The civil rights movement: a documentary reader

Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 5
Copyright Page......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Series Editors’ Preface......Page 14
Acknowledgments......Page 16
Introduction......Page 18
 Further Reading......Page 37
 1.1 New York Amsterdam Star-News, “Bus Boycott Ends in Victory,” 1941......Page 39
 1.2 A. Philip Randolph, “Call to Negro America to March on Washington for Jobs and Equal Participation in National Defense,” 1941......Page 41
 1.3 James Farmer Recalls the Congress of Racial Equality’s Chicago Sit‐In in 1942......Page 44
 1.4 US Supreme Court, Smith v. Allwright, 1944......Page 46
 1.5 Annie L. McPheeters Interview on Grassroots Voter Registration in Atlanta in the 1930s and 1940s......Page 49
 1.6 Fifth Pan-African Congress, Declaration to the Colonial Workers, Farmers and Intellectuals, 1945......Page 52
 1.7 Journey of Reconciliation, 1947......Page 53
 1.8 President’s Committee on Civil Rights, To Secure These Rights, 1947......Page 55
 1.9 President Harry S. Truman, Executive Order 9981, 1948......Page 60
 1.10 Henry Lee Moon, Balance of Power: The Negro Vote, 1948......Page 62
 1.11 States’ Rights Democratic Party, Platform of the States’ Rights Democratic Party, 1948......Page 64
 1.12 Congressman Jacob K. Javits, Press Release on Segregation and Discrimination in the Armed Forces, 1950......Page 66
  Boycott Of City Bus Company In Baton Rouge Forces End Of Absolute Jimcrow: Organize Auto “Fair Lift” To Carry Workers......Page 68
 1.14 Dorothy Height Recalls Her Work with the National Council of Negro Women from the 1930s to the 1950s......Page 69
 Discussion Questions......Page 71
 Further Reading......Page 72
 2.1 US Supreme Court, McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents, 1950......Page 73
 2.2 United States, Brief as Amicus Curiae, Brown v. Board of Education, 1952......Page 76
 2.3 US Supreme Court, Brown v. Board of Education, 1954......Page 78
 2.4 Arkansas State Press, “After the Court’s Decision – Now What?” 1954......Page 80
 2.5 US Supreme Court, Brown v. Board of Education, 1955......Page 82
 2.6 Chicago Defender, “Blood on Their Hands … An Editorial,” [Emmett Till] 1955......Page 84
 2.7 R.B. Patterson, “Organization of a Local Citizens’ Council,” 1955......Page 86
 2.8 Southern US Congressmen, “Declaration of Constitutional Principles,” 1956......Page 87
  DECLARATION OF CONSTITUTIONAL PRINCIPLES......Page 88
 Further Reading......Page 91
 3.1 Rosa Parks Recalls Her Role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott in 1955......Page 93
 3.2 Fred D. Gray Recalls His Role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott in 1955......Page 95
 3.3 E.D. Nixon Recalls His Role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott in 1955......Page 96
 3.4 Jo Ann Robinson Recalls Her Role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott in 1955......Page 98
 3.5 Martin Luther King, Jr, “Holt Street Baptist Church Speech,” 1955......Page 99
 3.6 US Supreme Court, Browder v. Gayle, 1956......Page 102
 3.7 Chicago Defender, “Bus Boycotts in 3 Cities,” 1956......Page 103
  Bus Boycotts in 3 Cities......Page 104
  Aims and Purposes......Page 106
 3.9 Martin Luther King, Jr, “Give Us the Ballot,” 1957......Page 107
 Further Reading......Page 110
 4.1 Gov. Orval E. Faubus, Televised Speech, 1957......Page 111
 4.2 Ira Wilmer “Will” Counts, Jr, Elizabeth Eckford and Hazel Bryan, 1957......Page 113
 4.3 Daisy Bates Recalls Events at Central High School in 1957......Page 114
 4.4 President Dwight D. Eisenhower, Executive Order 10730, 1957......Page 117
 4.5 Larry Lubenow Recalls Interviewing Louis Armstrong about Events in Little Rock in 1957......Page 119
 4.6 US Supreme Court, Cooper v. Aaron, 1958......Page 121
 4.7 Ruby Bridges Recalls School Desegregation in New Orleans in 1960......Page 127
 4.8 James Meredith Recalls Entering the University of Mississippi in 1962......Page 130
 Discussion Questions......Page 131
 Further Reading......Page 132
 5.1 Greensboro News and Record, The Greensboro Four, 1960......Page 133
 5.2 Kenneth T. Andrews and Michael Biggs, Map Showing Sit‐Ins in the American South, February through April 1960......Page 134
 5.3 St. Paul Dispatch-Pioneer Press, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Members Picketing outside Woolworth’s for Integrated Lunch Counters, 1960......Page 135
 5.4 Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, Statement of Purpose, 1960......Page 137
 5.5 Ella J. Baker, “Bigger than a Hamburger,” 1960......Page 138
 5.6 Robert P. Moses, “Letter from a Mississippi Jail Cell,” 1961......Page 140
 Discussion Questions......Page 141
 Further Reading......Page 142
 6.1 US Supreme Court, Boynton v. Virginia, 1960......Page 143
 6.2 Associated Press, Freedom Riders by Burned-Out Bus, 1961......Page 147
 6.3 James Peck Recalls Freedom Riders Being Beaten in Birmingham, Alabama in 1961......Page 148
 6.4 Diane Nash Recalls the Nashville Students’ Involvement in the Freedom Rides in 1961......Page 149
 6.5 John Seigenthaler Recalls Events in Birmingham and Montgomery, Alabama in 1961......Page 152
 6.6 John Lewis Recalls the Bus Journey from Montgomery to Jackson, Mississippi in 1961......Page 154
 6.7 The Code of Federal Regulations of the United States of America, Title 49, 1963......Page 155
 Further Reading......Page 158
 7.1 Laurie Pritchett Recalls Civil Rights Demonstrations in Albany, Georgia in 1961 and 1962......Page 159
 7.2 Freedom Singers, “Ain’t Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me Around,” 1962......Page 163
 7.3 Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights, “Birmingham: People in Motion” on Civil Rights Demonstrations in 1962 and 1963......Page 165
 7.4 Martin Luther King, Jr, “Letter from Birmingham City Jail,” 1963......Page 167
 7.5 Afro Newspaper/Gado, African-American Protesters Being Attacked by Police Dog in a Street during Segregation Demonstrations, Birmingham, Alabama, 1963......Page 169
 7.7 President John F. Kennedy, “Report to the American People on Civil Rights,” 1963......Page 171
 7.8 John Lewis’s Original Text of His March on Washington Speech, 1963......Page 176
 7.9 Lillian Foscue, “Dead and Injured Taken to Hospital,” 1963......Page 178
  Getting Ready For Choir......Page 179
  Leads Group Outside......Page 180
 Further Reading......Page 181
 8.1 US Congress, Civil Rights Act of 1964......Page 183
  TITLE II – INJUNCTIVE RELIEF AGAINST DISCRIMINATION IN PLACES OF PUBLIC ACCOMMODATION......Page 184
 8.2 Nina Simone, “Mississippi Goddam,” 1964......Page 188
 8.3 Charles McLaurin, Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee Field Report, 1964......Page 191
 8.4 Liz Fusco, “The Mississippi Freedom Schools: Deeper than Politics,” 1964......Page 193
 8.5 Medical Committee for Human Rights, Press Release, 1964......Page 195
 8.6 FBI Flyer on Disappearance of Civil Rights Workers Andrew Goodman, James Earl Chaney, and Michael Henry Schwerner, 1964......Page 197
 8.7 Fannie Lou Hamer Testimony before Credentials Committee of the Democratic National Convention, 1964......Page 199
 Further Reading......Page 202
 9.1 William C. Sullivan (Anonymous), Letter to Martin Luther King, Jr, 1964......Page 203
 9.2 Martin Luther King, Jr, “Letter from a Selma, Alabama, Jail,” 1965......Page 205
 9.3 John Lewis Recalls the Events of “Bloody Sunday” in 1965......Page 206
 9.4 Sheyann Webb Recalls the Events of “Bloody Sunday” in 1965......Page 208
 9.5 Associated Press, An Officer Accosts an Unconscious Woman as Mounted Police Officers Attack Civil Rights Marchers in Selma, Alabama, 1965......Page 210
 9.6 President Lyndon B. Johnson Addresses Congress on Voting Rights, 1965......Page 211
 9.7 US Congress, Voting Rights Act of 1965......Page 214
 Discussion Questions......Page 217
 Further Reading......Page 218
 10.1 Bayard Rustin, “From Protest to Politics,” 1965......Page 219
 10.2 Chicago Defender, “Long, Hot Summer Hits Los Angeles,” 1965......Page 221
 10.3 Whitney M. Young, Jr, “The High Cost of Discrimination,” 1965......Page 223
 10.4 Southern Christian Leadership Conference, A Proposal for the Development of a Nonviolent Action Movement for the Greater Chicago Area, 1966......Page 225
 10.5 Douglas Robinson, “2 Rights Rallies Set Near Chicago,” 1966......Page 227
 10.6 Associated Press, A Policeman Searches Black Suspects as Buildings are Burned during Unrest Following a Police Operation in Detroit, Michigan, 1967......Page 229
 10.7 National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders, Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders, 1968......Page 230
  EMPLOYMENT......Page 232
  EDUCATION......Page 233
  THE WELFARE SYSTEM......Page 234
  HOUSING......Page 236
  CONCLUSION......Page 237
 10.8 Ruth Batson Interview on Busing in Boston in the Mid‐1970s......Page 238
  QUESTION 9......Page 239
  QUESTION 10......Page 240
 10.9 Louise Day Hicks, Letter to Congressman John Joseph Moakley, 1975......Page 241
 Discussion Questions......Page 242
 Further Reading......Page 243
 11.1 Robert F. Williams, Negroes with Guns, 1962......Page 244
 11.2 Malcolm X, “Message to the Grassroots,” 1963......Page 246
 11.3 John Hulett Interview on the Founding of the Lowndes County Freedom Organization (Black Panther Party) in Alabama in 1965......Page 249
 11.4 Stokely Carmichael, “What We Want,” 1966......Page 252
 11.5 Black Panther Party, Platform and Program, 1966......Page 255
 11.6 Larry Neal, “The Black Arts Movement,” 1968......Page 259
 11.7 Frances Beale, “Double Jeopardy: To be Black and Female,” 1969......Page 262
 11.8 Angela Davis, An Autobiography, 1974......Page 265
 Further Reading......Page 268
 12.1 Robert E. Holcomb Interview on Vietnam War Experiences in the 1960s......Page 269
 12.2 Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, Statement on Vietnam, 1966......Page 271
 12.3 Martin Luther King, Jr, “Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence,” 1967......Page 274
 12.4 US Congress, Economic Opportunity Act of 1964......Page 276
 12.5 George Wiley, “Proposal for the Establishment of an Anti‐Poverty Action Center,” 1966......Page 278
 12.6 Richard L. Copley, I Am a Man, 1968......Page 279
  Charles Cabbage......Page 281
  John Gary Williams......Page 282
 12.8 Ralph David Abernathy Recalls the Poor People’s Campaign in 1968......Page 283
 12.9 Associated Press, Aerial View of Resurrection City, 1968......Page 286
 Further Reading......Page 288
 13.1 President John F. Kennedy, Executive Order 10925, 1961......Page 289
 13.2 US Congress, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, 1964......Page 291
  TITLE VII – EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY......Page 292
  EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION......Page 293
 13.3 President Lyndon B. Johnson, “To Fulfill These Rights,” 1965......Page 295
  FREEDOM IS NOT ENOUGH......Page 297
  A WIDENING GULF......Page 298
  SPECIAL NATURE OF NEGRO POVERTY......Page 299
  THE ROOTS OF INJUSTICE......Page 300
  TO FULFILL THESE RIGHTS......Page 301
  WHAT IS JUSTICE......Page 302
 13.4 Arthur A. Fletcher, “Revised Philadelphia Plan,” 1969......Page 303
 13.5 Diane Nilsen Walcott, “Blacks in the 1970’s: Did They Scale the Job Ladder?”......Page 305
 13.6 US Supreme Court, Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, 1978......Page 308
 13.7 US Supreme Court, Firefighters Local Union No. 1784 v. Stotts, 1984......Page 309
 Further Reading......Page 314
 14.1 The Young Lords Organization, 13 Point Program and Platform, 1969......Page 315
  THE YOUNG LORDS PARTY IS A REVOLUTIONARY POLITICAL PARTY FIGHTING FOR THE LIBERATION OF ALL OPPRESSED PEOPLE.......Page 316
 14.2 Lacey Fosburgh, “Thousands of Homosexuals hold a Protest Rally in Central Park,” 1970......Page 319
 14.3 The Combahee River Collective, The Combahee River Collective Statement, 1977......Page 321
 14.4 President Ronald Reagan, “Remarks on Signing the Bill Making the Birthday of Martin Luther King, Jr, a National Holiday,” 1983......Page 324
 14.5 Nelson Mandela, “Atlanta Address on Civil Rights,” 1990......Page 326
 14.6 Benjamin Chavis, Jr, “Foreword” Confronting Environmental Racism: Voices from the Grassroots, 1999......Page 329
 14.7 Congressman John Lewis Supports Renewal of the 1965 Voting Rights Act, 2006......Page 332
 14.8 Justice Stephen Breyer Dissenting Opinion in Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1 et al., 2007......Page 334
 14.9 Joe Raedle, Barack Obama Declares Victory in Presidential Election, 2008......Page 339
 14.10 Children’s Defense Fund, Cradle to Prison Pipeline® Campaign, 2009......Page 340
  KEY FACTS......Page 341
 14.11 US Supreme Court, Shelby County v. Holder, 2013......Page 344
 14.12 US Supreme Court, Fisher v. University of Texas, 2016......Page 346
 14.13 Janelle Jones, “The Racial Wealth Gap,” 2017......Page 349
 14.14 Black Lives Matter, What We Believe, n.d.......Page 350
 Further Reading......Page 352
Index......Page 354
EULA......Page 368