The Circular Economy: Case Studies about the Transition from the Linear Economy (copublishing agreement)

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THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY: Case Studies about the Transitionfrom the Linear Economy
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Preface
One . Getting hold of the circular economy concept
	1.1 Historical background
		1.1.1 Roots of CE
		1.1.2 Founding fathers of modern circular economy
	1.2 Defining circular economy
		1.2.1 How to define circular economy?
			1.2.1.1 Definitions from official and nonofficial bodies
			1.2.1.2 Definitions from scientists and professionals
			1.2.1.3 Evaluating the current definitions
			1.2.1.4 Our interpretation?
		1.2.2 Defining other related green concepts
			1.2.2.1 Bioeconomy
			1.2.2.2 Green economy
			1.2.2.3 Industrial ecology and industrial symbiosis
			1.2.2.4 Other related concepts
		1.2.3 Linear economy (LE)
	1.3 Circular supply chain: closing the loop, retaining the value
		1.3.1 Sustainable supply chain management
		1.3.2 Circular supply chain management
		1.3.3 Closed-loops and retained value
			1.3.3.1 Closed-loop supply chain (CLSC)
			1.3.3.2 Reverse logistics
	1.4 Conclusions
	References
	Further Reading
Two . Circular economy: here and now
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Why now?
		2.2.1 Environmental issues
			2.2.1.1 Soil degradation and water pollution
			2.2.1.2 Air pollution
			2.2.1.3 Global warming and climate change
		2.2.2 Societal and geopolitical issues
			2.2.2.1 Issues with the coal sector
			2.2.2.2 Issues with the petroleum sector
	2.3 Circular economy: here and there
		2.3.1 Here, local CE
			2.3.1.1 Locally sourced raw materials
			2.3.1.2 Short supply chains and integrated reverse logistics
			2.3.1.3 Eco-industrial parks: locally implementing CE
		2.3.2 There, global CE
			2.3.2.1 CE is a global concept
			2.3.2.2 Global supply and value loops
			2.3.2.3 Global societal and environmental benefits
	2.4 Conclusions
	References
Three . Accelerating the implementation of circular economy
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Conceptual change: “rethinking the wheel”
		3.2.1 From linearity to circularity
		3.2.2 From skepticism to conviction
		3.2.3 Concept of “zero waste” cities
		3.2.4 Circular business models (CBMs)
		3.2.5 Economic incentives: catalyzing change
	3.3 Materialistic change: “reinventing the wheel”
		3.3.1 Raw material shift
		3.3.2 Sustainable management of raw materials
			3.3.2.1 Nonrenewable resources
			3.3.2.2 Renewable resources: “circular bioeconomy”
		3.3.3 Sustainable management of wastes
			3.3.3.1 Which waste?
			3.3.3.2 Circularity in waste management
	3.4 Conclusions
	References
Four . Circular economy in action: case studies about the transition from the linear economy in the chemical, mining, textile, agr ...
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Overview of circularity in the industrial sector
	4.3 Circular economy in the chemical industry
		4.3.1 Green chemistry in CE
		4.3.2 Chemicals from bioresource, biowaste, and recycled materials
			4.3.2.1 Lignocellulosic biomass
			4.3.2.2 Food supply chain waste (FSCW)
			4.3.2.3 Algal biomass
			4.3.2.4 Chemicals from CO2
			4.3.2.5 Challenges related to biomass and wastes valorization
		4.3.3 The circular concepts of “chemical leasing” and “pay-per-use”
			4.3.3.1 Chemical leasing
			4.3.3.2 Pay-per-use chemicals
		4.3.4 Cases of circular innovations in the chemical industry
	4.4 Circular economy in the mining industry
		4.4.1 Conventional mining
			4.4.1.1 Metals
			4.4.1.2 Construction minerals (CMs)
		4.4.2 Circularity in the mining sector
			4.4.2.1 Urban mining (UM)
			4.4.2.2 Landfill mining (LFM)
	4.5 Circular economy in the textile industry
		4.5.1 Circularity in the textile business
		4.5.2 Circularity in the textile dyeing industry
	4.6 Circular economy in the agricultural sector
		4.6.1 Global food security
		4.6.2 Issues in the current food sector
		4.6.3 Why do we need circularity in the food sector?
		4.6.4 Circular economy for sustainable food production
			4.6.4.1 A circular economy for food: where to focus?
			4.6.4.2 Easing the transition to circular food systems
				4.6.4.2.1 Circularity in food production
				4.6.4.2.2 Circularity in food consumption
				4.6.4.2.3 Circular food waste management
		4.6.5 Urban agriculture (UA)
		4.6.6 The “AgroCycle” project
	4.7 Circular economy in the water sector: treatment and reclamation
		4.7.1 Water reclamation from municipal wastewaters
			4.7.1.1 Chemical processes
			4.7.1.2 Biological processes
			4.7.1.3 Integrated processes
		4.7.2 Industrial wastewaters: pollution removal and resources recovery
			4.7.2.1 Case of the mining industry
				4.7.2.1.1 Decontaminating mining effluents
				4.7.2.1.2 Resources recovery from mining effluents
			4.7.2.2 Case of the pulp and paper industry
				4.7.2.2.1 Treatment of PPI effluents
				4.7.2.2.2 Valorizing PPI side streams
	4.8 Conclusions and outlook
	References
Five . A “circular” world: reconciling profitability with sustainability
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Circular economy in Europe
		5.2.1 Strategic visions
		5.2.2 National strategies
			5.2.2.1 Finland
			5.2.2.2 Germany
			5.2.2.3 Netherlands
			5.2.2.4 United Kingdom
			5.2.2.5 Italy
		5.2.3 CE the European way: selected case studies
			5.2.3.1 In Nordic countries
			5.2.3.2 In the Netherlands
			5.2.3.3 In Italy
	5.3 Circular economy in North America
		5.3.1 Circular economy in the US
			5.3.1.1 Challenges, opportunities and initiatives in the US
			5.3.1.2 Circularity in US companies
		5.3.2 Circular economy in Canada
			5.3.2.1 Challenges and initiatives in Canada
			5.3.2.2 Circular opportunities in Canada
		5.3.3 Circular economy the North American way: selected case studies
	5.4 Circular economy in China
		5.4.1 A challenging context
		5.4.2 Circular economy policy in China
		5.4.3 Implementation modalities and indicators
			5.4.3.1 Implementation modalities
			5.4.3.2 Indicator system in China
		5.4.4 CE the Chinese way: selected case studies
	5.5 Conclusions and outlook
	References
Six . Circular economy and sustainable development
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Sustainability
		6.2.1 Circular economy and sustainability
		6.2.2 Supporting the transition to sustainability
		6.2.3 Circular economy and sustainable business
		6.2.4 Evaluating circular economy’s success and sustainability
	6.3 Addressing environmental considerations
		6.3.1 Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions
		6.3.2 Soil and land management
	6.4 Reflecting on the societal factor
		6.4.1 Why circular economy?
		6.4.2 Poverty and employment
	6.5 Conclusions
	References
Seven . Full “circular” ahead
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 The future is circular and digital
		7.2.1 Digitalizing circular economy
		7.2.2 Application of digital tools and technologies to CE
		7.2.3 Challenges and research opportunities related to digitalization
			7.2.3.1 Challenges to digitalization
			7.2.3.2 Research opportunities related to the digitalization of CE
	7.3 R&D: “fundamentally innovative”
		7.3.1 Innovation is the key
		7.3.2 Spending on circular R&D
	7.4 Education system: “sustainable and circular thinking”
		7.4.1 Educating about sustainability
		7.4.2 Educating about circularity
	7.5 Concluding remarks
	References
Index
	A
	B
	C
	D
	E
	F
	G
	H
	I
	K
	L
	M
	N
	O
	P
	R
	S
	T
	U
	V
	W
	Y
	Z
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