The Chemistry of Auschwitz: The Technology and Toxicology of Zyklon B and the Gas Chambers - A Crime-Scene Investigation

Table of Contents
Preface
1. Prelude
	1.1. Slow Death in U.S. Gas Chambers
	1.2. Hydrogen Cyanide – a Dangerous Poison
	1.3. The Acid That Causes Blue Stains
2. The Coup
	2.1. Fred Leuchter on Auschwitz and Majdanek
	2.2. First Reactions
	2.3. Attempts at Refutation and Their Assessment
3. No Politics
4. A Brief History of Forensic Examinations of Auschwitz
	4.1. Introduction
	4.2. The Moral Obligation of Forensic Examination
	4.3. A Definition of Forensic Science
	4.4. Forensic Science and Auschwitz
		4.4.1. Forensics in the Courts
			4.4.1.1. The Polish Auschwitz Trials of 1946/1947
			4.4.1.2. The 1963-1966 Frankfurt Auschwitz Trial
			4.4.1.3. The 1972 Vienna Auschwitz Trial
		4.4.2. Forensics outside the Courts
			4.4.2.1. In Search of Mass Graves
			4.4.2.2. Leuchter and the Consequences
			4.4.2.3. Autopsies
5. Auschwitz
	5.1. On the History of the Camp
		5.1.1. The Camp
		5.1.2. The Chemistry
	5.2. Epidemics and the Defense against Them
		5.2.1. Danger of Epidemics
		5.2.2. Epidemic Control with Zyklon B
		5.2.3. Epidemic Control in Auschwitz
			5.2.3.1. Terminology Used and Responsibilities
			5.2.3.2. Procedures Used
			5.2.3.3. Results
			5.2.3.4. Basic Policy Decisions
			5.2.3.5. The Garrison Physician
			5.2.3.6. Microwave Delousing Facility
		5.2.4. Disinfestation Installations BWe 5a and 5b
	5.3. “Gas Chamber” in the Auschwitz I Main Camp
	5.4. “Gas Chambers” in the Birkenau Camp
		5.4.1. Crematoria II and III
			5.4.1.1. Point of Departure
			5.4.1.2. The Search for “Criminal Traces”
				5.4.1.2.1. New Cellars Stairways
				5.4.1.2.2. Gassing Cellar, Undressing Room, and Showers
				5.4.1.2.3. “Gas-tight Doors” for Crematorium II
				5.4.1.2.4. Ventilation Systems
				5.4.1.2.5. Pre-heated Morgues
				5.4.1.2.6. “Cremation with Simultaneous Special Treatment “
				5.4.1.2.7. “Gas Testers” and “Indicator Devices for HCN Residues”
				5.4.1.2.8. Zyklon-B-Introduction Holes
				5.4.1.2.9. Wire-Mesh Push-in Device
				5.4.1.2.10. Conclusions
		5.4.2. Crematoria IV and V
		5.4.3. Bunkers 1 and 2
		5.4.4. The Drainage System in Birkenau
			5.4.4.1. Background: Witness Accounts
			5.4.4.2. The Groundwater level in Birkenau
			5.4.4.3. Open-Air Incineration in Pits
	5.5. Construction Conclusions
	5.6. Missing Documents
6. Formation and Stability of Iron Blue
	6.1. Introduction
	6.2. Instances of Disfigured Buildings
	6.3. Properties of Hydrogen Cyanide, HCN
	6.4. Composition of Iron Blue
		6.4.1. Overview
		6.4.2. Excursus
	6.5. Formation of Iron Blue
		6.5.1. Overview
		6.5.2. Water Content
			6.5.2.1. Overview
			6.5.2.2. Excursus
		6.5.3. Reactivity of Trivalent Iron
			6.5.3.1. Overview
			6.5.3.2. Excursus
		6.5.4. Temperature
			6.5.4.1. Overview
			6.5.4.2. Excursus
		6.5.5. Alkalinity
		6.5.6. Carbon Dioxide
		6.5.7. Conclusion
	6.6. Stability of Iron Blue
		6.6.1. pH Sensitivity
		6.6.2. Solubility
			6.6.2.1. Overview
			6.6.2.2. Excursus
		6.6.3. Excursus: Competing Ligands
		6.6.4. Effects of Light
			6.6.4.1. Overview
			6.6.4.2. Excursus
		6.6.5. Long-Term Test
		6.6.6. Iron Blue in Contaminated Soils
		6.6.7. Summary
	6.7. Influence of Various Building Materials
		6.7.1. Brick
			6.7.1.1. Overview
			6.7.1.2. Excursus
		6.7.2. Cement Mortar and Concrete
			6.7.2.1. Overview
			6.7.2.2. Excursus
		6.7.3. Lime Mortar
		6.7.4. Effects upon the Formation of Iron Blue
7. Zyklon B for the Killing of Human Beings
	7.1. Toxicological Effect of HCN
		7.1.1. Physiology
		7.1.2. Appearance
		7.1.3. Lethal Concentration
	7.2. Evaporation Characteristics of Zyklon B
	7.3. The Gassing of Human Beings
		7.3.1. Eyewitness Testimonies
			7.3.1.1. Boundary Conditions
			7.3.1.2. Claimed Procedures
			7.3.1.3. Quantities of Poison Gas
				7.3.1.3.1. Claims about Amounts of Zyklon B Used
				7.3.1.3.2. HCN Quantities Deduced from Execution Times
				7.3.1.3.3. Incorporation of HCN
				7.3.1.3.4. HCN Loss Due to Adsorption
		7.3.2. Critique of Eyewitness Descriptions
			7.3.2.1. Introductory Remarks
				7.3.2.1.1. Necessity of Cooperation
				7.3.2.1.2. Failure to Separate the Sexes
				7.3.2.1.3. Towel and Soap
				7.3.2.1.4. Testing for Gas Residues
			7.3.2.2. Speed of Ventilation of the “Gas Chambers”
				7.3.2.2.1. Introduction
				7.3.2.2.2. Excursus
				7.3.2.2.3. Ventilation of the Morgues of Crematoria II and III
			7.3.2.3. Simulation Calculations
			7.3.2.4. Excursus: Capacity of Protective Filters
		7.3.3. Evaluation of Eyewitnesses
		7.3.4. An Expert on Cyanide Speaks Out
		7.3.5. Why, Precisely, Zyklon B?
8. Evaluation of Chemical Analyses
	8.1. Test Sample Taking and Description
	8.2. Analytical Methods
		8.2.1. Methods Used
		8.2.2. Interferences and Reproducibility
	8.3. Evaluation of Analytical Results
		8.3.1. F.A. Leuchter/Alpha Analytic Laboratories
		8.3.2. Institute for Forensic Research, Krakow
		8.3.3. G. Rudolf/Fresenius Institute
			8.3.3.1. Samples 1-4: Crematorium II, Morgue #1
			8.3.3.2. Samples 5 to 8 and 23, 24: Inmate Barracks
			8.3.3.3. Samples 9 to 22: Disinfestation Buildings
			8.3.3.4. Samples 25-30: Tests
		8.3.4. John C. Ball
		8.3.5. Carlo Mattogno/Ecolab
		8.3.6. Summary
	8.4. Discussion of the Analysis Results
		8.4.1. Josef Bailer
		8.4.2. Jan Markiewicz and Colleagues
		8.4.3. James Roth
		8.4.4. Richard J. Green
		8.4.5. Wikipedia
		8.4.6. Anticipated Values
		8.4.7. Limits of the Chemical Method
9. Conclusions
	9.1. Overview
	9.2. On Chemistry
	9.3. On Construction Technology
10. Research Desiderata
	10.1. Point of Departure
	10.2. Forensic Archeology
	10.3. Forensic Analytical Chemistry
11. Acknowledgements
	Biographical Notes on the Author
	Censorship
12. Appendices
	12.1. Lists
		12.1.1. Tables
		12.1.2. Illustrations
		12.1.3. Charts
		12.1.4. Abbreviations
	12.2. Excerpts from Statements by Horst Fischer
	12.3. Documents
	12.4. Bibliography
	12.5. Index
HOLOCAUST HANDBOOKS
	SECTION ONE: General Overviews of the Holocaust
	SECTION TWO: Specific non-Auschwitz Studies
	SECTION THREE: Auschwitz Studies
	SECTION FOUR: Witness Critique
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