The Education and Training of Public Servants: Systems and Practices from the Nineteenth Century to the Present (Governance and Public Management)

Preface and Acknowledgements
In Memoriam: Ross Curnow (1936–2015)
Praise for The Education and Training of Public Servants
Contents
Notes on Contributors
Chapter 1: Introduction: Histories of Education and Training for Public Service
	1 Training, Education and the ‘Good’ Public Servant
	2 A Historical Perspective for Current Questions of Governance
	3 Question and Demarcation
	4 Public Service (Reform), Training and Education
	5 Concluding Remarks
	Bibliography
Chapter 2: Australia
	1 Introduction
	2 History of the Public Service
		2.1 Colonial Developments
		2.2 Emergence of an Administrative Tradition
	3 The Australian Public Service in the Twentieth Century
		3.1 Early-Twentieth-Century Developments
		3.2 Post-World War II Expansion
		3.3 Growth Stresses with Operating Under Traditional Principles
	4 Modernisation and the Prelude to Major Reform
		4.1 Reform: 1980s–2010s
		4.2 Education and Training Programmes
	5 Twenty-First-Century Issues with Reform and Governance
		5.1 Professionalism and Capability Under Question
		5.2 Renaissance in the Twenty-First Century
	6 Concluding Remarks
	Bibliography
Chapter 3: Austria and Czechoslovakia
	1 Introduction
	2 Education and Recruitment in the Long Nineteenth Century (1780s–1905)
	3 Reform Projects at the Turn of the Century
	4 Austria: Interwar Period and German Occupation
	5 Czechoslovakia: Interwar Period and German Occupation
	6 Post-war Czechoslovakia
	7 Post-war Austria
	8 Conclusion
	Bibliography
		Primary Sources
		Secondary Sources
Chapter 4: Belgium
	1 Introduction
	2 A Century of ‘Hybrid’ Recruitment, Promotion and Training Needs (1830–1937)
	3 The General Statute for State Civil Servants (1937–ca. 1990)
		3.1 Recruitment
		3.2 Advancement
		3.3 On-the-Job Training
	4 The Copernican Reform (Réforme Copernic), 1990s–Present
	5 Assessing Copernicus: On Implementation, Administrative Reform and Public Management Training
	6 Concluding Remarks
	Bibliography
Chapter 5: Canada
	1 Introduction
	2 Genesis of Public Servants’ Education and Training: Building on the Spoils of the Colonial Administration (1867–1917)
	3 Emergence of Education and Training for Public Administrators (1918–1959)
	4 Early Institutionalisation of Education and Training of Public Administrators (1960–1969)
	5 Conclusion
	Bibliography
Chapter 6: Finland
	1 Early Modern Historical Roots
	2 Early Nineteenth-Century Developments: A Monopoly for the University of Helsinki
	3 Industrialisation, Growth of the State and Early-Twentieth-Century Debates on Reform
	4 The Need for New Public Servants: Independence and Post-World War II Reforms
	5 The End of Rationalisation, the Emergence of the Welfare State and Neo-Liberal Reforms
	6 Concluding Remarks
	Bibliography
Chapter 7: France
	1 Historical Background
	2 Conditions of Access to Administrative Positions (1830–1875)
	3 Elitist Training and Recruitment (1870–1940)
	4 Democratisation at Stake Since 1945
	5 A New Paradigm: Managing the Senior Civil Servants’ Market
	6 Concluding Remarks
	Bibliography
Chapter 8: Germany
	1 Introduction
	2 Approaches to Administration in the Early Modern Period
	3 Cameralism (Kameralwissenschaften), Traditional Law Studies and the New State-Orientation of Public Servants in the Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Century
	4 Developments Towards Specific ‘German’ Lifelong Positions for Public Servants (Berufsbeamtentum auf Lebenszeit) Around 1800
		4.1 Bavaria: Lifelong Status Guaranteed by a Quasi-Constitutional Law in 1805
		4.2 Prussia: Continuity of the Concept of Administrators as Personal Servants of the Monarch
		4.3 Surviving Traditional Gentleman Administrations in the City—‘Republics’
	5 Variation in Education, Recruitment and Training in Different German Lands in the Nineteenth Century
		5.1 Patterns of University Education
		5.2 State Examinations, Recruitment and Training
	6 Care for Infrastructure as a Structural Change from the 1830s to the Early Twentieth Century
	7 From the Democratic-Parliamentarian Turn in the Weimar Republic (1918–1933) to Ideologisation During National Socialism (1933–1945)
	8 Different Paths in East and West Germany After 1945
	9 Reform Approaches from Outside in the French West and the Soviet East, 1947
	10 New Ideologisation and Party Control over All Higher Personnel (Kader) in East Germany
	11 Confirmation of Tradition in West Germany
	12 Concluding Remarks
	Bibliography
Chapter 9: Greece
	1 Introduction
	2 The Constitutional Landscape: A Brief Overview
	3 Public Servants’ Pre-entry Education During the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Century
	4 Post-entry and In-Service Training 1917–1944
	5 Post-entry and In-Service Training 1945–1974
	6 Post-entry and In-Service Training After 1975
	7 Reasons for the Unsuccessful Training Policies of the Public Administration
	8 Conclusions
	Bibliography
		Archives
		Secondary Literature
Chapter 10: Italy
	1 Introduction
	2 Learning by Doing: On-the-Job Training for General and Technical Skills
	3 Public Competitive Exams, Technical Sectoral Training and Degree Courses in Political Science
	4 From On-the-Job to Continued Training: The Birth of the Higher School of Public Administration
	5 Concluding Observations
	Bibliography
Chapter 11: The Netherlands
	1 Introduction
	2 Early Beginnings in the Nineteenth-Century Night-Watchman-State (1813–1870)
	3 Towards ‘Modern’ Bureaucracy (1870–1945): From Social Question to World War II
	4 Education, Training and Recruitment in the Welfare and Enabling State (1945–Present)
	5 Concluding Remarks
	Bibliography
		Archives
		Literature
Chapter 12: Spain
	1 Introduction
	2 The Bureaucratic Tradition of the Catholic Monarchy and Its Transformation During the Liberal Revolution
	3 The Mirror of the Army: Technical and Professional Schools for Specialised Public Servants
	4 The General Corps of the Administration: The Gradual Triumph of the Oposición
	5 The Exception to the Rule: The Public Schools of Training
	6 The ‘Modernisation’ of the Administration
	7 Recruitment and Training in Democratic Spain, 1978–2022
	8 Conclusions
	Bibliography
Chapter 13: United Kingdom
	1 Introduction
	2 An ‘Untrained’ Civil Service?
	3 Victorian Views in a Twenty-First-Century World
	4 The Origins of Victorian Resistance to Formal Training
		4.1 Reform of the Indian Civil Service
		4.2 University Reform
		4.3 The Northcote-Trevelyan Report (1854) and ‘Oxbridge Generalism’
	5 Main Developments (and Non-developments) in the Twentieth Century
		5.1 Early Twentieth-Century Developments
		5.2 The Fulton Report (1968)
	6 The Civil Service College and Its Mutations, 1970–2012
	7 Concluding Remarks: The Legacy of Nineteenth-Century Reform and the United Kingdom Civil Service Today
	Bibliography
Chapter 14: United States
	1 Introduction
	2 Administration by Gentlemen
	3 Administration by Partisans
	4 Administration by the Meritorious
	5 Administration by Experts
	6 Conclusion: An Administrative History of Conflicting Values
	Bibliography
Chapter 15: Conclusions and Comparative Perspectives
	1 Introduction
	2 Comparing Systems and Practices of Education and Training
	3 Idiosyncrasies and Common Traits in Systems and Practices
		3.1 Training, Education and the Institutional Framework or Political-Administrative System
		3.2 Training, Education and Administrative and Public Sector Reform
		3.3 Training, Education and Administrative Tradition
	4 Concluding Remarks and Future Questions
	Bibliography
Index