The Commercial Appropriation of Personality

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Series-title......Page 4
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Dedication......Page 7
Contents......Page 9
Preface......Page 13
Table of cases......Page 15
Table of German cases......Page 34
Table of statutes......Page 35
United States......Page 37
Table of International Instruments......Page 38
Part I A framework......Page 39
Introduction......Page 41
Appropriation of personality......Page 43
The broader picture......Page 44
Economic interests......Page 46
Dignitary interests......Page 48
Perspectives......Page 50
The unfair competition perspective......Page 51
The dignitary torts perspective......Page 53
The divergent approaches......Page 57
The converging aims of tort law......Page 59
Synopsis......Page 61
Part II Economic interests and the law of unfair competition......Page 63
2 Introduction......Page 65
The origins of the common law misappropriation doctrine......Page 66
Misappropriation in Anglo-Australian courts......Page 67
Passing off, misappropriation and appropriation of personality......Page 68
The legacy of the American misappropriation doctrine......Page 69
3 Statutory and extra-legal remedies......Page 70
Copyright......Page 71
Performers’ rights......Page 72
Nature and functions......Page 74
The registrability of names......Page 76
Signatures, portraits and other indicia......Page 81
Scope of infringement of registered marks......Page 82
The Independent Television Commission Code......Page 86
The Press Complaints Commission......Page 87
The Advertising Standards Authority Code......Page 88
The Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy......Page 91
Introduction......Page 97
The essential elements of passing off......Page 98
Goodwill and reputation......Page 99
Goodwill in professional, artistic or literary occupations......Page 100
The early English authorities......Page 101
The modern English authorities......Page 105
Summary......Page 107
Introduction......Page 110
The nature of the misrepresentation in English law......Page 111
The nature of the misrepresentation in Australian law......Page 122
Commercial connection and endorsement......Page 127
Character misappropriation......Page 130
Damage......Page 135
Damage through an injurious association......Page 137
Damage through exposure to liability/risk of litigation......Page 139
Loss of control......Page 140
Loss of a licensing opportunity......Page 141
Dilution......Page 143
Two models......Page 145
Three fictions?......Page 146
Introduction......Page 149
Misappropriation of intangibles......Page 150
The genesis of the common law tort of appropriation of personality in Ontario......Page 153
The scope and limits of the tort......Page 160
The protected interest......Page 161
Damage to the plaintiff......Page 165
The defendant’s conduct......Page 169
Conclusions......Page 174
Part III Dignitary interests......Page 177
6 Introduction......Page 179
The juncture of civil and common law......Page 180
Overcoming the common law’s legacy......Page 181
Introduction......Page 183
The Warren and Brandeis thesis......Page 184
The early case law......Page 188
Privacy on appeal......Page 189
Inviolate personality and the accretion of proprietary attributes......Page 194
Conceptions of privacy......Page 197
The reductionist paradigm......Page 199
A holistic conception......Page 202
Reductionism reappraised: a core conception of privacy......Page 204
Privacy a principle......Page 207
The development of the right of publicity in the United States......Page 209
The problem in reconciling privacy and commercial exploitation......Page 210
The birth of the right of publicity......Page 212
The growth of the right of publicity......Page 214
The recognition of the right of publicity......Page 217
The scope and limits of the right of publicity......Page 218
Summary......Page 225
Accounting for the differences......Page 227
Sociological factors......Page 228
Precedent and legal theory......Page 229
Underlying political and institutional structure......Page 232
Academic influences and legal culture......Page 234
Conclusions......Page 236
Introduction......Page 238
Piecemeal recognition of privacy interests in English law......Page 240
Piecemeal statutory provisions......Page 243
Privacy and interests in property: trespass and nuisance......Page 244
Personal privacy and breach of confidence......Page 245
The privacy jurisprudence of the ECHR and commercial exploitation of personality......Page 249
The ‘horizontal’ effect of the Human Rights Act 1998......Page 252
The balancing exercise......Page 256
Canada......Page 262
The German right of personality: introduction......Page 265
The development of the right of personality......Page 268
Scope of the German right of personality......Page 271
Public and private figures: the balancing exercise......Page 273
Appropriation of personality and United Kingdom legislative initiatives......Page 276
Interests in freedom from mental distress......Page 279
The rule in Wilkinson v. Downton and infliction of mental distress......Page 281
Intentional infliction of mental distress in the United States......Page 283
Intentional infliction of mental distress as a residual category......Page 285
Conclusions......Page 286
Introduction......Page 287
The economic and dignitary aspects of reputation......Page 288
The core injury to reputation cases......Page 291
Some borderline cases......Page 296
Defamation and ‘false light’ privacy......Page 299
The convergence of interests......Page 303
Public and private figures......Page 304
Conclusions......Page 307
Par t IV Pervasive problems......Page 309
Introduction......Page 311
Notions of property......Page 312
Intellectual property as metaphor......Page 314
The scope of the metaphor: property and value......Page 316
The uses of the metaphor......Page 317
Proprietary and non-proprietary analyses......Page 319
The significance of the property label in American case law......Page 320
The significance of the property label in Commonwealth case law......Page 322
Conclusions......Page 324
Introduction......Page 325
Introduction......Page 326
Locke’s labour theory......Page 329
General problems with Locke’s theory......Page 330
Problems of specific applicability......Page 331
Hegel’s personality theory......Page 334
Summary......Page 336
The rejection of natural rights......Page 337
Utilitarianism in copyright and patent law......Page 338
Utility, incentive and appropriation of personality......Page 339
Economic efficiency......Page 346
Preventing or reversing unjust enrichment......Page 349
Protecting personal dignity......Page 351
Conclusions......Page 352
Part V Conclusions......Page 355
Personality as trading symbol and as an aspect of personal dignity......Page 357
The basic propositions......Page 359
Towards a new remedy......Page 360
Bibliography......Page 368
Index......Page 387