The Doctrines of US Security Policy: An Evaluation under International Law

Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
CONTENTS......Page 7
PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 9
ABBREVIATIONS......Page 15
1 Introduction......Page 19
1.1 Doctrines and public international law......Page 21
1.2 Objective of this work......Page 25
1.3 Course of the inquiry......Page 26
1.4 Historical dynamics of the theme......Page 28
1.5 Dogmatic question und methodology......Page 29
1.6 Limits of this work......Page 35
2.1 TheMonroe Doctrine......Page 43
2.1.1 Central ideas of the original Monroe Doctrine......Page 44
2.1.2 Phases of the Monroe Doctrine......Page 47
2.1.2.1 The defensive–isolationist phase of the Monroe Doctrine......Page 48
2.1.2.2 The Monroe Doctrine as an instrument for a US-American claim of hegemony......Page 50
2.1.2.3 The multilateralisation phase of the Monroe Doctrine......Page 52
2.1.3.1 Evaluation of the Monroe Doctrine under international law until the beginning of the multilateralisation phase......Page 56
2.1.3.2 The legal nature of the Monroe Doctrine......Page 60
2.1.3.4 The Monroe Doctrine and the UN Charter......Page 86
2.1.3.5 The Monroe Doctrine and the inter-American system......Page 92
2.1.4 Geographical extent of the Monroe Doctrine......Page 96
2.1.5 The so-called Monroe Doctrines of other states......Page 98
2.1.6 Conclusion......Page 100
2.2 The Stimson Doctrine......Page 101
2.2.1 The Stimson Doctrine as doctrine of US security policy......Page 103
2.2.2 The Stimson Doctrine within the context of US policy in China: the Open Door Principle......Page 104
2.2.3.1 Questions of law connected with the Stimson Doctrine......Page 107
2.2.3.2 The understanding of the Briand–Kellogg Pact on which the Stimson Doctrine is based......Page 108
2.2.3.3 Transformation of the Stimson Doctrine into a rule of law and acceptance of the ius ad bellum assumed in the doctrine......Page 113
2.2.4 Conclusion......Page 116
3.1 The Truman Doctrine......Page 118
3.1.1 The Truman Doctrine according to the speech of 12 March 1947......Page 119
3.1.1.1 Statements on the legality of the use of force within the context of the Truman Doctrine......Page 120
3.1.1.2 Use of force in terms of the Truman Doctrine as a unilateral enforcement of the collective will: ‘giving effect to the principles’......Page 124
3.1.2.1 Criteria of the Truman Doctrine for the use of force......Page 126
3.1.2.2 The Truman Doctrine and ‘indirect aggression’......Page 129
3.1.3 Legalisation of the Truman Doctrine......Page 132
3.1.3.1 The NATO Treaty as legalisation of the Truman Doctrine......Page 134
3.1.3.2 The SEATO Treaty as legalisation of the Truman Doctrine......Page 136
3.1.4 Conclusion......Page 137
3.2 The Eisenhower Doctrine......Page 139
3.2.1 The Eisenhower Doctrine according to the speech of 5 January 1957......Page 140
3.2.2.1 Criteria of the Eisenhower Doctrine for the use of force......Page 141
3.2.2.2 Statements on the legality of the use of force within the context of the Eisenhower Doctrine......Page 143
3.2.2.3 Evaluation of the cases of the use of force foreseen in the Eisenhower Doctrine under international law......Page 144
3.2.3 Legalisation of the Eisenhower Doctrine......Page 146
3.2.4 Conclusion......Page 148
3.3.1 Principles of the Johnson Doctrine according to the speech of 2 May 1965......Page 149
3.3.2 Use of the term ‘Johnson Doctrine’......Page 150
3.3.3 The Johnson Doctrine as a corollary to the Monroe Doctrine......Page 153
3.3.4 Parallels of the Johnson Doctrine and Brezhnev Doctrine......Page 155
3.3.5 Conclusion......Page 159
3.4 The Nixon Doctrine......Page 160
3.4.2 Principles of the Nixon Doctrine for the use of force......Page 161
3.4.2.1 Criteria of the Nixon Doctrine for the use of force......Page 162
3.4.2.2 Evaluation of the cases of foreseen use of force according to the Nixon Doctrine under international law......Page 164
3.4.3 The ‘New Pacific Doctrine’ or Ford Doctrine......Page 168
3.4.4 Conclusion......Page 169
3.5 The so-called Carter Doctrine......Page 170
3.6 The Reagan Doctrine......Page 173
3.6.1 The Reagan Doctrine according to the speech of 6 February 1985......Page 174
3.6.2.1 Statements on the legality of the use of force in the context of the Reagan Doctrine......Page 175
3.6.2.2 Criteria of the Reagan Doctrine for the use of force......Page 176
3.6.2.3 Evaluation of the principles of the Reagan Doctrine for the use of force under international law......Page 180
3.6.3 Conclusion......Page 187
4.1 The so-called doctrines of the 1990s......Page 190
4.1.1 The so-called Bush Senior Doctrine......Page 191
4.1.2 The so-called Powell Doctrine......Page 192
4.1.3 The so-called Clinton Doctrine......Page 194
4.2 The Bush Doctrine......Page 197
4.2.1 The Bush Doctrine according to the NSS of 17 September 2002......Page 198
4.2.1.1 Criteria of the Bush Doctrine for the use of force......Page 200
4.2.1.2 Statements on the legality of the use of force in the context of the Bush Doctrine......Page 202
4.2.2 Evaluation of the Bush Doctrine under international law......Page 203
4.2.2.1 Continued validity of the prohibition of force beyond 11 September 2001......Page 205
4.2.2.2 The Bush Doctrine and the right of self-defence......Page 207
4.2.2.3 The Bush Doctrine and the previous legal opinion of the United States on preventive self-defence......Page 225
4.2.3 Law-changing elements of the Bush Doctrine......Page 229
4.2.3.1 Attempt at establishing unilateral authority to act through the Bush Doctrine?......Page 230
4.2.3.2 The Bush Doctrine as a demand for sovereignty reinforced by sanctions?......Page 236
4.2.4 Conclusion......Page 239
4.3 The ‘Obama Doctrine’?......Page 242
4.3.1 Changes in the political debate: an emerging ‘Obama Doctrine’?......Page 244
4.3.2 Changes in the legal debate......Page 250
4.3.3 Changes in the debate among international relations scholars......Page 253
4.3.4 Conclusion......Page 255
5.1.1 The subjectivity of the evaluation of doctrines under international law......Page 258
5.1.2 Differences in evaluation due to a differing understanding of the content of doctrines......Page 259
5.1.3.1 Conformity of doctrines with international law prior to the UN Charter......Page 261
5.1.3.2 Conformity of doctrines with the UN Charter......Page 262
5.2 Law-creating effects of doctrines......Page 264
5.2.1 Limits of legalisation of doctrines......Page 265
5.2.2 Doctrines and the power of defining the legality of an action......Page 266
5.2.3 Doctrines and treaty obligations of the United States......Page 268
5.2.4 Doctrines as claims for rules sui generis......Page 269
5.3 The legal nature of the doctrines of US security policy......Page 274
5.4 Doctrines under different polarities of the international system......Page 275
5.5 Final remarks......Page 277
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 282
INDEX......Page 319