The Closed Society and Its Ligatures―A Critique Using the Example of 'Landscape'

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Open Societies as Guarantors of Life Chances
	2.1	The Open Society and Its Non-Utopianism
	2.2	Criticism and Conspiracy Theories
	2.3	From the Theory of the Three Worlds to the Understanding of the Three Landscapes
	2.4	The Ineluctability of the Temporal
	2.5	Social Conflicts and Their Chances
	2.6	Life Chances—of Options, Moral and Ethical Ligatures, Their Directedness Inward or Outward
	2.7	Aspirational Ethics and Ethics of Ought
	2.8	An Interim Conclusion on Basics and Reference Framework: Landscapes, Open Society, Conflicts and Life Chances
3 Morals, Moralizations, and Landscapes
	3.1	Preliminary Remarks: Meanings of Power and Their Connections to Spaces and Landscapes
	3.2	Moral and Moralization—Some Basic Thoughts
	3.3	Aesthetics and Aestheticization
		3.3.1	Theory of Sensory Perception or Knowledge
		3.3.2	Theories of the Beautiful
		3.3.3	Pursuit of Perfection, Clarity and Inherent Violence
		3.3.4	Aestheticism and Romanticism
		3.3.5	External and Internal Appropriateness, Formwork and Attitudes of Domination
		3.3.6	Practical Rightness, Striving for Symmetry and Autocratic Social Order
	3.4	Moralization and Landscape
	3.5	Ethical Reflections
	3.6	Morality, Moralizations and Landscapes—A Résumé and the Development of the Concepts of Inner- and Outer-directed Ligatures
4 Open and Closed Societies
	4.1	Differences Between Open and Closed Societies-An Approach
	4.2	Worldviews for the Closure of Societies
	4.3	Sensitivities and the Generation of Implicit Ligatures
	4.4	Intended and Unintended Consequences and Implications of the Efforts to Close Societies
	4.5	Structural Similarities of Utopian Ideas
	4.6	The Way of the Open Society Between the Temptations of the Skylla of the ‘Total Publicness’ and the Charybdis of the ‘Liberation’ from Conspiracies
	4.7	Open and Closed Societies-A Concise Résumé
5 Landscapes as Consequences and Side Effects of Hostility towards the Open Society
	5.1	Socialist Landscape
	5.2	Fascist or National Socialist Landscape
	5.3	Ecologistic Landscape
	5.4	Landscape of Religious Fundamentalism
	5.5	Economistic Landscape
	5.6	Landscape and Closed Society
6 …and then Probably the Open Society with its Landscapes after all
	6.1	Landscapes of the Open Society
	6.2	The Maximization of Life Chances as an Expression and Condition of the Open Society
	6.3	The Open Society and the Limits of its Tolerance
	6.4	Dealing with Uncertainty
	6.5	Life World and Ligatures
	6.6	That is Why an Open Society!
	6.7	The Open Society and its Differences
	6.8	Open Society as a Framework for Avoiding Pain
7 The Open Society and its Life Chances—a Condensate as Conclusion
References