The Contemporary Construction of the Chinese Form of Marxist Literary Criticism

Acknowledgments
Contents
1 Introduction
	1 Rationale of the Existence of the Chinese Form
		1.1 Existence of the Chinese Form?
		1.2 Chinese Form of Marxist Literary Criticism Versus Sinification of Marxist Literary Criticism
	2 The Path of Constructing the Chinese Form
		2.1 Questioning Historical Descriptions and Generalizations
		2.2 The Chinese Form and the Study of Differences
			The Chinese Form and Classical Marxist Literary Criticism
			The Chinese Form and Western Marxist Literary Criticism
	3 The “Problématique” and Overall Characteristics of the Chinese Form
		3.1 “Problématique”
		3.2 The Overall Characteristics of the Chinese Form
	References
2 People: The Starting Point and the Destination of Literary Criticism
	1 Classical Marxist View on People
		1.1 Marx and Engels on the People
			Marx and Engels’ Connotation of the People
			The Scale of the People in Marx and Engels’ Literary Criticism
		1.2 Lenin on the People
			Lenin’s Connotation of the People
			Lenin on the Relationship Between Literature and the People
	2 The Chinese Form’s View on People
		2.1 The Connotations of People
			The People as the Aggregation of Classes
			The People Are the Creators of History
			Adherence to the Centrality of the People
		2.2 “People First” in Literary Criticism
			The Principle of “Literature and Art for the People”
			Adherence to the Direction of People-Centered Creation
			The People as Recipients of Literature and Art
	3 The Improvement and Expansion of the Concept of People
		3.1 A Reflection on the Relationship Between Literature and People
			Looking Down Upon the People as a Result of a Messianic Mentality
			Commodity Fetishism and People Cult
		3.2 The Complexity of the Concept of People
			The Concreteness of the Concept of People
			The Non-homogeneity of the People
		3.3 The Interaction and Mutual Shaping of Literature and People
			“The People Need Art, and Art Needs the People Even More”
			Literature and “People to Come”
	References
3 Nation: A New Dimension of Literary Criticism in the Context of Globalization
	1 The Discrimination of the Concept of Nation
		1.1 Nation and Its Related Concepts
			The Concept of Nation
			Nation Versus Race and Ethnicity
		1.2 Nation and the Chinese Nation （中华民族）
			The Proposal of a “Chinese Nation”
			The One and the Many of the Chinese Nation
	2 Marx and Engels on Nation
		2.1 Nation and Class
			Class Issues Dominate National Issues
			Complex Relationship Between Nation and Class
		2.2 Nation and Internationalism
			Criticism of National Chauvinism
			Arguments on Colonization
			The Relationship Between Nations and Internationalism
	3 National View in the Chinese Form
		3.1 The Restoration of the Reputation of the Concept of Nation
			The Nation Is Not About Self-Seclusion
			The Nation Is Not About Going Back to the Good Old Days
			The Nation Does Not Imply the Collective’s Suppression of Its Individual Members
		3.2 New Interpretations of National View
			Nation Is a Historical Concept
			Nation and Culture
			Nation and the People
	4 The Nature and Characteristics of the National Dimension
		4.1 The Research Standpoint of the National Dimension
			Open Nationalism
			The Fundamental Connotation of Open Nationalism
		4.2 The National Dimension and the National Spirit of Literature
			National Dimension and National Identity in Literature
			National Dimension and the National Characteristics of Literature
			National Dimension and the World
	References
4 The Political Dimension of Literary Criticism
	1 Marx and Engels on Politics and Literature
		1.1 Classical Marxist View on Politics
			Politics as a Component of the Superstructure
			Politics as Class Struggle
			Politics as Human Emancipation
		1.2 Marx and Engels’ Political Criticism
			Raising Doubts About the “Eternity” of the Bourgeoisie
			“The Courage of the True Artist”
			“Sings…of the Proud, Threatening, and Revolutionary Proletarian”
			“The Tendency Should Spring from the Situation and Action as Such”
	2 Literature and Politics in the Chinese Form
		2.1 Mao Zedong’s View on Art and Politics
			Mao on Politics
			Mao on the Unity of Literature and Politics
			“Literature and Art for Politics”
		2.2 Literature and Politics in the New Period
			Correction and Adherence to Politics
			The Proposal of “Literature and Art for the People and Socialism”
	3 The Evolution of the Relationship Between Literature and Politics
		3.1 Literature and “Re-politicization”
			Historical Overview of the Relationship Between Literature and Politics
			Politicization (Over-Politicization), Depoliticization to Repoliticization
		3.2 The Contemporary Transformation of the Forms of Politics
			From Class Politics to People’s Politics
			From Macro-politics to Micro-politics
			From Explicit Politics to Implicit Politics
		3.3 The Tension Between Aesthetics and Politics
			Aesthetics as Politics
			Aesthetic Antinomy
	4 A Perspective on the Political Dimension
		4.1 The Research Objects of the Political Dimension
			Ideological Nature of Literature
			Scope of the Political Dimension
		4.2 The Political Analysis of Literary Texts
			Politics in Narrative
			Desire and Politics
	References
5 The Praxis Dimension of Literary Criticism
	1 Marx on Praxis
		1.1 Marx’s Concept of Praxis and Western Traditions
			Aristotle’s View of Practice
			Kant on Practical Reason
			Sublation of Hegel and Feuerbach in Marx’s Concept of Practice
		1.2 The Connotations of Marx’s View on Praxis
			Practice as an “Objective Activity”
			Practice as Material Production and Alienation
	2 The Chinese Form’s View on Praxis
		2.1 The Nature of Praxis
			Material and Spiritual Activities of Human Beings
			The Initiative of the Subject
			Primacy of Practice
		2.2 The View on Literature from the Dimension of Praxis
			Literature Arises from the Relationship of Objectification
			Critical Theories Under a Literary View of Practice Theory
	3 The Dimension of Praxis and Literary Activities
		3.1 Literary Criticism in the Process of Objectification
			The Dimension of Practice and the Subject of Literary Activity
			Practical Dimension and the Text as a Spiritual Product
			The Dimension of Practice and Ideal Way of Being
		3.2 An Inquiry into Praxis
			Consciousness and Unconsciousness in Practical Activities
			Finiteness and Infinity of Practice
	References
6 Marxist Literary Criticism in the Hi-Tech Era
	1 Marxist Literary Criticism and Science and Technology
		1.1 Marx and Engels on Science and Technology
			Science and Technology and Society
			The Capitalist System and the Alienation of Science and Technology
			The Paradox of Science and Technology
		1.2 Marx and Engels on the Relationship Between Science and Art
			The Influence of Science and Technology on Literature and Art
			Non-Synchronicity Between Science and Technology and Literature
			The Permanent Charm of Art
		1.3 Western Marxism’s View on Technology and Literature
			Technology and Alienation
			Ideological Nature of Science and Technology
	2 Theoretical Reconstruction in the Hi-Tech Era
		2.1 View of Science and Technology in the Chinese Form
			Science and Technology and the Dream of a Strong Nation
			Science and Technology as the First Productive Force
			Ideological Construction Function of Science and Technology
		2.2 Modern Science and Technology and the “Survival” of Literature
			The Challenge of Digital Technology to Literature
			Symbiotic Relationship of Literature and Science and Technology
		2.3 The Inner Connection and Mutual Shaping of Literature and Technology
			The Inner Connection Between Literature and Science and Technology
			The Aestheticization of Technology and Technicization of Literature and Art
	3 Literature Writing in the Hi-Tech Era
		3.1 The Revolutionary Impacts of High Technology on Literature Writing
			Refreshing the Understanding of the World
			Creating Novel Aesthetic Experiences
			Stimulating Novel Literary Imagination
			Innovative Literary Styles and Structures
		3.2 The “Thought” and “Poetry” of Literature Writing in the Hi-Tech Era
			Literature’s Warning Against Science and Technology
			Poetic Dwelling in an Age of High Technology
	4 The Study of Reading in the Internet Age
		4.1 The Characteristics of Internet Reading
			Convenience of Reading
			Multidimensionality of Perception
			Immediacy and Interactivity of Criticism
		4.2 The Symptoms of Internet Reading
			Labyrinth of Fragmentation
			Reading and Forgetting
			Weakening of Deep Thinking
		4.3 The Reading Strategies of the Chinese Form
			Emphasis on Reader Autonomy
			The Call for Excellent Texts
	References
7 Literature and Capital in a Market Economy
	1 Marx’s View on Capital
		1.1 Marx’s Concept of Capital
			Capital and Money
			Attributes of Capital
			Capital and Its Internal Contradictions
		1.2 Marx’s View on Literature and Art and Capital
			Capital Provides the Material Basis and Conditions for the Progress of Literature and Art
			The Hostility Between Capital and Literature and Art
			The Aesthetic Character of Artistic Production in the Capitalist Mode of Production
	2 Capital and Contemporary Literary Activities
		2.1 The Expansion of the Concept of Capital
			Marx’s Theory of Capital Is Not Obsolete
			Bourdieu and Cultural Capital
		2.2 The Power of Capital
			The Alliance Between Literature and Capital
			Capital Impairing Literature
			Capital Supporting and Safeguarding Literary Activities
	3 Market Economy and the Development of Literature
		3.1 A Re-examination of the Attributes of Literature
			The Commodity Attribute of Literature and Art Production
			The Organic Unity of Literary Aesthetics, Ideology, and Commodity
		3.2 Market Economy and the Spiritual Quality of Literature
			Adherence to the Spiritual Character of Literature in the Market Economy
			Market Economy and the New Masses
			Coordinated Development Between Market and the Laws of Art
		3.3 Artistic Production in the Future
			Personalization and Artistic Production
			Comprehensiveness and Artistic Production
			Public Interest and Artistic Production
	References
8 A Study of Value Judgment
	1 Literary Criticism Calls for Value Judgment
		1.1 Weakening and Loss of Value Judgment Nowadays
			The Current Weakening and Loss of Value Judgment
			Anomie of Value Judgment
			Weakening of Value Judgment
		1.2 The Realistic Context of the Lack of Value Judgment
			Primacy of Interpretation and Avoidance of Value Judgment
			The Impact of Multiple Values on Value Judgment
		1.3 The Necessity of Rebuilding Value Judgment
	2 Marx and Engels’ Social Ideals and Value Judgment
		2.1 The Criticism and Transcendence of Capitalism
			Critique of the Capitalist System
			Dialectical Transcendence of Capitalism
		2.2 Marx on the All-Round Development of Human Beings
			Human Beings as the Ensemble of Social Relations
			“Each” Instead of a Person
			The All-Around Emancipation of Human Beings Cannot Be Separated from Sensuality
	3 The Reconstruction of the Dimension of Value Judgment
		3.1 Three Dimensions of Value Judgment
			Human Dimension
			Social Dimension
			Aesthetic Dimension
		3.2 Value Judgment and the Related Issues
			Relativity of Value Judgment and Value
			Value Judgment and the Value Paradox
			Universality of Value Judgment
	References
9 Conclusion
	Reference
Index