubris......Page 201
13.2. Treating People as They Deserve......Page 203
13.3. A Variety of Motives......Page 204
13.4. Multiple-Strategies Utilitarianism......Page 205
13.5. The Moral Community......Page 208
13.6. Justice and Fairness......Page 209
13.7. Conclusion......Page 210
Notes on Sources......Page 211
Index......Page 212