The Constitutional Law of Bangladesh: Progression and Transformation at its 50th Anniversary

Foreword
Preface and Acknowledgments
Bangladesh Legislation
Cases
Contents
Abbreviations
Chapter 1: Introduction: Fifty Years of the Constitution of Bangladesh: Progression and Transformation
	1.1 The Constitutional Journey of Bangladesh
	1.2 Borrowing from Comparative Constitutional Law by the Constituent Assembly
	1.3 Influence of Comparative Constitutional Law: Constitutional Transplants by the Judiciary
	1.4 National, Regional, and International Relevance of the Book
	1.5 The Way Forward: Challenges and Roadmap of Reforms for Future Constitutionalism
	1.6 Compiling and Summarising Chapter Abstracts
	References
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		Chapters in Edited Books
		Articles
		Encyclopedia
		Documents
		Internet Sources
		Other Sources
Part I: Constitution-Making, Changes and Philosophy
	Chapter 2: The Making of the Constitution of Bangladesh and Making It Work
		2.1 Introduction
		2.2 Making of the Constitution: The Ecstasy
			2.2.1 Building the Republic
			2.2.2 Framing the Direction of the State
			2.2.3 Guaranteeing People’s Rights
			2.2.4 Setting Up a Functional Parliamentary Democracy
			2.2.5 Establishing an Independent Judiciary
			2.2.6 Administering the Republic
		2.3 Making the Constitution Work: The Agony
		2.4 Need for Renewed National Effort to Make the Constitution Work
		References
			Books
			Internet Sources
	Chapter 3: Constituent Assembly Debates on the Bangladesh Constitution: Intentions, Insight, and Implementation
		3.1 Introduction
		3.2 Context and Consultations
		3.3 CA Debates on Fundamental Principles
			3.3.1 Socialism and Economic Rights
				3.3.1.1 Relation of Socialism with Democracy
			3.3.2 Democracy: Meaning and Institutions
				3.3.2.1 Independence of the Election Commission
				3.3.2.2 Accountability of the Elected Government
				3.3.2.3 No Provision for Black Laws
			3.3.3 Nationalism and Secularism
				3.3.3.1 Nationalism
				3.3.3.2 Secularism
			3.3.4 Other Important Debates
				3.3.4.1 Restrictions on the Enjoyment of Fundamental Rights
				3.3.4.2 Separation of the Judiciary
				3.3.4.3 Prime Minister’s Power
		3.4 Decades of Experience
			3.4.1 Regressive Amendments
				3.4.1.1 Omissions
				3.4.1.2 Failure to Reflect Contemporary Developments
		3.5 Concluding Remarks
		References
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			Chapters in Edited Books
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			Legislations
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	Chapter 4: Secularism as a State Policy, State Religion, and Minority Rights in the Constitution: Benign or Malign for Communal Harmony in Bangladesh?
		4.1 Introduction
		4.2 The Meaning of Secularism in Bangladesh
		4.3 The Context and Journey of Secularism
		4.4 The Deviation: Removal of Secularism from the Constitution
		4.5 The Revival of Secularism
		4.6 Concurrent Position of State Religion and Secularism: Complementary or Contradictory?
		4.7 Secularism Along with State Religion: Implications for Minority Rights and Communal Harmony
		4.8 Conclusion
		References
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			Chapters in Edited Books
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	Chapter 5: Constitutional Recognition of Customary International Law in Bangladesh
		5.1 Introduction
		5.2 Relevancy of International Law to Constitution-Making
		5.3 Constitutional Recognition of Customary International Law: Nature and Approach
		5.4 Recognition of Customary Principles in the Constitution of Bangladesh
			5.4.1 Fundamental Rights and Their Customary Basis
				5.4.1.1 Right to Life
				5.4.1.2 Prohibition on Torture and Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment
				5.4.1.3 Prohibition of Forced Labour
				5.4.1.4 Equality and Non-discrimination
				5.4.1.5 Freedom-Oriented Rights
				5.4.1.6 Fair Trial
				5.4.1.7 Principle of Strict Legality
				5.4.1.8 Equal Access to Public Service
			5.4.2 Fundamental Principles of State Policy and the Customary Principles
				5.4.2.1 Citizens’ Participation in the Government
				5.4.2.2 Protection of Cultural Heritage of Indigenous People
				5.4.2.3 Protection and Improvement of Healthy Environment
				5.4.2.4 State Ownership Over Natural Resources
		5.5 Conclusion
		References
			Chapters in Edited Books
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			Internet Sources
	Chapter 6: Constitutional Changes in Bangladesh: Underscoring the Need for Public Participation in the Process
		6.1 Introduction
		6.2 Public Participation and Amendments to Democracy and Secularism
			6.2.1 Democracy
			6.2.2 Secularism
		6.3 Augmenting Public Participation in the Constitutional Processes
			6.3.1 Referendums
			6.3.2 Eternity Clause
		6.4 Conclusion
		References
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			Thesis
Part II: Organs of the State, Constitutional Institutions and Their Functions
	Chapter 7: Role of Parliament in Ensuring Democratic Accountability in Bangladesh: Setting the Agenda for a Strengthened Parliamentary System
		7.1 Introduction
		7.2 Dimensions of Parliamentary Accountability
			7.2.1 Ministerial Responsibility Through Parliament
			7.2.2 Oversight Through Deliberation in Parliament
			7.2.3 Parliamentary Committees
			7.2.4 Prohibition of Floor-Crossing
			7.2.5 Vertical Accountability Through Participatory Legislation
			7.2.6 Legislation by Ordinance
		7.3 Scenario of Legislative Practice in Bangladesh
		7.4 Agendas for Reform for Strengthening Parliament
		7.5 Conclusion
		References
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			Chapters in Edited Books
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	Chapter 8: Constitutionalisation of Good Governance and Human Rights: Where Does Bangladesh Stand at Fifty Years?
		8.1 Introduction
		8.2 The Bangladesh Constitution on Human Rights and Good Governance
		8.3 Drivers of Good Governance and Human Rights: State and Non-state Actors
		8.4 Fifty Years Down the Line: Factors Impeding Constitutional Safeguards of Good Governance and Human Rights
			8.4.1 Lack of Parliamentary Oversight
			8.4.2 Bottlenecks in Justice Delivery
			8.4.3 Unbridled Powers of the Police and Special Forces
			8.4.4 Repressive Laws
			8.4.5 Corruption
			8.4.6 Politicisation of Public Administration
			8.4.7 Weak Accountability Institutions
			8.4.8 Shrinking Civil Society Space and Intolerance to Dissent
		8.5 Conclusion
		References
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			Chapters in Edited Books
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	Chapter 9: Mechanisms for Judicial Accountability in the Contemporary World: Whither Bangladesh?
		9.1 Introduction
		9.2 Various Mechanisms for Judicial Accountability
			9.2.1 Discipline of Judges
			9.2.2 Public Exposure of Judicial Functions
			9.2.3 Reasons for Judicial Decisions
			9.2.4 Appellate Process
			9.2.5 Scrutiny by Practising Lawyers
		9.3 Disciplinary Mechanism in Practice
			9.3.1 Parliamentary Involvement in Disciplining Judges
			9.3.2 Involvement of Judiciary in Disciplining Judges
				9.3.2.1 Judicial Involvement in Investigation or Inquiry
				9.3.2.2 Judicial Involvement in Consultation or Recommendation
				9.3.2.3 Involvement of Judicial Commission or Disciplinary Council or Tribunal
		9.4 Mechanisms for Disciplining Judges in Bangladesh
			9.4.1 Discipline of Supreme Court Judges
			9.4.2 Discipline of Subordinate Court Judges
		9.5 Conclusion
		References
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	Chapter 10: Fifty Years of Electioneering in Bangladesh: The Collapse of a Constitutional Design
		10.1 Introduction
		10.2 Theoretical Framework
		10.3 Power Perpetuation and ‘Preventive Representation’ in Bangladesh
		10.4 ‘Democratic Instrumental Vision’ and Deinstitutionalised Electoral Reforms
			10.4.1 Purposeful Deinstitutionalisation of the Election Commission
			10.4.2 Opportunistic Handling of the Caretaker Government
		10.5 Conclusion
		References
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			Chapters in Edited Books
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Part III: Specialised Constitutional Rights and Issues
	Chapter 11: Restrictions on the Constitutional Fundamental Rights in Bangladesh: Wednesbury Unreasonableness and Proportionality
		11.1 Introduction
		11.2 Constitutional Framework in Bangladesh for Restrictions on Fundamental Rights
		11.3 Tests for Reviewing Restrictions on FRs
			11.3.1 The Wednesbury Unreasonableness Test (WUT)
			11.3.2 The Proportionality Test (PT)
			11.3.3 Distinction Between WUT and PT
		11.4 The Approach of the SCOB
			11.4.1 Type 1 Fundamental Rights
			11.4.2 Type 2 Fundamental Rights
			11.4.3 Type 3 Fundamental Rights
		11.5 Justifying the Borrowings of Proportionality
		11.6 Conclusion
		References
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	Chapter 12: Protection Through Constitutional Guarantees: The Case of Women, Children, and Backward Sections of the People
		12.1 Introduction
		12.2 Women’s Rights Through Vernacular: A Tale of Success, Struggle, and Compromise
		12.3 Children’s Rights in the Constitution: Towards a Progressive Direction
		12.4 Understanding Backward Sections of the People: The Discord and Discontent Within
		12.5 Conclusion
		References
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			Chapters in Edited Books
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	Chapter 13: The ‘International Crimes’ Exception to the Fundamental Rights Regime of the Bangladesh Constitution
		13.1 Introduction
		13.2 The Justifications for Incorporating the ‘International Crimes’ Exception
		13.3 The Scope of the ‘International Crimes’ Exception
			13.3.1 Subject Matter Scope
			13.3.2 Personal Scope
			13.3.3 Temporal Scope
		13.4 The Consequence of the ‘International Crimes’ Exception
		13.5 Conclusion
		References
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			Chapters in Edited Books
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	Chapter 14: Environmental Constitutionalism in Bangladesh: From Recognition to Practice in the Twenty-First Century
		14.1 Introduction
		14.2 Understanding Environmental Constitutionalism
		14.3 Recognition and Development of Environmental Constitutionalism
		14.4 Environmental Constitutionalism in Bangladesh: From an Implied Constitutional Right to Article 18A
		14.5 Implementing Article 18A and the Way Forward
		14.6 Conclusion
		References
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	Chapter 15: Towards a Constitutional Law Framework for Foreign Direct Investments and Intellectual Property Rights Reform: The Case of Bangladesh
		15.1 Introduction
		15.2 Contextual Background of the Legal Regime of FDI in Bangladesh
			15.2.1 Constitutional Law Framework for the Protection and Promotion of FDI in Bangladesh
			15.2.2 FDIs and Sustainable Development
		15.3 Contextual Background of the Legal Regime of IP in Bangladesh
			15.3.1 IP Rights as Fundamental Human Rights
			15.3.2 The Constitutional Sources of Legislative Power to Enact IP Law
			15.3.3 Possible Limitations on the Legislative Powers to Make IP Laws
		15.4 Conclusion
		References
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			Chapter in Edited Book
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			Internet Source
	Chapter 16: Refugee Protection Under the Constitution of Bangladesh: The Rohingya Refugees in Context
		16.1 Introduction
		16.2 Refugee Protection
		16.3 Refugee Protection Through Constitutional Provisions
		16.4 The Scope of The Rohingya Refugee Protection in the Constitution of Bangladesh
			16.4.1 Refugee Status of the Rohingya in the Constitution of Bangladesh
			16.4.2 Refugee Rights for the Rohingyas in the Constitution of Bangladesh
		16.5 Solutions to the Rohingya Refugeehood in the Constitution of Bangladesh Through Local Integration
		16.6 Conclusion: Ensuring Rohingya Refugee’s Protection Through the Constitution
		References
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			Chapters in Edited books
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	Chapter 17: Ocean Governance, Blue Economy and the Constitution of Bangladesh: Emerging Rights of the People and Nature
		17.1 Introduction
		17.2 Conceptual Framework
			17.2.1 Right to a Healthy Environment
			17.2.2 The Doctrine of Public Trust
			17.2.3 Rights of Nature
		17.3 Environmental Rights of the People, Public Trust, and Rights of Nature in Bangladesh
			17.3.1 Environmental Rights of the People in Bangladesh
			17.3.2 Application of Doctrine of Public Trust in Bangladesh
			17.3.3 Development of the Rights of Nature
		17.4 Constitutional Provisions on the Marine Area
		17.5 The Constitution and Non-Living Resources: Historical and Contemporary Contexts
		17.6 Ocean-Dependent People, Marine Living Resources and the TWMZ Act
		17.7 Conclusion
		References
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			Chapters in Edited Books
			Articles
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	Chapter 18: Digital Constitutionalism in Bangladesh to Protect Right to Privacy in the Big Data Regime
		18.1 Introduction
		18.2 Right to Privacy in the Big Data Regime
		18.3 Rights-Based Principles to Protect Right to Privacy in the Big Data Regime
		18.4 Digital Constitutionalism
		18.5 Digital Constitutionalism in Bangladesh to Protect the Right to Privacy
		18.6 Conclusion
		References
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			Chapters in Edited Books
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			Internet Sources
			Documents
			Thesis
Part IV: Constitutional Remedies
	Chapter 19: Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: Transformation of Non-justiciable Constitutional Principles to Justiciable Rights in Bangladesh
		19.1 Introduction
		19.2 Judicial Enforcement of Non-justiciable Constitutional Principles
			19.2.1 Negative enforcement of ESC rights under article 7(2) of the Constitution
			19.2.2 Enforcement of ESC Rights Through the Right to Life
			19.2.3 Positive enforcement of the FPSP under article 7(2).
		19.3 Conclusion
		References
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			Chapters in Edited Books
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	Chapter 20: The Writ Jurisdiction in Bangladesh: In Search of a Consistent Procedural Framework
		20.1 Introduction
		20.2 Writ Jurisdiction and Judicial Review
		20.3 Constitutional Framework of Writ Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of Bangladesh
			20.3.1 Contents of Different Types of Writs in Article 102(2)
			20.3.2 Imperfect Framework of Writ Jurisdiction
		20.4 Interim, Consequential and Main Relief in Writ Jurisdiction: An Area of Great Uncertainty
			20.4.1 Administrative Power of the Chief Justice in Writ Jurisdiction: Issue of Fairness
			20.4.2 No Cost-Order Jurisprudence: No Consequence of False Writ Petitions
			20.4.3 Effect of a Judgment in Writ Jurisdiction and Repetition of Filing Writs on the Same Matter
			20.4.4 Criminal Case and Seeking Relief in Writ Petition
			20.4.5 Violation of the Principle of Natural Justice in Writ Procedure
			20.4.6 The Procedure of Non-Prosecution: Unfair Form of Public Law Justice
		20.5 Conclusion
		References
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			Chapters in Edited Books
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	Chapter 21: Emergency Powers and Martial Law Under the Constitution of Bangladesh
		21.1 Introduction
		21.2 The Emergency Provisions Under the Constitution of Bangladesh 1972
		21.3 The Proclamation of Emergency in January 2007
		21.4 The Impact of the 2007 Proclamation of Emergency on the Fundamental Rights
		21.5 Declarations of Martial Law in 1975 and 1982
			21.5.1 The Martial Law of 15 August 1975
			21.5.2 The Martial Law of 24 March 1982
		21.6 Judicial Response to the Declarations of Martial Law and Proclamations of Emergency
		21.7 The Changes Introduced to the Constitution in 2011 to Obviate the Possibility of Subversion of the Constitution
		21.8 Conclusion
		References
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			Chapters in Edited Book
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			Thesis
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	Chapter 22: Judicial Lawmaking in Bangladesh: Looking Back and Into the Future
		22.1 Introduction
		22.2 The SCB Staying Off Judicial Lawmaking
		22.3 Judicial Law Making with Little or No Direct Textual Basis
		22.4 Judicial Lawmaking While Interpreting
		22.5 The SCB as a Proposer of Lawmaking or Law Reform
		22.6 What Does Tomorrow Hold?
		22.7 Conclusion
		References
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	Chapter 23: Public Interest Litigation and the Constitution of Bangladesh: Past, Present, and Future
		23.1 Introduction
		23.2 Origin of PIL
			23.2.1 Drawing a Line Between Representative Suits and PIL: AD in Bangladesh Sangbadpatra Parishad Case
			23.2.2 Post Sangbadpatra Development
			23.2.3 The Flood Action Plan 20 Case and Recognition of PIL
			23.2.4 Slum-dwellers Eviction Case
		23.3 Use of PIL and Establishment of Rights After Fap 20 and Present Scenario
			23.3.1 From Establishing Right to a Healthy Environment as a Fundamental Right to Conferring Legal Personhood to Rivers: Following the Path of FAP 20 Case in Public Interest Environmental Litigations
			23.3.2 On Issues Relating to Right to Life and Personal Liberty: Testing the Constitutionality of Abuse of Powers by Police and Executive
			23.3.3 PILs on Women’s Rights: Ensuring Gender Justice and Equality for Women
			23.3.4 On Establishing Compensatory Jurisprudence in Instances of Violation of Fundamental Rights
			23.3.5 Horizontal Enforcement of Fundamental Rights: Private Bodies Under Scrutiny in PILs
			23.3.6 On Locus Standi: From Liberalising to Narrowing Its Ambit
			23.3.7 Current Practices: Constructing New Approaches in Determining Locus Standi and Granting Relief to Petitioners
		23.4 Roadblocks and Hurdles: Evaluating the Efficacy of PILs
			23.4.1 Dilatory Tactics and Slow Response from Respondents
			23.4.2 Judicial Overreach: Veering into Executive and Legislative Matters
			23.4.3 Public Law Compensation: Lack of Guidance on the Liability and Quantum of Compensation
		23.5 Conclusion: A Roadmap to Address the Present Challenges
		References
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			Encyclopedia
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Index