The Djief Hunters Modern Quaternary Research of Southeast Asia 17 26,000 Years of Rainforest Exploitation on the Bird's Head of Papua, Indonesia (Modern Quaternary Research in Southeast Asia)

Book Cover......Page 1
Half-Title......Page 2
Title......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
List of Figures......Page 9
List of Tables......Page 14
Preface......Page 18
Acknowledgements......Page 20
1.1. ORIGIN OF THE PROJECT......Page 22
1.2.1. European discovery, exploration and colonial history......Page 24
1.2.2. Early scientific explorations......Page 25
1.2.3. Previous archaeological research in the region......Page 26
1.3. RESEARCH CONTEXT AND OB JECTIVES......Page 30
2.1. THE RESEARCH AREA: NATURAL ENVIRONMENT......Page 33
2.2. THE RESEARCH AREA: CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT......Page 36
2.3. FIELD SURVEY......Page 39
2.4. EXCAVATION METHODS......Page 40
2.5.1. Stratigraphy......Page 41
Preservation of organic and inorganic material......Page 42
Preservation of animal bone......Page 43
Preservation of stone......Page 44
2.5.4. Dating......Page 45
3.1. DESCRIPTION OF THE CAVE......Page 48
3.2. EXCAVATION IN KRIA CAVE......Page 49
3.3. OCCUPATION HISTORY OF KRIA CAVE......Page 50
3.3.2. Vertical distribution of cultural material......Page 51
Molluscan shell......Page 53
Avian eggshell......Page 54
Botanic remains......Page 55
Bone artefacts......Page 56
Ochre......Page 57
Post-depositional damage of bone......Page 58
Bone density......Page 60
Heating of chert......Page 61
Fragmentation of chert......Page 62
Weathering of chert......Page 63
Chert density......Page 64
3.3.4. Identification of stratigraphic units......Page 67
3.3.6. Horizontal distribution......Page 68
3.3.7. Dating......Page 69
3.4. CONCLUSION......Page 73
4.2. EXCAVATION IN TOÉ CAVE......Page 75
4.3.1. Stratigraphy......Page 76
4.3.2. Vertical distribution of cultural material......Page 77
Faunal remains......Page 78
Human bone......Page 79
Avian eggshell......Page 80
Pottery......Page 81
Post-depositional damage of bone......Page 82
Bone density......Page 83
Fragmentation of chert......Page 84
Weathering of chert......Page 85
4.3.4. Identification of stratigraphical units......Page 86
4.3.6. Horizontal distribution......Page 87
4.3.7. Dating......Page 88
4.4. CONCLUSION......Page 92
5.2. METHODS......Page 112
5.2.1. Technology......Page 113
5.2.2. Function......Page 115
5.2.3. Typology......Page 116
5.3. THE LITHIC ASSEMBLAGE FROM TOE CAVE......Page 117
5.3.1. Stone-working technology......Page 118
5.3.2. Functional aspects......Page 126
5.4. THE LITHIC ASSEMBLAGE FROM KRIA CAVE......Page 130
5.4.1. Technological aspects......Page 132
5.4.2. Functional aspects......Page 138
5.5. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION......Page 142
6.1. INTRODUCTION......Page 148
6.2.1. Descriptive terminology......Page 149
6.2.2. Measurements......Page 153
6.3.1. Distribution of major classes of bone artefacts......Page 154
Raw material and manufacturing......Page 155
Metrical analysis of bipoints......Page 157
Comparison of complete and broken bipoints......Page 161
Use-related damage of bipoints......Page 162
Use-related breakage of bipoints......Page 164
Possible bipoint fragments......Page 166
Possible unfinished bipoints......Page 167
Raw material and manufacture......Page 169
Metrical analysis of unipoints......Page 170
Association of fragmentary shaft artefacts......Page 171
Use-related breakage of unipoints......Page 172
6.3.4. Kria Cave utilised teeth......Page 174
6.5. DISCUSSION......Page 177
Bipoints......Page 179
Unipoints......Page 182
6.5.2. Raw material selection......Page 183
6.5.3. Manufacturing, use and discard......Page 184
6.5.4. Evidence for resharpening?......Page 185
6.5.5. Comparison between Kria and Toé Cave: contrasting patterns of site use?......Page 186
6.5.6. Wider comparisons......Page 187
6.6. CONCLUSION......Page 188
7.1. INTRODUCTION......Page 190
Macrobotanical remains......Page 191
Vertebrate bone......Page 192
7.3. THE ORGANIC ASSEMBLAGES FROM BOTH SITES......Page 194
Molluscs......Page 195
Vertebrates......Page 198
Kria Cave......Page 201
Toe Cave......Page 205
Comparison of vertebrate faunal assemblages across space and time......Page 207
7.4.1. Quantifying the pattern of faunal exploitation......Page 212
7.4.2. Interpreting the changing pattern of faunal exploitation......Page 221
7.4.3. Is there evidence for selective exploitation of Dorcopsis?......Page 223
7.5. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION......Page 224
8.2. OPTIMAL FORAGING THEORY AND ITS IMPLICATIONS......Page 231
8.3. ECOLOGY OF DORCOPSIS MUELLERI......Page 232
8.4.1. Estimating the Minimum Number of Individuals based on body parts......Page 234
8.4.2. Estimating the Minimum Number of Indivduals based on bone weight......Page 236
8.5. POPULATION STRUCTURE OF DORCOPSIS MUELLERI......Page 242
8.5.2. Methods of sex determination......Page 243
8.5.3. Sex ratio of the prehistoric Dorcopsis samples......Page 247
8.5.4. Methods of age determination......Page 248
Dental eruption......Page 251
Molar progression......Page 252
Tooth wear......Page 255
8.5.5. Relationship of dental age to important life history parameters......Page 259
8.5.6. Age structure of the prehistoric Dorcopsis sample from Kria Cave......Page 262
8.5.7. Age structure of the prehistoric Dorcopsis sample from Toé Cave......Page 267
8.5.8. Interpretation of the age structures of the prehistoric Dorcopsis samples......Page 270
8.6. BODY PART REPRESENTATION AND FRAGMENTATION......Page 275
8.6.1. Body part representation......Page 276
8.6.2. Burning patterns of the Dorcopsis remains from Kria Cave......Page 280
8.6.3. Fragmentation of the Kria Cave Dorcopsis remains......Page 282
8.7. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION......Page 284
9.1. INTRODUCTION......Page 299
9.2. FAUNAL CHANGE IN THE KRIA CAVE SEQUENCE......Page 300
9.3. FAUNAL CHANGE IN THE TOÉ CAVE SEQUENCE......Page 306
9.4. FAUNAL SUCCESSION AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE ON THE AYAMARU PLATEAU......Page 309
9.5. LATE PLEISTOCENE TO HOLOCENE ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE IN WESTERN NEW GUINEA......Page 315
9.6. WIDER COMPARISONS AND IMPLICATIONS......Page 318
9.7. CONCLUSION......Page 320
10. Discussion and Conclusion......Page 321
Summary......Page 333
Abstrak......Page 337
References......Page 341
2. KRIA CAVE......Page 359
3. TOE CAVE......Page 366
4. POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS OF THE HUMAN MATERIAL FROM KRIA AND TOE CAVES......Page 373
REFERENCES......Page 376
2. METHODS......Page 378
3. DESCRIPTION OF FRUITS......Page 379
REFERENCES......Page 382
Appendix 3: Local Knowledge of Various Vertebrate Species in the Ayamaru Region......Page 383
2. DENDROLAGUS INUSTUS (GRIZZLED TREE-KANGAROO)......Page 384
3. DORCOPSIS MUELLERI (BROWN DORCOPSIS)......Page 385
4. SPILOCUSCUS MACULATUS (COMMON SPOTTED CUSCUS, albino)......Page 386
5. SPILOCUSCUS MACULATUS (COMMON SPOTTED CUSCUS)......Page 387
6. PHALANGER SP. P. orientalis (Northern Common Cuscus) or P. gymnotis (Ground Cuscus)......Page 388
7. DACTYLOPSILA TRIVIRGATA (STRIPED POSSUM)......Page 389
8. DOBSONIA MAGNA (GREAT BARE-BACKED FRUITBAT)......Page 390
Een Fabel over de Djief, Swi, Ames en Kadjo A Fable About the Djief, Swi, Ames and Kadjo Elimas Kambuaya SMP1 school teacher, Ayamaru......Page 392
MODERN QUATERNARY RESEARCH IN SOUTHEAST ASIA (MQR)......Page 396
Index......Page 399