The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography

Cover......Page 1
Inside Front Cover......Page 2
Title Page......Page 14
Copyright Page......Page 15
Brief Contents......Page 16
Contents......Page 17
Preface......Page 24
Acknowledgments......Page 28
Digital & Print Resources......Page 29
For Students......Page 30
About the Author......Page 31
Dedication......Page 35
1. This Is Geography......Page 37
Introducing Geography......Page 39
Cartography: The Science of Mapmaking......Page 41
Contemporary Geographic Tools......Page 43
Interpreting Maps......Page 45
The Geographic Grid......Page 47
Place: A Unique Location......Page 49
Region: A Unique Area......Page 51
Culture Regions......Page 53
Scale: Global and Local......Page 55
Space: Distribution of Features......Page 57
Space: Cultural Identity......Page 59
Space: Inequality......Page 61
Connections: Diffusion......Page 63
Connections: Spatial Interaction......Page 65
Geography, Sustainability, and Resources......Page 67
Sustainability and Earth’s Physical Systems......Page 69
Geography, Sustainability, and Ecology......Page 71
Sustainable Environmental Change......Page 73
Summary & Review......Page 76
Key Terms......Page 77
2. Population and Health......Page 79
Introducing Population and Health......Page 81
Population Concentrations......Page 83
Population Density......Page 85
Natural Increase......Page 87
Births and Deaths......Page 89
The Demographic Transition......Page 91
Health and Gender......Page 93
Health and Aging......Page 95
Medical Services......Page 97
The Epidemiologic Transition......Page 99
Population and Resources......Page 101
Population Futures......Page 103
Epidemiologic Futures......Page 105
Family Futures......Page 107
Summary & Review......Page 109
Key Terms......Page 110
3. Migration......Page 111
Introducing Migration......Page 113
International Net Migration......Page 115
International and Internal Migration......Page 117
Changing U.S. Immigration......Page 119
Interregional Migration in the United States......Page 121
Interregional Migration in Other Large Countries......Page 123
Intraregional Migration......Page 125
Cultural Reasons for Migrating......Page 127
Environmental Reasons for Migrating......Page 129
Migrating to Find Work......Page 131
Gender and Age of Migrants......Page 133
Government Immigration Policies......Page 135
U.S. Quota Laws......Page 137
U.S.–Mexico Border Issues......Page 139
Europe’s Immigration Crisis......Page 141
Summary & Review......Page 143
Key Terms......Page 144
4. Folk and Popular Culture......Page 145
Introducing Folk and Popular Culture......Page 147
Origin, Diffusion, and Distribution of Folk and Popular Culture......Page 149
Geographic Differences Between Folk and Popular Culture......Page 151
Origin and Diffusion of Folk and Popular Music......Page 153
Origin and Diffusion of Folk and Popular Sports......Page 155
Elements of Material Culture......Page 157
Folk and Popular Clothing......Page 159
Folk Food Customs......Page 161
Popular Food Preferences......Page 163
Folk and Popular Housing......Page 165
Diffusion of TV and Internet......Page 167
Diffusion of Social Media......Page 169
Challenges in Accessing Electronic Media......Page 171
Sustainability Challenges for Folk Culture......Page 173
Sustainability Challenges for Popular Culture......Page 175
Summary & Review......Page 177
Key Terms......Page 178
5. Languages......Page 179
Introducing Languages......Page 181
Language Families......Page 183
Two Largest Language Families......Page 185
Other Large Language Families......Page 187
Distribution of Indo-European Branches......Page 189
Origin and Diffusion of Indo-European......Page 191
Origin and Diffusion of English......Page 193
Global Importance of English......Page 195
Official Languages......Page 197
English Dialects......Page 199
U.S. Dialects......Page 201
Dialect or Language?......Page 203
Multilingual Places......Page 205
Endangered Languages......Page 207
Preserving Languages......Page 209
Isolated and Extinct Languages......Page 211
New and Growing Languages......Page 213
Summary & Review......Page 215
Key Terms......Page 216
6. Religions......Page 217
Introducing Religions......Page 219
Global Distribution of Religions......Page 221
Distribution of Christians......Page 223
Distribution of Muslims and Buddhists......Page 225
Distribution of Ethnic Religions......Page 227
Distribution of Other Religions......Page 229
Origin of Christianity and Islam in Southwest Asia......Page 231
Origin of Buddhism and Hinduism in South Asia......Page 233
Historical Diffusion of Religions......Page 235
Recent Migration of Christians......Page 237
Migration of Muslims and Jews......Page 239
Places of Worship......Page 241
Religious Settlements and Toponyms......Page 243
Administration of Space......Page 245
Sacred Space in Universalizing Religions......Page 247
The Landscape in Ethnic Religions......Page 249
Religious Calendars......Page 251
Challenges for Religions in South and East Asia......Page 253
Challenges for Religions in Central and Southwest Asia......Page 255
Geographic Perspectives in the Middle East......Page 257
Jerusalem’s Challenging Geography......Page 259
Summary & Review......Page 261
Key Terms......Page 262
7. Ethnicities......Page 263
Introducing Ethnicities......Page 265
Ethnicity and Race......Page 267
Distribution of U.S. Ethnicities......Page 269
Ethnic Enclaves......Page 271
Ethnically Complex Brazil......Page 273
International Migration of Ethnicities......Page 275
Internal Migration of African Americans......Page 277
Segregation by Race......Page 279
Ethnicities and Nationalities......Page 281
Dividing Ethnicities......Page 283
Ethnic Diversity in Asia......Page 285
Forced Migration in Europe......Page 287
Ethnic Cleansing in Bosnia & Herzegovina......Page 289
Ethnic Cleansing Elsewhere in the Balkans......Page 291
Ethnic Cleansing and Genocide in Africa......Page 293
Ethnic Cleansing and Genocide in Central Africa......Page 295
Summary & Review......Page 297
Key Terms......Page 298
8. Political Geography......Page 299
Introducing Political Geography......Page 301
Challenges in Defining States......Page 303
Development of States......Page 305
Nation-states and Multinational States......Page 307
Russia: The Largest Multiethnic State......Page 309
Nation-states in the Former Soviet Union......Page 311
Colonies......Page 313
Cultural Boundaries......Page 315
Geometric Boundaries......Page 317
Physical Boundaries......Page 319
Shapes of States......Page 321
Governing States......Page 323
Electoral Geography......Page 325
Geography of Gerrymandering......Page 327
Global Cooperation and Competition......Page 329
Competition and Cooperation in Europe......Page 331
Terrorist Attacks Against the United States......Page 333
Terrorist Organizations......Page 335
State Support for Terrorism......Page 337
Summary & Review......Page 339
Key Terms......Page 340
9. Food and Agriculture......Page 341
Introducing Food and Agriculture......Page 343
Subsistence and Commercial Agriculture......Page 345
Diet and Nutrition......Page 347
Source of Nutrients......Page 349
Agricultural Regions and Climate......Page 351
Subsistence Agriculture in Dry Regions......Page 353
Subsistence Agriculture in Tropical Regions......Page 355
Subsistence Agriculture in Population Concentrations......Page 357
Fishing......Page 359
Commercial Agriculture: Crop-based......Page 361
Commercial Agriculture: Mixed Crop and Livestock......Page 363
Commercial Agriculture: Animal-based......Page 365
Losing Agricultural Land......Page 367
Improving Agricultural Productivity......Page 369
Conserving Agricultural Resources......Page 371
Applying Biotechnology to Agriculture......Page 373
Global Food Trade......Page 375
Global Agriculture and Undernourishment......Page 377
Sustainable Agriculture......Page 379
Summary & Review......Page 381
Key Terms......Page 382
10. Development......Page 383
Introducing Development......Page 385
A Decent Standard of Living......Page 387
Access to Knowledge......Page 389
Health and Wealth......Page 391
Unequal and Uneven Development......Page 393
Gender Inequality......Page 395
Gender Empowerment and Employment......Page 397
Reproductive Health......Page 399
HDI and Gender Inequality......Page 401
Two Paths to Development......Page 403
World Trade......Page 405
Financing Development......Page 407
Development Challenges During Hard Times......Page 409
Fair Trade Standards......Page 411
Measuring Progress......Page 413
Summary & Review......Page 415
Key Terms......Page 416
11. Industry and Energy......Page 417
Introducing Industry and Energy......Page 419
Industrial Regions......Page 421
Situation Factors: Proximity to Inputs......Page 423
Situation Factors: Proximity to Markets......Page 425
Changing Situation Factors: Steel......Page 427
Truck, Train, Ship, or Plane?......Page 429
Site Factors in Industry......Page 431
Changing Site Factors: Clothing......Page 433
Key Issue 3: Why Do Industries Face Resource Challenges?......Page 435
Energy Supply......Page 436
Demand for Energy......Page 437
Fossil Fuel Reserves......Page 439
Petroleum Futures......Page 441
Nuclear Energy......Page 443
Energy Alternatives......Page 445
Solar Energy......Page 447
Air Pollution......Page 449
Water Pollution......Page 451
Solid Waste Pollution......Page 453
Emerging Industrial Regions......Page 455
Industrial Change in Developed Countries......Page 457
Skilled or Unskilled Labor......Page 459
Recycling and Remanufacturing......Page 461
Key Terms......Page 463
12. Services and Settlements......Page 465
Introducing Services and Settlements......Page 467
Central Place Theory......Page 469
Hierarchy of Consumer Service......Page 471
Market Area Analysis......Page 473
Periodic Markets......Page 475
Hierarchy of Business Services......Page 477
Business Services in Developing Countries......Page 479
Economic Specialization of Settlements......Page 481
Services in Rural Settlements......Page 483
Services in Early Urban Settlements......Page 485
Percent Urban......Page 487
Size of Urban Settlements......Page 489
Summary & Review......Page 491
Key Terms......Page 492
13. Urban Patterns......Page 493
Introducing Urban Patterns......Page 495
The Central Business District......Page 497
Competition for Space in CBDs......Page 499
Models of Urban Structure......Page 501
Applying the Models in North America......Page 503
Applying the Models in Europe......Page 505
Pre-modern Cities in Developing Countries......Page 507
Applying the Models in Developing Countries......Page 509
Changing Urban Structure of Mexico City......Page 511
Origin and Growth of Suburbs......Page 513
Suburban Sprawl......Page 515
Suburban Segregation......Page 517
Legacy of Public Transport......Page 519
Reliance on Motor Vehicles......Page 521
The City Challenged......Page 523
The City Renewed......Page 525
The City Contrasted......Page 527
The City Cleaned......Page 529
The City Controlled......Page 531
Summary & Review......Page 533
Key Terms......Page 534
Afterword......Page 535
Appendix: Map Scale and Projections......Page 538
Glossary......Page 545
Text, Photo, and Illustration Credits......Page 552
Map Index......Page 558
Subject Index......Page 564
Inside Back Cover......Page 580