The Economics and Politics of Resettlement in India

Cover
Contents
List of Tables
Abbreviations
Acknowledgements
Foreword by Michael M. Cernea
Introduction
Section I: Contextualizing Displacement
	Chapter 1: Resettlement and Rehabilitation: The New Indian Policy
		Introduction
			Objectives
			Minimize Displacement
				Consultation and Right to Information
			Gender Neutrality
		Other Definitions
			Land for All Agricultural Families
			Creating Job Opportunities
			House for House
				Homesteads and Dwelling Houses
			Basic Amenities at the New Site
			Displacement Under Emergency
		Other Innovative Provisions in the Draft
			Changes in the LAA
			Special Provisions for Tribals in Scheduled Areas
			Main Differences
			Summing up
		References
		Annexure
	Chapter 2: Public Participation in Development
		Introduction
		Global Scene and the National Response
			Narmada: A Case Study
		Judicial and Other Responses
			Maan Dam Affected Evicted with Police Terror
			GRA Orders Return of the Maan Oustees
		Proactive Participation and Initiating a Dynamic Process of Negotiation
		Capacity Development
			Publishing Awareness-Raising Material
			Colson-Scudder Model
			Cernea’s ‘Livelihood Risks Analysis and Reconstruction’ Model
			Training for Target Groups
			Nature of the Target Group
			Contents of the Training Programmes
				For the Displacees
				For Requiring Bodies and Implementers of R&R Plans
		A Balanced Platform for Negotiations
			Planning and Implementation of R&R Programmes
		Institutional Arrangements
			Integrity and Continuity of Bureaucracy
			Preview of the Time-Span of a Project
			Lessons for Community Reconstruction
			The Impact of Displacement on Women, Children and the Aged and Host Communities
		Conclusion
		Notes
		References
	Chapter 3: Political Economy of Compensation
		Introduction
		Exclusiveness of the Law
			Excluded Groups
		The Arbitrariness of Law
		The Disputed Awards
			The Review of Awards by the Courts
		Bureaucracy and Judiciary: the Extra Costs Offair Compensation
		Notes
		References
	Chapter 4: Development-Induced Population Displacement
		Introduction
		Prevailing Ethical Concerns in Development-Induced Displacement
		Shortfalls in Meeting Concerns
		Application to DID
		Ethical Standards and Limits for DID
		Three Cases
			Case 1: Navi Mumbai
				Ethical Guidelines for DID and CIDCO's Rehabilitation Efforts
			Case 2: Bangalore
			Case 3: Anandgarh
				Land Acquisition
				Rehabilitation Policy
				Reasons for Opposition to the Project
				Effect of People’s Opposition
				Points to Ponder
		Notes
		References
	Chapter 5: Forced Migration and Coal Mining
		Introduction
		Migration Versus Forced Migration
			Causes of Forced Migration or Displacement
			Forced Displacement: Conceptual Analysis
			Consequences of Forced Displacement
		Forced Migration Caused by Coal Mining Sector in India
			Coal in India: A Glance
			R&R Policy of Coal India: A Critique
		Some Illustrative Field Studies
			Field Study-1
			Field Study-2
			Field Study-3
			Field Study-4
			Field Study-5
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 6: Economic Libralization, the State, and Resettlement and Rehabilitation
		Introduction
			Liberalization and Land
				Land Market
				Eminent Domain
				Impact of Liberalization on Land Acquisition
		The State and Welfare of the Displaced
			The Market and the have-Nots
			Land Acquisition Model of R&R
		Property Rights and Encroachers
			Curtailment of R&R Cost
			Inflating the Cost of R&R
			Rhetoric or Reality
		People’s Resistance and Cost Escalation
			Human Rights Movement
				International NGOs
		Countering the Negative Impact of Liberalization
			Hollow Packages
			Unsatisfactory Outcomes
		Alternative Perspectives
			Private R&R Programmes
			Private Land Acquisition
			R&R: A Monopoly of the State
			More Practical Approaches
		Conclusion
		References
Section II: Issues in Industrial and Infrastructural Development
	Chapter 7: Dispossession of Peasants Byindustrial Projects
		Introduction
			Land Acquisition Versus Land Reforms: Analytical Aspects
			Land Reforms and Decentralized Planning Inwest Bengal
			Winds of Change
		Paschim Medinipur: Land Reforms and Land Acquisition
			Background
			The Politico-Economic Consequences of Land Acquisition
			The Study Area
			Selection of Households
			Consequences
		Land Acquisition Without any Industry: the Case of Century Textiles
		Land to and from the Poor
		Conclusion
		Note
		References
	Chapter 8: Implementation of Economic Rehabilitation Plan
		Introduction
			Brief Background of Project
				Sampling Methodology
				The Approach
				SWOT Analysis
				Lessons Learnt
	Chapter 9: Gender Issues in State Road Projects
		Background
		Impact of Displacement on Women
			Impact on Women in UPSRP
			Female-Headed Family
				Demographic Characteristics of Women in All Family Types in the Project Area
				Distribution of Women by Family Type
				Social Stratification
				Marital Status
			Distribution of Women by Age Group Classification
			Literacy Levels
				Women’s Role in Household Economy
				Time Disposition
				Decision-Making Power Among Women PAPs
			Impact of Developmental Activities on Women
		Participation of Women in the Project
			Women Involvement in Development Process Through Employment
			Involvement of Women in Construction Activities of UPSRP
			Specific Provisions in the Construction Camp for Women
				Temporary Housing
				Health Centre
				Day Crèche Facilities
				Proper Scheduling of Construction Works
				Education Facilities
			Control on Child Labour
			Special Measures for Controlling STDs and HIV/AIDS
			Recommended Actions
			Women’s Interaction with Other Stakeholders
				Possible Areas of Women’s Involvement
				Women as Managers in the NGOs
				Women as Members of the Consultants’ Teams
		Notes
	Chapter 10: Compliance and Reconciliation in Linear Projects
		Introduction
		Encroachment, Acquisition and Displacement in Linear Projects: APSHP
		R&R Policy and Systems in APSHP
			Policy Provisions
			R&R Systems
		R&R Implementation
			Positive and Best Practices
				Positive Attitude and Fast Decision-Making Process of Top Management
			R&R Systems and Procedures
				Innovative, Flexible and Adaptive Practicesby Field Personnel
				Active and Intimate Association of Implementers with PAPs
		Areas of Concern and Suggestions for Improvement
			Periodic Orientation on R&R
			Continuity of the Key Project Staff
			Constitution of Committee Members
			Construction of Free Houses Through RBD
			Land Acquisition
			Inter Departmental Coordination
			Involving Professional NGOs
			Grievance Redressal Mechanism
				Management Information System
				Concerns of Women
			Limited Employment Opportunities
		Conclusion
		Notes
Section III: Relocation and Social Disarticulation
	Chapter 11: Transhumant Pastoralists to Sedentary Farmers
		Introduction
		Relocation in the Conservation Scenario
			General Pattern
			The Study Area
		A Profile of the Gujjar Community
			Livestock Population Demography
			Income Patterns
			Migration Patterns
		The Gujjar Relocation Experience
		Conclusion
		Notes
		References
	Chapter 12: Impact of Displacement on Forest Dwellers
		Introduction
		Desired Role of Government for R&R
			‘Good Governance’ Versus ‘Governmentality’
		Articulating Rights of the Displaced Persons for Better R&R
			Policy-Making for R&R
		Research Methodology: Related Issues
		Pastoral Families of Gir Forest and a Decade of Rehabilitation
			Living Conditions of Pastoral Families at the Resettlement Colony (RC)
			Impact on the Families
			Impact on Castes and Community
			Impact on Women
		Conclusion
		Notes
		References
	Chapter 13: Livelihood Restoration of the Displaced
		Introduction
			Magnitude of Displacement and Resettlement
			Methods of Study
		Displaced People and their Livelihood Restoration Status
			Land Holding Status
			Access to Common Property Resources
			Access to Health Care Facilities and Health Status
			Social Disarticulation
			Status of Food Security
			Employment Opportunities
			House Ownership and Housing Condition
			Access to Education
			Status of Marginalization
			Income Level and Access to Credit Institution
			The Host and the Resettlers
		Critical Factors Responsible Fornon-Restortion of Livelihoods
			Land-Holding Size
			Access to Common Property Resources
			Access to Health Care Facilities and Health Status
			Social Disarticulation
			Status of Food Security
			Employment Opportunities
			House Ownership
			Access to Education
			Status of Marginalization
			Income Level and Access to Credit Institutions
		Suggested Strategies for Sustainable Livelihood Restoration
		Note
		References
	Chapter 14: Corporate Social Responsibility for Development
		Introduction
			Nathpa Jhakri Hydroelectric Power Project: Salient Features
		Resettlement and Rehabilitation Policy
			Implementation of R&R Entitlements
			Definition of ‘Family’ for the Purpose of Extension of R&R Benefits
			Resettlement of Landless Families
			Resettlement of Houseless Families
			Resettlement of Shopkeepers
			Employment to Members of Landless Families
			Resettlement of Families Provided Cash Compensation
			Income Generation Schemes
			Mobile Health Unit and Hospital
			Improvement of Educational Facilities
			Small Infrastructure Facilities
			Merit Scholarship Scheme for the Wards of PAFs
			Infrastructural Facilities and other Aids to School
			Compensation of Blast Damages
			Scheme for Restoration of Water Sources
			Impact Assessment of Resettlement Implementation
			Lessons Learnt
Select Bibliography
About the Editors and Contributors
Index