The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology, 10e

Cover
Contributors
Preface
Acknowledgments
Table of Contents
1 Introduction to Human Development
	Developmental Periods
		Stages of Embryonic Development
		Postnatal Period
		Infancy
		Childhood
		Puberty
		Adulthood
	Significance of Embryology
	Historical Gleanings
		Ancient Views of Human Embryology
		Embryology in the Middle Ages
		The Renaissance
	Genetics and Human Development
	Molecular Biology of Human Development
	Human Biokinetic Embryology
	Descriptive Terms in Embryology
	Clinically Oriented Problems
	Bibliography and Suggested Reading
2 First Week of Human Development
	Gametogenesis
	Meiosis
	Spermatogenesis
	Oogenesis
		Prenatal Maturation of Oocytes
		Postnatal Maturation of Oocytes
	Comparison of Gametes
	Uterus, Uterine Tubes, and Ovaries
		Uterus
		Uterine Tubes
		Ovaries
	Female Reproductive Cycles
	Ovarian Cycle
		Follicular Development
		Ovulation
		Corpus Luteum
	Menstrual Cycle
		Phases of Menstrual Cycle
			Menstrual Phase
			Proliferative Phase
			Luteal Phase
			Ischemia
			Pregnancy
	Transportation of Gametes
		Oocyte Transport
		Sperm Transport
	Maturation of Sperms
	Viability of Gametes
	Sequence of Fertilization
		Phases of Fertilization
		Fertilization
	Cleavage of Zygote
	Formation of Blastocyst
	Summary of First Week
	Clinically Oriented Problems
	Bibliography and Suggested Reading
3 Second Week of Human Development
	Completion of Implantation of Blastocyst
	Formation of Amniotic Cavity, Embryonic Disc, and Umbilical Vesicle
	Development of Chorionic Sac
	Implantation Sites of Blastocysts
	Summary of Implantation
	Summary of Second Week
	Clinically Oriented Problems
		Case 3–1
		Case 3–2
		Case 3–3
		Case 3–4
		Case 3–5
	Bibliography and Suggested Reading
4 Third Week of Human Development
	Gastrulation: Formation of Germ Layers
	Primitive Streak
		Fate of Primitive Streak
	Notochordal Process and Notochord
	Allantois
	Neurulation: Formation of Neural Tube
		Neural Plate and Neural Tube
		Neural Crest Formation
	Development of Somites
	Development of Intraembryonic Coelom
	Early Development of Cardiovascular System
		Vasculogenesis and Angiogenesis
		Primordial Cardiovascular System
	Development of Chorionic Villi
	Summary of Third Week
	Clinically Oriented Problems
		Case 4–1
		Case 4–2
		Case 4–3
		Case 4–4
		Case 4–5
	Bibliography and Suggested Reading
5 Fourth to Eighth Weeks of Human Development
	Phases of Embryonic Development
	Folding of Embryo
		Folding of Embryo in the Median Plane
			Head Fold
			Tail Fold
		Folding of Embryo in the Horizontal Plane
	Germ Layer Derivatives
	Control of Embryonic Development
	Highlights of Fourth to Eighth Weeks
		Fourth Week
		Fifth Week
		Sixth Week
		Seventh Week
		Eighth Week
	Estimation of Embryonic Age
	Summary of Fourth to Eighth Weeks
	Clinically Oriented Problems
		Case 5–1
		Case 5–2
		Case 5–3
		Case 5–4
	Bibliography and Suggested Reading
6 Fetal Period: Ninth Week to Birth
	Estimation of Fetal Age
		Trimesters of Pregnancy
		Measurements and Characteristics of Fetuses
	Highlights of Fetal Period
		Nine to Twelve Weeks
		Thirteen to Sixteen Weeks
		Seventeen to Twenty Weeks
		Twenty-One to Twenty-Five Weeks
		Twenty-Six to Twenty-Nine Weeks
		Thirty to Thirty-Four Weeks
		Thirty-Five to Thirty-Eight Weeks
	Expected Date of Delivery
	Factors Influencing Fetal Growth
		Cigarette Smoking
		Multiple Pregnancy
		Alcohol and Illicit Drugs
		Impaired Uteroplacental and Fetoplacental Blood Flow
		Genetic Factors and Growth Retardation
	Procedures for Assessing Fetal Status
		Ultrasonography
		Diagnostic Amniocentesis
		Alpha-Fetoprotein Assay
		Spectrophotometric Studies
		Chorionic Villus Sampling
		Cell Cultures and Chromosomal Analysis
		Noninvasive Prenatal Diagnosis
		Fetal Transfusion
		Fetoscopy
		Percutaneous Umbilical Cord Blood Sampling
		Magnetic Resonance Imaging
		Fetal Monitoring
	Summary of Fetal Period
	Clinically Oriented Problems
		Case 6–1
		Case 6–2
		Case 6–3
		Case 6–4
		Case 6–5
		Case 6–6
	Bibliography and Suggested Reading
7 Placenta and Fetal Membranes
	Placenta
		Decidua
		Development of Placenta
		Placental Circulation
			Fetal Placental Circulation
			Maternal Placental Circulation
		Placental Membrane
		Functions of Placenta
			Placental Metabolism
			Placental Transfer
			Transfer of Gases
			Nutritional Substances
			Hormones
			Electrolytes
			Maternal Antibodies and Proteins
			Waste Products
			Drugs and Drug Metabolites
			Infectious Agents
		Placental Endocrine Synthesis and Secretion
		The Placenta as an Allograft*
		The Placenta as an Invasive Tumor-like Structure
		Uterine Growth during Pregnancy
	Parturition
		Stages of Labor
		Placenta and Fetal Membranes after Birth
		Maternal Surface of Placenta
		Fetal Surface of Placenta
		Umbilical Cord
		Amnion and Amniotic Fluid
			Amniotic Fluid
			Circulation of Amniotic Fluid
			Composition of Amniotic Fluid
			Significance of Amniotic Fluid
	Umbilical Vesicle
		Significance of Umbilical Vesicle
		Fate of Umbilical Vesicle
	Allantois
	Multiple Pregnancies
		Twins and Fetal Membranes
		Dizygotic Twins
		Monozygotic Twins
		Other Types of Multiple Births
	Summary of Placenta and Fetal Membranes
	Neonatal Period
	Clinically Oriented Problems
		Case 7–1
		Case 7–2
		Case 7–3
		Case 7–4
		Case 7–5
	Bibliography and Suggested Reading
8 Body Cavities, Mesenteries, and Diaphragm
	Embryonic Body Cavity
		Mesenteries
		Division of Embryonic Body Cavity
			Pleuropericardial Membranes
			Pleuroperitoneal Membranes
	Development of Diaphragm
		Septum Transversum
		Pleuroperitoneal Membranes
		Dorsal Mesentery of Esophagus
		Muscular Ingrowth from Lateral Body Walls
		Positional Changes and Innervation of Diaphragm
	Summary of Development of Body Cavities, Mesenteries, and Diaphragm
	Clinically Oriented Problems
		Case 8–1
		Case 8–2
		Case 8–3
		Case 8–4
	Bibliography and Suggested Reading
9 Pharyngeal Apparatus, Face, and Neck
	Pharyngeal Arches
		Pharyngeal Arch Components
			Fate of Pharyngeal Arches
			Derivatives of Pharyngeal Arch Cartilages
			Derivatives of Pharyngeal Arch Muscles
			Derivatives of Pharyngeal Arch Nerves
	Pharyngeal Pouches
		Derivatives of Pharyngeal Pouches
			First Pharyngeal Pouch
			Second Pharyngeal Pouch
			Third Pharyngeal Pouch
			Histogenesis of Thymus
			Fourth Pharyngeal Pouch
			Histogenesis of Parathyroid and Thyroid Glands
	Pharyngeal Grooves
	Pharyngeal Membranes
	Development of Thyroid Gland
		Histogenesis of Thyroid Gland
	Development of Tongue
		Lingual Papillae and Taste Buds
		Nerve Supply of Tongue
	Development of Salivary Glands
	Development of Face
	Development of Nasal Cavities
		Paranasal Sinuses
			Vomeronasal Organ
	Development of Palate
		Primary Palate
		Secondary Palate
	Summary of Pharyngeal Apparatus, Face, and Neck
	Clinically Oriented Problems
		Case 9–1
		Case 9–2
		Case 9–3
		Case 9–4
		Case 9–5
	Bibliography and Suggested Reading
10 Respiratory System
	Respiratory Primordium
	Development of Larynx
	Development of Trachea
	Development of Bronchi and Lungs
		Maturation of Lungs
			Pseudoglandular Stage (5 to 17 Weeks)
			Canalicular Stage (16 to 25 Weeks)
			Terminal Sac Stage (24 Weeks to Late Fetal Period)
			Alveolar Stage (Late Fetal Period to 8 Years)
	Summary of Respiratory System
	Clinically Oriented Problems
		Case 10–1
		Case 10–2
		Case 10–3
		Case 10–4
	Bibliography and Suggested Reading
11 Alimentary System
	Foregut
		Development of Esophagus
		Development of Stomach
			Rotation of Stomach
			Mesenteries of Stomach
		Omental Bursa
		Development of Duodenum
		Development of Liver and Biliary Apparatus
			Ventral Mesentery
		Development of Pancreas
			Histogenesis of Pancreas
		Development of Spleen
	Midgut
		Herniation of Midgut Loop
		Rotation of Midgut Loop
		Retraction of Intestinal Loops
			Fixation of Intestines
		Cecum and Appendix
	Hindgut
		Cloaca
			Partitioning of the Cloaca
		Anal Canal
	Summary of Alimentary System
	Clinically Oriented Problems
		Case 11–1
		Case 11–2
		Case 11–3
		Case 11–4
		Case 11–5
	Bibliography and Suggested Reading
12 Urogenital System
	Development of Urinary System
		Development of Kidneys and Ureters
			Pronephroi
			Mesonephroi
			Metanephroi
			Positional Changes of Kidneys
			Changes in Blood Supply of Kidneys
		Development of Urinary Bladder
		Development of Urethra
	Development of Suprarenal Glands
	Development of Genital System
		Development of Gonads
			Indifferent Gonads
			Primordial Germ Cells
			Sex Determination
			Development of Testes
			Development of Ovaries
		Development of Genital Ducts
		Development of Male Genital Ducts and Glands
			Seminal Glands
			Prostate
			Bulbourethral Glands
		Development of Female Genital Ducts and Glands
			Female Auxiliary Genital Glands
		Development of Vagina
			Vestigial Remains of Embryonic Genital Ducts
	Development of External Genitalia
		Development of Male External Genitalia
		Development of Female External Genitalia
	Development of Inguinal Canals
	Relocation of Testes and Ovaries
		Testicular Descent
		Ovarian Descent
	Summary of Urogenital System
	Clinically Oriented Problems
		Case 12–1
		Case 12–2
		Case 12–3
		Case 12–4
		Case 12–5
		Case 12–6
	Bibliography and Suggested Reading
13 Cardiovascular System
	Early Development of Heart and Blood Vessels
		Development of Veins Associated with Embryonic Heart
			Development of Inferior Vena Cava
			Pharyngeal Arch Arteries and Other Branches of Dorsal Aortae
			Intersegmental Arteries
		Fate of Vitelline and Umbilical Arteries
	Later Development of Heart
		Circulation through Primordial Heart
		Partitioning of Primordial Heart
			Partitioning of Atrioventricular Canal
			Partitioning of Primordial Atrium
		Changes in Sinus Venosus
			Primordial Pulmonary Vein and Formation of Left Atrium
			Partitioning of Primordial Ventricle
			Partitioning of Bulbus Cordis and Truncus Arteriosus
			Development of Cardiac Valves
		Conducting System of Heart
	Birth Defects of Heart and Great Vessels
	Derivatives of Pharyngeal Arch Arteries
		Derivatives of First Pair of Pharyngeal Arch Arteries
		Derivatives of Second Pair of Pharyngeal Arch Arteries
		Derivatives of Third Pair of Pharyngeal Arch Arteries
		Derivatives of Fourth Pair of Pharyngeal Arch Arteries
		Fate of Fifth Pair of Pharyngeal Arch Arteries
		Derivatives of Sixth Pair of Pharyngeal Arch Arteries
		Pharyngeal Arch Arterial Birth Defects
	Fetal and Neonatal Circulation
		Fetal Circulation
		Transitional Neonatal Circulation
		Derivatives of Fetal Vessels and Structures
			Umbilical Vein and Round Ligament of Liver
			Ductus Venosus and Ligamentum Venosum
			Umbilical Arteries and Abdominal Ligaments
			Foramen Ovale and Oval Fossa
			Ductus Arteriosus and Ligamentum Arteriosum
	Development of Lymphatic System
		Development of Lymph Sacs and Lymphatic Ducts
		Development of Thoracic Duct
		Development of Lymph Nodes
		Development of Lymphocytes
		Development of Spleen and Tonsils
	Summary of Cardiovascular System
	Clinically Oriented Problems
		Case 13–1
		Case 13–2
		Case 13–3
		Case 13–4
		Case 13–5
	Bibliography and Suggested Reading
14 Skeletal System
	Development of Bone and Cartilage
		Histogenesis of Cartilage
		Histogenesis of Bone
		Intramembranous Ossification
		Endochondral Ossification
	Development of Joints
		Fibrous Joints
		Cartilaginous Joints
		Synovial Joints
	Development of Axial Skeleton
		Development of Vertebral Column
			Cartilaginous Stage of Vertebral Development
			Bony Stage of Vertebral Development
		Development of Ribs
		Development of Sternum
		Development of Cranium
			Cartilaginous Neurocranium
			Membranous Neurocranium
			Cartilaginous Viscerocranium
			Membranous Viscerocranium
		Cranium of Neonate
		Postnatal Growth of Cranium
	Development of Appendicular Skeleton
	Summary of Skeletal System
	Clinically Oriented Problems
		Case 14-1
		Case 14-2
		Case 14-3
		Case 14-4
		Case 14-5
	Bibliography and Suggested Reading
15 Muscular System
	Development of Skeletal Muscle
		Myotomes
		Pharyngeal Arch Muscles
		Ocular Muscles
		Tongue Muscles
		Limb Muscles
	Development of Smooth Muscle
	Development of Cardiac Muscle
	Summary of Muscular System
	Clinically Oriented Problems
		Case 15–1
		Case 15–2
		Case 15–3
		Case 15–4
	Bibliography and Suggested Reading
16 Development of Limbs
	Early Stages of Limb Development
	Final Stages of Limb Development
		Cutaneous Innervation of Limbs
		Blood Supply of Limbs
	Birth Defects of Limbs
	Summary of Limb Development
	Clinically Oriented Problems
		Case 16–1
		Case 16–2
		Case 16–3
		Case 16–4
	Bibliography and Suggested Reading
17 Nervous System
	Development of Nervous System
	Development of Spinal Cord
		Development of Spinal Ganglia
		Development of Spinal Meninges
		Positional Changes of Spinal Cord
		Myelination of Nerve Fibers
	Development of Brain
		Brain Flexures
		Hindbrain
			Myelencephalon
			Metencephalon
		Choroid Plexuses and Cerebrospinal Fluid
		Midbrain
		Forebrain
			Diencephalon
			Telencephalon
			Cerebral Commissures
	Birth Defects of Brain
	Development of Peripheral Nervous System
		Spinal Nerves
		Cranial Nerves
			Somatic Efferent Cranial Nerves
			Nerves of Pharyngeal Arches
			Special Sensory Nerves
	Development of Autonomic Nervous System
		Sympathetic Nervous System
		Parasympathetic Nervous System
	Summary of Nervous System
	Clinically Oriented Problems
		Case 17–1
		Case 17–2
		Case 17–3
		Case 17–4
		Case 17–5
	Bibliography and Suggested Reading
18 Development of Eyes and Ears
	Development of Eyes and Related Structures
		Retina
		Ciliary Body
		Iris
		Lens
		Aqueous Chambers
		Cornea
		Choroid and Sclera
		Eyelids
		Lacrimal Glands
	Development of Ears
		Internal Ears
		Middle Ears
		External Ears
	Summary of Eye Development
	Summary of Ear Development
	Clinically Oriented Problems
		Case 18–1
		Case 18–2
		Case 18–3
		Case 18–4
		Case 18–5
	Bibliography and Suggested Reading
19 Integumentary System
	Development of Skin and Appendages
		Epidermis
		Dermis
		Glands
			Sebaceous Glands
			Sweat Glands
			Mammary Glands
		Hairs
		Nails
		Teeth
			Bud Stage of Tooth Development
			Cap Stage of Tooth Development
			Bell Stage of Tooth Development
			Tooth Eruption
			Variations of Tooth Shape
	Summary of Integumentary System
	Clinically Oriented Problems
		Case 19–1
		Case 19–2
		Case 19–3
		Case 19–4
		Case 19–5
	Bibliography and Suggested Reading
20 Human Birth Defects
	Classification of Birth Defects
	Teratology: Study of Abnormal Development
	Birth Defects Caused by Genetic Factors
		Numeric Chromosomal Abnormalities
			Turner Syndrome
			Trisomy of Autosomes
			Trisomy of Sex Chromosomes
		Structural Chromosomal Abnormalities
			Translocation
			Deletion
		Birth Defects Caused by Mutant Genes
		Developmental Signaling Pathways
	Birth Defects Caused by Environmental Factors
		Principles of Teratogenesis
		Critical Periods of Human Development
			Dose of Drugs or Chemicals
			Genotype of Embryo
		Human Teratogens
			Drugs as Teratogens
				Cigarette smoking
				Alcohol
				Androgens and progestogens
				Antibiotics
				Anticoagulants
				Anticonvulsants
				Antineoplastic agents
				Corticosteroids
				Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors
				Insulin and hypoglycemic drugs
				Retinoic acid
				Analgesics
				Thyroid drugs
				Tranquilizers
				Psychotropic drugs
				Illicit drugs
			Environmental Chemicals as Teratogens
				Organic mercury
				Lead
				Polychlorinated biphenyls
			Infectious Agents as Teratogens
				Congenital rubella
				Cytomegalovirus
				Herpes simplex virus
				Varicella
				Human immunodeficiency virus
				Toxoplasmosis
				Congenital syphilis
			Radiation as a Teratogen
			Ultrasonic Waves
			Maternal Factors as Teratogens
			Mechanical Factors as Teratogens
	Birth Defects Caused by Multifactorial Inheritance
	Summary of Birth Defects
	Clinically Oriented Problems
		Case 20–1
		Case 20–2
		Case 20–3
		Case 20–4
		Case 20–5
	Bibliography and Suggested Reading
21 Common Signaling Pathways Used During Development
	Intercellular Communication
		Gap Junctions
		Cell Adhesion Molecules
			Cadherins
			Immunoglobulin Superfamily
	Morphogens
		Retinoic Acid
		Transforming Growth Factor-β and Bone Morphogenetic Proteins
		Hedgehog
		WNT/β-Catenin Pathway
	Protein Kinases
		Receptor Tyrosine Kinases
			Common Features
			Regulation of Angiogenesis by Receptor Tyrosine Kinases
		Hippo Signaling Pathway
	Notch-Delta Pathway
	Transcription Factors
		HOX Proteins
		PAX Genes
		Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors
	Epigenetics
		Histones
			Histone Acetylation
		Histone Methylation
		DNA Methylation
		MicroRNAs
	Stem Cells: Differentiation Versus Pluripotency
	Summary of Common Signaling Pathways Used during Development
	Bibliography and Suggested Reading
Appendix: Discussion of Clinically Oriented Problems
	Chapter 1
	Chapter 2
	Chapter 3
	Chapter 4
	Chapter 5
	Chapter 6
	Chapter 7
	Chapter 8
	Chapter 9
	Chapter 10
	Chapter 11
	Chapter 12
	Chapter 13
	Chapter 14
	Chapter 15
	Chapter 16
	Chapter 17
	Chapter 18
	Chapter 19
	Chapter 20
Index
	A
	B
	C
	D
	E
	F
	G
	H
	I
	J
	K
	L
	M
	N
	O
	P
	Q
	R
	S
	T
	U
	V
	W
	X
	Y
	Z