The Detection of Deception in Forensic Contexts

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Figures......Page 9
Tables......Page 10
Contributors......Page 12
Part 1 Introduction......Page 13
Aims of the present volume......Page 15
Definition and types of lies......Page 16
The scientific study of deception......Page 17
A brief historical note......Page 18
Structure, content and contributors......Page 21
Readership......Page 22
REFERENCES......Page 23
Part 2 Lie-detection techniques......Page 25
2 Discerning lies from truths: behavioural cues to deception and the indirect pathway of intuition......Page 27
Cues to deception: results from 120 samples......Page 30
Are liars more tense than truth-tellers?......Page 32
Are liars less positive and pleasant than truth-tellers?......Page 33
Are liars less forthcoming than truth-tellers?......Page 34
Do liars tell less compelling tales than truth-tellers?......Page 35
Do lies include fewer ordinary imperfections and unusual contents than truths?......Page 38
Moderators of cues to deception......Page 39
Direct and indirect deception detection......Page 43
REFERENCES......Page 50
3 Statement Validity Analysis and the ‘detection of the truth’......Page 53
Case-file analysis......Page 55
Generation of hypotheses......Page 56
Instruction by others......Page 57
Setting up a diagnostic strategy and deciding upon assessment methods......Page 58
Examination of the witness......Page 59
Criteria-Based Content Analysis......Page 60
Evaluation of CBCA results......Page 64
Analysis of consistency......Page 65
Final judgement of statement credibility......Page 66
Insufficient material......Page 67
Inappropriate interviewing......Page 68
Interrater reliability......Page 69
Conclusions......Page 72
REFERENCES......Page 73
NOTE......Page 75
Judging respondents’ accounts: the meta-meta level......Page 76
Reality monitoring applied to detection of deception......Page 77
Studies with adults......Page 78
Studies with children......Page 85
Individual differences......Page 90
Accuracy of classification using the RM approach......Page 91
Classification accuracy by raters with RM criteria......Page 94
Study 1......Page 97
Study 2......Page 99
Conclusions......Page 102
REFERENCES......Page 104
NOTES......Page 109
Judgement of Memory Characteristics Questionnaire (JMCQ; transl. from Sporer and Kuepper, 1995; items 40 to 43 added by Sporer and Hamilton, 1996)......Page 110
Response sheet for the Judgement of Memory Characteristics Questionnaire (JMCQ; transl. from Sporer and Kuepper, 1995)......Page 113
The psychophysiological detection of deception: an applied psychology with a long history and wide application......Page 115
Current PDD methods and techniques......Page 116
Validity research on the Comparison Question Test (CQT)......Page 120
Controversy regarding the CQT......Page 125
Attitudes of the scientific community towards the CQT......Page 126
Areas of concern......Page 127
Polygraphs in national security......Page 130
Summary......Page 131
REFERENCES......Page 132
NOTES......Page 135
Part 3 Special issues facing a lie-catcher......Page 137
Global incidence of deceit......Page 139
Universality......Page 140
Cross-cultural variation......Page 142
Worldwide beliefs about deception......Page 144
Moral evaluations......Page 145
Beliefs about deception cues......Page 147
Psychology of international deception......Page 149
Relevant research......Page 151
Conclusion......Page 156
REFERENCES......Page 157
7 Coping with suggestion and deception in children’s accounts......Page 160
When investigations miscarry......Page 161
Estimating the incidence......Page 162
Varieties of false reports by children......Page 164
Children’s skills at deception......Page 166
Experiments on suggestion: Ceci and after......Page 169
The memorandum of good practice......Page 172
But do interviewers follow the Memorandum recommendations?......Page 174
Achieving best evidence......Page 175
The use of experts to detect false or misleading reports......Page 176
Conclusions......Page 178
REFERENCES......Page 179
8 True or false: ‘I’d know a false confession\rif I saw one’......Page 184
The pre-interrogation interview......Page 185
The interrogation......Page 189
The narrative confession......Page 193
Towards a more effective safety net......Page 198
Videotaping interrogations: a policy whose time has come......Page 201
REFERENCES......Page 202
9 Crime-related amnesia as a form of deception......Page 207
Types of crime-related amnesia......Page 209
What homicide offenders say......Page 211
What lay people say......Page 217
Dissociative versus feigned amnesia......Page 219
Organic versus feigned amnesia......Page 224
What tests say......Page 225
Symptom Validity Testing......Page 226
Self-report scales......Page 228
Other techniques......Page 229
Searching for and telling about homicidal memories......Page 230
Conclusions......Page 231
REFERENCES......Page 232
NOTE......Page 237
Part 4 Enhancing lie-detection accuracy......Page 239
Beliefs about deception......Page 241
Lay people’s beliefs......Page 242
Practitioners’ beliefs......Page 245
About the origin of false beliefs......Page 248
Creation and perpetuation of wrongful beliefs from a psychological perspective......Page 250
Consequences of wrongful beliefs......Page 252
Intuition and a look ahead......Page 253
To educate one’s intuition and correct wrongful beliefs......Page 254
To detect deception: belief- vs. knowledge-driven processes......Page 257
Summary......Page 258
REFERENCES......Page 259
Focusing on certain cues......Page 263
Parole officers......Page 271
Facial appearance......Page 273
Problems for training......Page 275
Confidence......Page 276
Conclusion......Page 277
REFERENCES......Page 278
12 The wizards of deception detection......Page 281
The Emotion Deception Judgement Task......Page 283
The Opinion Deception Judgement Task......Page 284
How were the experts identified?......Page 285
The qualification process......Page 286
Professional experience and accuracy in detecting deception......Page 287
The protocol......Page 289
Limitations of the identification protocol and this report......Page 290
Age......Page 291
Verbal behaviour......Page 292
Habitual practice......Page 293
Other hypotheses......Page 294
The control group......Page 295
REFERENCES......Page 296
NOTES......Page 298
Introduction......Page 299
(1) There is no single obvious sign to deceit like Pinocchio’s\rgrowing nose......Page 302
(2) In order to reveal cues to deceit, liars should experience emotions or cognitive load, or should attempt to control themselves......Page 303
Non-verbal behaviour and deception......Page 305
Verbal behaviour and deception......Page 306
(5) Avoid the Othello-error......Page 309
(7) Attention should be directed at deviations from a person’s ‘Normal’ or usual patterns of behaviour and speech, when these are known. Try to explain the deviations......Page 311
(9) Let the person repeat what he or she has said......Page 313
(11) Be suspicious/on guard......Page 314
(12) Pay attention to speech content and vocal aspects when\rattempting to detect deceit......Page 315
(14) Detecting deceit might be easiest during\rthe first interview......Page 316
(15) Check the information provided......Page 317
REFERENCES......Page 318
NOTES......Page 325
Part 5 Conclusions......Page 327
Combining different methods......Page 329
Implicit lie detection......Page 331
Future challenges......Page 333
Challenge 1......Page 334
Challenge 2......Page 336
Challenge 3......Page 337
Final words......Page 339
REFERENCES......Page 340
Index......Page 343