The Chemistry Knowledge for Firefighters

Foreword
Foreword
Foreword to the English edition
Thank You
Contents
Part I: Introduction
	1: The Natural Sciences
		1.1 Differentiation of the Natural Sciences
		1.2 Differentiation of Physical and Chemical Processes
		1.3 What Are These ``Substances´´?
		1.4 Models
	2: Substances and Mixtures
		2.1 Substance Separation
			2.1.1 Separation of Heterogeneous Systems
			2.1.2 Separation of Homogeneous Systems
		2.2 Element and Connection
			Example 1
			Example 2
		2.3 Substance Properties of Interest to the Fire Brigade
Part II: Forms of States of Matter
	3: Aggregate States
		3.1 Heat Transport
			3.1.1 What Is ``Heat´´?
			3.1.2 What Is ``Temperature´´?
				3.1.2.1 Temperature Scales
			3.1.3 Heat Conduction
				Calculation of Linear Expansion
				Rule of Thumb
				3.1.3.1 Thermal Conductivity
			3.1.4 Heat Convection (Convection)
				3.1.4.1 Volume Expansion
					Calculation of the Volume Expansion
					Rule of thumb
				3.1.4.2 Apparent Volume Expansion
				3.1.4.3 Volume Expansion in Completely Filled Containers
			3.1.5 Thermal Radiation
			3.1.6 Heat Transport and Fire Occurrence
		3.2 Change of the State of Aggregation
			3.2.1 Transitions Solid  Liquid
				3.2.1.1 Melting Point
				3.2.1.2 Solidification Point
			3.2.2 Transitions Liquid  Gaseous
				3.2.2.1 Boiling Point
				3.2.2.2 Evaporation
			3.2.3 Transitions Solid  Gaseous
			3.2.4 Vapour Pressure Condition
				3.2.4.1 Water Steam Volatility
		3.3 Important Safety-Related Values
			3.3.1 Evaporation Number
			3.3.2 Vapour Pressure
			3.3.3 Flash Point, Inflammation Point, Ignition Temperature
				3.3.3.1 Water-Miscible Flammable Liquids
			3.3.4 Explosion Range
				3.3.4.1 About the Measurement Technology
				3.3.4.2 Calculated Estimation LEL/UEL
					Example
			3.3.5 Vapour Density Ratio
			3.3.6 Basic Tactical Rules
		3.4 Specific Heat Capacity and Latent Heats
			3.4.1 Specific Heat Capacity
			3.4.2 Heat of Fusion
			3.4.3 Heat of Evaporation
			3.4.4 Heat of Sublimation
			3.4.5 Heat Quantity Calculations
				3.4.5.1 Heat Mixtures without Changes of Aggregate State
					Calculation Example 1
					Calculation Example 2
				3.4.5.2 Heat Mixtures with Changes of Aggregate State
			3.4.6 Changes of Aggregate State and Extinguishing Agent Use
				3.4.6.1 Water
				3.4.6.2 Foam
				3.4.6.3 Carbon Dioxide
				3.4.6.4 Extinguishing Powder
			3.4.7 Aggregate States in NBC Operations
	4: Gases
		4.1 Ideal Gas
		4.2 Pressure and Temperature
		4.3 Boyle-Mariotte Law
		4.4 Law of Amontons
		4.5 Law of Gay-Lussac
		4.6 General Gas Equation
			4.6.1 Absolute Zero
		4.7 Avogadro Theorem
		4.8 Universal Gas Equation
			Calculation Example ``Universal Gas Equation´´
		4.9 Standard Conditions
		4.10 Partial Pressures
		4.11 Diffusion
			4.11.1 Diffusion Coefficient (Diffusion Constant)
			4.11.2 Brownian Molecular Motion
		4.12 Real Gases
			4.12.1 Breathing Air - A Real Gas
			4.12.2 Critical Pressure and Critical Temperature
				4.12.2.1 BLEVE
			4.12.3 Solubility of Gases
				4.12.3.1 Solubility of Gases During Firefighting Operations
Part III: Atomic Models and Periodic Table
	5: Atoms and Atomic Shell
		5.1 Development of the Atomic Theory
			5.1.1 Dalton´s Atomic Model - Sphere Model
			5.1.2 Thomson´s Atomic Model - Raisin Cake Model
		5.2 Structure of the Atomic Shell
			5.2.1 Rutherford Atomic Model
			5.2.2 Bohr´s Atomic Model
			5.2.3 Bohr-Sommerfeld Atomic Model
			5.2.4 Orbital Model
			5.2.5 The Electron
		5.3 Structure of the Atomic Nucleus
			5.3.1 Rutherford´s Scattering Test
			5.3.2 The Proton
			5.3.3 The Neutron
		5.4 Particles in the Atom
		5.5 Atomic Mass Units
			5.5.1 Absolute Atomic Mass (mA) and Absolute Molecular Mass (mM)
			5.5.2 Relative Atomic Mass (Ar), Relative Molecular Mass (Mr), and ``u´´
				Example
			5.5.3 Amount of Substance n
			5.5.4 The Molar Volume (Vm)
			5.5.5 Loschmidt Number
	6: The Periodic Table
		6.1 Early Trials
		6.2 Periodic Table According to Mendeleev & Meyer
		6.3 Structure of the Periodic Table
			6.3.1 Display Mode
			6.3.2 Casting Order
		6.4 Representation of the Electron Configuration
			6.4.1 Hund´s Rule
			6.4.2 Orbital Diagram
			6.4.3 Term Notation
		6.5 Periodic Properties
			6.5.1 Atomic Radius
			6.5.2 Ionization Energy
			6.5.3 Electron Affinity
			6.5.4 Electronegativity
		Summary: Periodic Properties of the Elements
		6.6 Main Groups of the Periodic Table
			6.6.1 First Main Group - Alkali Metals
			6.6.2 Second Main Group -Alkaline Earth Metals
			6.6.3 Third Main Group - Boron Group
			6.6.4 Fourth Main Group - Carbon Group
			6.6.5 Fifth Main Group - Nitrogen Group
			6.6.6 Sixth Main Group - Chalcogens
			6.6.7 Seventh Main Group - Halogens
			6.6.8 Eighth Main Group -Noble Gases
		6.7 Subgroup Elements/d-Elements
		6.8 Rare Earths/f-Elements
		6.9 Oblique Relationship
		6.10 Metals in the PTE
Part IV: Molecules, Ions, Bonds
	7: Introduction
		7.1 Molecule Presentation
		7.2 Notation
			7.2.1 Element Symbols
			7.2.2 Comparison of Molecular Notations
		7.3 The Valence Stroke Formula
			7.3.1 Noble Gas Rule
				Example
				7.3.1.1 Exceptions to the Noble Gas Rule
				7.3.1.2 Bonds of Heavy Elements (From Third Period)
				7.3.1.3 Formal Charge
				7.3.1.4 Mesomerism
					Example
			7.3.2 Electronegativity (EN)
			7.3.3 Oxidation Number
		7.4 Other Formula Notations
			7.4.1 Ratio Formula
			7.4.2 Sum Formula
			7.4.3 Constitutional Formula
			7.4.4 Structural Formulas
			7.4.5 Skeleton Formulas
	8: Bonds
		8.1 Strong Bonds
			8.1.1 Metal Binding
			8.1.2 Ion Binding
			8.1.3 Electron Pair Bond
			8.1.4 Polarized Electron Pair Bond
			8.1.5 Transitions Between the Bond Types
		8.2 Weak Bondings
			8.2.1 Dipole-Dipole Interaction
				8.2.1.1 Effects of the Dipole-Dipole Interaction
			8.2.2 Hydrogen Bond
			8.2.3 Van der Waals Forces
				8.2.3.1 Effects of the Van der Waals forces
		8.3 Other Types of Bonds in Solids
			8.3.1 Molecular Lattice
			8.3.2 Atomic Lattice
				8.3.2.1 Modification
Part V: Solutions and Chemical Reactions
	9: Chemical Reactions: Fundamentals
		9.1 Basic Laws
			9.1.1 Law of Conservation of Mass
			9.1.2 Law of Equivalent Proportions
			9.1.3 Law of Constant Proportions
			9.1.4 Law of Multiple Proportions
			9.1.5 Humboldt´s Gas Law
		9.2 Reactions
			9.2.1 Basic Reactions
			9.2.2 Reaction Equations
				Examples
			9.2.3 Rules for Setting Up Reaction Equations
				Example 1
				Example 2
			9.2.4 Stoichiometry
			9.2.5 Naming Connections
	10: Solutions
		10.1 Basic Information on the Dissolving Behaviour
			10.1.1 Dissolving Process: Polar Substances in Polar Solvents
			10.1.2 Dissolving Process: Non-polar Substances in Non-polar Solvents
			10.1.3 Energy Consumption During the Dissolving Process
			10.1.4 Unsaturated, Saturated and Supersaturated Solutions
			10.1.5 Temperature Dependence of the Solubility
			10.1.6 Crystal Water
			10.1.7 Application-Related Dissolving Behaviour of Solids
				Example
			10.1.8 Water Miscibility of Liquids
				10.1.8.1 Mixture Gap for Liquids
				10.1.8.2 Simple Detection Options
			10.1.9 Rules for the Solubility of Salts in Water
		10.2 Composition of Mixed Phases
			10.2.1 Mass Fraction (w, w %)
				10.2.1.1 Conversion Solubility (L*)  Mass Fraction (w)
			10.2.2 Volume Fraction (φ,φ %, vol.-%)
			10.2.3 Mass Concentration (β)
			10.2.4 Volume Concentration (σ, σ %)
			10.2.5 Mass Concentration (c)
			10.2.6 Mass Ratio (r)
			10.2.7 Molality (b)
			10.2.8 Small Concentrations (, ppm, ppb, ppt)
				10.2.8.1 Conversion Mass Concentration  Volume Concentration
					Example
			10.2.9 ppm Values in Firefighting Operations
		10.3 Reactions in Solution
			10.3.1 Exchange Reactions, General
			10.3.2 Precipitation Formation
			10.3.3 Formation of Gases
			10.3.4 Formation of Weak Electrolytes
		10.4 Chemical Reactions During the Dissolving Process
			10.4.1 Reactions with Acids
			10.4.2 ``Solutions´´ of Gases
			10.4.3 Hydrolysis
				Example
	11: Double Salts, Complexes and Dispersions
		11.1 Double Salts
		11.2 Complex Salts
			11.2.1 Important Complexes/Complexing Agents
			11.2.2 Complexions
			11.2.3 Structure of Complexes
			11.2.4 Denticity of the Ligands
			11.2.5 Stability of Complexes
			11.2.6 Colourfulness of Complexes
			11.2.7 Nomenclature of Complex Compounds
				11.2.7.1 Ligands
				11.2.7.2 Cationic Complexes
				11.2.7.3 Anionic Complexes
			11.2.8 Water Hardness and Extinguishing Water Supply
		11.3 Disperse Systems
			11.3.1 Finely Dispersed Systems
			11.3.2 Colloid Disperse Systems
			11.3.3 Tyndall Effect
Part VI: Acids and Alkalis
	12: Acid-Base Theories
		12.1 Definition According to Arrhenius
			12.1.1 Acids
				Examples
			12.1.2 Bases
				Example
			12.1.3 Neutralization
				Example
			12.1.4 Hydrolysis
			12.1.5 Salts
			12.1.6 Limitations of the Model and Outlook
		12.2 Definition According to Brønsted and Lowry
			12.2.1 Acids and Bases
				Example
			12.2.2 Salts
			12.2.3 Amphoteric Substances
			12.2.4 Improvements Against Arrhenius
			12.2.5 Limitations of the Model and Outlook
		12.3 Definition According to Lewis
			12.3.1 Lewis Acids
			12.3.2 Lewis Bases
			12.3.3 Acid-Base Reaction According to Lewis
			12.3.4 Limits of the Concept According to Lewis
		12.4 HSAB Concept
			12.4.1 Overview HSAB Concept
				Example
			12.4.2 Limitations of the HSAB Concept
	13: Acids and Alkalis
		13.1 Properties of Acids and Alkalis
			13.1.1 Shift of the pH Value
			13.1.2 Corrosivity
			13.1.3 Corrosion Effect
			13.1.4 Change in Electrical Conductivity
			13.1.5 Suitable Binders
			13.1.6 Possible Reaction Hazards
		13.2 Important Acids
			13.2.1 Hydrochloric Acid (HCl(aq))
			13.2.2 Sulphuric Acid (H2SO4)
			13.2.3 Nitric Acid (HNO3)
			13.2.4 Phosphoric Acid (H3PO4)
			13.2.5 Other Inorganic Acids
				13.2.5.1 Hydrofluoric Acid (HF(aq))
				13.2.5.2 Hydroiodic Acid (HI(aq))
			13.2.6 Organic Acids
				13.2.6.1 Formic Acid (H-COOH)
				13.2.6.2 Acetic Acid (H3C-COOH)
				13.2.6.3 Peroxoacetic Acid (H3C-COOOH)
		13.3 Important Alkalis
			13.3.1 Sodium Hydroxide Solution (NaOH(aq))
			13.3.2 Caustic Potash Solution (KOH(aq))
			13.3.3 Ammonia/Ammonia Solution (NH3/NH3(aq))
	14: pH Value
		14.1 Explanation of the Value ``pH value´´
			Example
			14.1.1 pH Value Calculation with the Calculator
		14.2 The Neutral Point
			14.2.1 Temperature Dependence of KW
		14.3 pH Value and pOH Value
			14.3.1 Relationship Between pH and pOH Value
			14.3.2 Calculation of the pOH and pH Values of an Alkaline Solution
		14.4 pH Value of Salt Solutions
			14.4.1 Salt of a Strong Acid and a Strong Base
			14.4.2 Salt of a Weak Acid and a Strong Base
			14.4.3 Salt of a Strong Acid and a Weak Base
			14.4.4 Salt of a Weak Acid and a Weak Base
		14.5 Acid and Alkali Strength
			14.5.1 Degree of Dissociation α
			14.5.2 Degree of Protolysis β
			14.5.3 Acid Constant: KA and pKA
			14.5.4 Base Constant: KB and pKB
			14.5.5 Strong Acids and Strong Bases
				Examples
			14.5.6 Weak Acids and Weak Bases
			14.5.7 Acid and Base Strength
		14.6 Determination of the pH Value
			14.6.1 pH Indicators
			14.6.2 Functioning of a pH Indicator
			14.6.3 Detect: Track, Measure, Analyze
			14.6.4 pH Value Measurement with pH Paper
			14.6.5 pH Value Measurement with pH Meter
	15: Neutralisation
		15.1 Basics of Acid-Base Neutralization
			15.1.1 Neutralization Strong Acid  Strong Base
			15.1.2 Neutralisation Weak Acid  Weak Base
			15.1.3 Neutralisation Strong Acid (Base)  Weak Base (Acid)
		15.2 Neutralisation Heat
		15.3 Buffer Solutions
			15.3.1 Functionality of Buffer Solutions
			15.3.2 Calculation of the pH Value of a Buffer
				Example Calculation
			15.3.3 Important Buffer Systems
		15.4 Neutralization and Emergency Operations
			15.4.1 Dilution up to pH 7
			15.4.2 Neutralisation with Diluted Acids/Alkalis
			15.4.3 Neutralisation with Solid Acids/Alkalis
			15.4.4 Result of the Observations
Part VII: Redox Reactions and Electrochemistry
	16: Oxidation/Reduction Concept
		16.1 The Modern Redox Concept
			16.1.1 Clarification
		16.2 Oxidizing and Reducing Agents
			16.2.1 Comparison Redox  Acid-base
		16.3 Redox Reactions
			16.3.1 Types of Redox Reactions
				16.3.1.1 Redox Reactions Under Electron Exchange
				16.3.1.2 Redox Reactions Under Partial Electron Transfer
				16.3.1.3 Protolysis-coupled Redox Reactions
			16.3.2 Examples of Redox Reactions
			16.3.3 Disproportionation
			16.3.4 Comproportioning
		16.4 Setting up Redox Equations
			16.4.1 Determination of the Oxidation Numbers
			16.4.2 Determination and Compensation of Transferred Electrons
				Example
			16.4.3 Charge Balance, Water Balance
			16.4.4 ``Strikeout Trick´´
	17: Redox Pairs
		17.1 Half Cells
			17.1.1 Diaphragm
			17.1.2 Salt Bridge
		17.2 Normal Potentials of Redox Couples
			17.2.1 Standard Hydrogen Electrode
			17.2.2 Normal Conditions
			17.2.3 Signing
		17.3 Electrochemical Series
		17.4 Normal Potential and Reaction Course
	18: Calculation of the Electromotive Force
		18.1 Calculation at Normal Conditions
			Example
		18.2 Nernst´s Equation
			18.2.1 EMF and Concentration Variations
			18.2.2 Concentration Chains
	19: Galvanic Cells
		19.1 Batteries
			19.1.1 Historical Batteries
				19.1.1.1 Voltaic Column
				19.1.1.2 Daniell Element
				19.1.1.3 Leclanche Element
			19.1.2 Zinc-carbon Battery
			19.1.3 Alkaline Manganese Cell
			19.1.4 Zinc Mercury Battery
		19.2 Accumulators
			19.2.1 Lead Accumulator
			19.2.2 Nickel-cadmium Accumulator
			19.2.3 Nickel-metal Hydride Accumulator
			19.2.4 Lithium-ion Accumulator
		19.3 Fuel Cells
		19.4 Electrochemical Corrosion
			19.4.1 Local Elements
			19.4.2 Cathodic Corrosion Protection
	20: Electrolysis
		20.1 Electrode Processes
			20.1.1 Electrophoresis
			20.1.2 Electrolysis
			20.1.3 Decomposition Voltage
				Example
		20.2 Electrolysis of Aqueous Solutions
			20.2.1 Dischargeability Series
			20.2.2 Faraday´s Law
				Example
		20.3 Applications of Electrolysis
			20.3.1 Chlorine-alkali Electrolysis
			20.3.2 Fused-salt Electrolysis
			20.3.3 Aluminium Extraction
			20.3.4 Metal Refining
			20.3.5 Anodising Process
			20.3.6 Electroplating
		20.4 Terms of Electrochemistry
			20.4.1 Electrolysis terms
			20.4.2 Comparison Cathode/Anode
Part VIII: Radioactivity
	21: Background Knowledge ``Radiation´´
		21.1 Waves and Wave Radiation
			Another Example Will Illustrate the Wave Nature
			21.1.1 Electromagnetic Waves
				Example
			21.1.2 Electromagnetic Spectrum
			21.1.3 Energy Unit Electron Volt (eV)
			21.1.4 Energy and Mass
			21.1.5 X-Rays
				21.1.5.1 Properties of X-Rays
			21.1.6 Luminescence, Phosphorescence and Fluorescence
				21.1.6.1 Luminescence
				21.1.6.2 Phosphorescence
				21.1.6.3 Fluorescence
		21.2 Particle Radiation
		21.3 Excursus: Ionizing Radiation
			21.3.1 Labelling of Ionising and Non-ionising Radiation
				21.3.1.1 Application PID
	22: History of Radioactivity
		22.1 Beginnings
			22.1.1 Becquerel´s Photoplate Experiment
			22.1.2 Discovery of New Elements
			22.1.3 Non-uniform Radiation
			22.1.4 Nuclear Conversion
			22.1.5 Artificial Radioactivity
			22.1.6 Discovery of Nuclear Fission
		22.2 Developments
			22.2.1 The First Nuclear Reactor
			22.2.2 Nuclear Weapons
	23: Radioactivity: Terms and Notations
		23.1 Notations of Nuclear Chemistry
			23.1.1 Atomic Number Z
			23.1.2 Mass Number A
			23.1.3 Nuclide Notation
				Example
		23.2 Terms Relating to Nuclides and Isotopes
			23.2.1 Number of Neutrons N
			23.2.2 Nuclide
			23.2.3 Isotopes
			23.2.4 Pure Elements
			23.2.5 Mixed Elements
			23.2.6 Isobares
			23.2.7 Isotones
			23.2.8 Core Isomers
		Overview Core Isomers
	24: The Atomic Nucleus
		24.1 Structure
			24.1.1 Droplet Model
			24.1.2 Shell Model
		24.2 Forces in the Core
			24.2.1 Strong Nuclear Power
			24.2.2 Weak Interaction
				24.2.2.1 Neutrino
				24.2.2.2 Stability of the Proton
		24.3 Stability of the Atomic Nucleus
			24.3.1 Nuclear Binding Energy
				Example
	25: Radioactive Decay
		25.1 Representation of Nuclear Reactions
			25.1.1 Nuclear Reaction Equation
			25.1.2 Abbreviated Nuclear Reaction Equation
			25.1.3 Conversion Scheme
				Consider the Decay of Radium
		25.2 α-decay
			25.2.1 Origin of α-radiation
				Example: Decay of Th-232 to Ra-228
			25.2.2 Properties of α-radiation
			25.2.3 α-capture
		25.3 β-decay
			25.3.1 Origin of β--radiation
			25.3.2 Origin of β+-radiation
			25.3.3 Properties of β-radiation
				25.3.3.1 Bremsstrahlung
			25.3.4 Nuclear Reaction ``K-capture´´
			25.3.5 Cherenkov Radiation
		25.4 γ-transition
			25.4.1 Origin of γ-radiation
			25.4.2 Properties of γ-radiation
			25.4.3 Interactions of γ-radiation
				25.4.3.1 Photoelectric Effect
				25.4.3.2 Compton Effect
				25.4.3.3 Comparison of Photoelectric Effect and Compton effect
				25.4.3.4 Pair Formation and Pair Destruction
				25.4.3.5 Nuclear Photoelectric Effect
		25.5 Summary
	26: Nuclide Cards
		26.1 Current Nuclide Maps
			26.1.1 Nuclide Overview
			26.1.2 Section of a Nuclide Map
			26.1.3 Decay types in the nuclide map
				Example
	27: Units of Measurement of the Radiation of Radioactive Substances
		27.1 Radiation Protection Units
			27.1.1 Impulse Rate (ips)
			27.1.2 Activity A
				Examples of Activities
			27.1.3 Half-Life T1/2
				Example Calculation
				27.1.3.1 Relationship Between Activity and Half-Life
				27.1.3.2 Illustration of the half-life
			27.1.4 Absorbed Dose D
			27.1.5 Equivalent dose H
				27.1.5.1 Radiation Weighting Factor wR
			27.1.6 Effective Dose Equivalent Heff
				27.1.6.1 Tissue Weighting Factor wT
			27.1.7 Dose rate
			27.1.8 Ion Dose J
			27.1.9 Gamma Dose Rate Constant ΓH
				Example Calculation
				Overview: Units of Measurement in Radiation Protection
		27.2 Other Units of Radiation Protection
			27.2.1 Activity in Curie
			27.2.2 Absorbed Dose in Rad
			27.2.3 Equivalent Dose in Rem
			27.2.4 Ion Dose in Roentgen
	28: Measuring Instruments for Radiation Emitted by Radioactive Substances
		28.1 Measuring Principles
			28.1.1 Ionization Counter
			28.1.2 Photochemical reaction
			28.1.3 Scintillation Counter
			28.1.4 Semiconductor Counter
			28.1.5 Neutron Counter
			28.1.6 Further Detection and Measurement Options
		28.2 Measuring Instruments for Ionizing Radiation in Firefighting Operations
			28.2.1 Overview of the Measuring and Detection Equipment
			28.2.2 Film Dosimeter
			28.2.3 Dose Warning Devices
			28.2.4 Dose Rate Warning Devices
			28.2.5 Dose Rate Meters
			28.2.6 Contamination Detection Equipment
			28.2.7 NBR Probe
			28.2.8 Further Measuring/Detection Devices
			28.2.9 Supplement: Measured Variable
		Summary
	29: Radiation Exposure
		29.1 Environmental Radioactivity
			29.1.1 Cosmic Radiation
			29.1.2 Terrestrial Radiation
			29.1.3 Ingestion of Radionuclides
			29.1.4 Radon Inhalation
		29.2 Civilisational Radiation Exposure
			29.2.1 Medical Sources
			29.2.2 Technical Applications
			29.2.3 Reactor Accidents and Nuclear Bomb Tests
		29.3 Total Load on Average
	30: Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation
		30.1 Types of Radiation Damage
			30.1.1 Early Damage
			30.1.2 Late Damage
			30.1.3 Genetic Damage
		30.2 Radiobiological Reaction Chain
			30.2.1 Time Course of the Physical-Biological Processes
			30.2.2 Processes at the Molecular Level
			30.2.3 Cellular processes
			30.2.4 Classification of Radiation Damage
		30.3 Factor dependence of the radiation effect
			30.3.1 Overview of Radiation Effect Factors
			30.3.2 Ionization Density
			30.3.3 Relative Radiation Sensitivity
			30.3.4 Radiation Sensitivity of Animals
	31: Use of Radioactive Substances
		31.1 Application in the fire brigade
			31.1.1 Ion Mobility Spectrometer (IMS)
		31.2 Applications in Technology
		31.3 Applications in Science
		31.4 Applications in medicine
	32: Nuclear Reactions
		32.1 Artificial Nuclear Transformations
		32.2 Nuclear Fission
			32.2.1 Controlled Nuclear Fission
			32.2.2 Uncontrolled Nuclear Fission
			32.2.3 Nuclear Power Plants
		32.3 Nuclear Fusion
		32.4 Nuclear Weapons
			32.4.1 Atomic Bomb
			32.4.2 Hydrogen Bomb
			32.4.3 Nuclear Crime
			32.4.4 Radiological Weapons
	33: Labelling of Radioactive Substances and Areas
		33.1 Transport Labeling
			33.1.1 Marking of Vehicles
			33.1.2 Marking of Packages
				33.1.2.1 Fissile Material
			33.1.3 Workplace Labeling
				33.1.3.1 Classification into Fire Brigade Hazard Groups
				33.1.3.2 Radiation Protection Areas
				33.1.3.3 IAEA Supplementary Marking
	34: Protection Against Ionizing Radiation
		34.1 Basic Behavior
			34.1.1 Incorporation
			34.1.2 Contamination/Contamination Transfer
		34.2 Specific Protective Measures
			34.2.1 ALARA Principle
			34.2.2 Switch Off
			34.2.3 Distance
			34.2.4 Duration of Stay (time factor)
				Calculation Example
			34.2.5 Shielding/Covering
			34.2.6 Combination of Measures
				Example
		34.3 Procedure According to Hazard Groups
			34.3.1 Special Operational Situations
Part IX: Energy Conversion of Chemical Reactions
	35: Energy
		35.1 Law of Conservation of Energy
		35.2 Definitions
			35.2.1 Systems
			35.2.2 State Functions
		35.3 Energies
			35.3.1 Energy Conversion of Chemical Reactions
			35.3.2 Reaction Energy E
			35.3.3 Intrinsic Energy U
		35.4 Enthalpy H
			35.4.1 Energy of Formation and Enthalpy of Formation
			35.4.2 Reaction Enthalpy
			35.4.3 The Theorem of Hess
			35.4.4 Born-Haber Cycle
				Example
		35.5 Entropy S
			35.5.1 Reaction Entropy
		35.6 The Driving Force of Chemical Reactions
			35.6.1 Relationships ΔHR, ΔSR and ΔGR
		35.7 Transitions
			35.7.1 Transition Complexes
			35.7.2 Activation Energy
	36: Catalysis
		36.1 Introduction to Catalysis
		36.2 Influences of a Catalyst
			36.2.1 Catalysis and Activation Energy
			36.2.2 Catalysis and Reaction Rate
			36.2.3 Viewing the Energy Diagram
			36.2.4 Catalysis and Reaction Course
			36.2.5 Catalyst Selectivity
			36.2.6 Promoters
		36.3 Aggregate States of Catalysts
			36.3.1 Homogeneous Catalysis
			36.3.2 Heterogeneous Catalysis
			36.3.3 Catalysis in Everyday Life
		36.4 Inhibition
			36.4.1 Extinguishing Powder
			36.4.2 Halons
		36.5 Catalyst Poisons
Part X: Burning and Extinguishing
	37: Fire and Blazes
		37.1 Fire - An Oxidation Process
			37.1.1 Slow Oxidation
			37.1.2 Rapid Oxidation
			37.1.3 Very Rapid Oxidation
	38: The Process of Burning
		38.1 Requirements for Burning
		38.2 Combustible Substance
			38.2.1 Influence of the Molecular Structure on the Flammability
			38.2.2 Influence of Non-combustible Elements on Combustibility
			38.2.3 Classification of Flammable Substances I: Chemical-Physical
			38.2.4 Classification of Flammable Substances II: Fire Classes
			38.2.5 Fire Behavior of Building Materials
			38.2.6 Fire Behavior of Building Components
		38.3 Oxygen
			38.3.1 Free Oxygen of the Air
			38.3.2 Pure Oxygen
			38.3.3 Bound Oxygen
			38.3.4 Oxygen-Free Oxidizing Agents
			38.3.5 Oxygen Measurement
				Rough Calculation
			38.3.6 Influence on the Course of Combustion
				38.3.6.1 Ignitability
				38.3.6.2 Explosion Range
				38.3.6.3 Combustion Rate
				38.3.6.4 Combustion Temperature
			38.3.7 Minimum Oxygen Concentration
			38.3.8 Oxygen Index OI
			38.3.9 Combustion Equation
			38.3.10 Oxygen Demand or Air Demand
		38.4 Ignition Energy
			38.4.1 External Ignition
			38.4.2 Spontaneous Ignition
			38.4.3 Minimum Ignition Energy
			38.4.4 Influence of the Ignition Energy on the Explosion Range
		38.5 Mixing Ratio
			38.5.1 Influence of the Mixing Ratio on the Combustible System
			38.5.2 Influence of Temperature on the Mixing Ratio
				38.5.2.1 Flash Point/Inflammation Point
				38.5.2.2 Lower and Upper Explosion Point (tex)
			38.5.3 Influence of the Surface on the Mixing Ratio
				38.5.3.1 Extinguishing Agent Surface
			38.5.4 Further Influencing Variables
		38.6 Combustion Catalyst
	39: Explosions
		39.1 Differentiation of Explosion Processes
			39.1.1 Explosions with a Chemical or Physical Cause
			39.1.2 Reaction Speed for Explosions
				39.1.2.1 Slow Deflagration
				39.1.2.2 Deflagration
				39.1.2.3 Detonation
			39.1.3 Differentiation According to Explosive Medium
				39.1.3.1 Gas Explosions
				39.1.3.2 Dust Explosions
				39.1.3.3 Explosive Substances
		39.2 Explosion Indicators
			39.2.1 Damage Due to Pressure Waves
			39.2.2 Flame Propagation Velocity vF
			39.2.3 Limiting Oxygen Concentration φO,min
			39.2.4 Maximum Explosion Pressure pmax
				Stoichiometric Composition of a Vapor
			39.2.5 Maximum Pressure Rise over Time (dp/dt)max
			39.2.6 Cubic Law: KG and KSt Value
	40: The Chemistry of Combustion
		40.1 Chain Reactions
			40.1.1 Radical Chain Reactions
				40.1.1.1 Chain Start: Homolysis
				40.1.1.2 Chain Propagation
				40.1.1.3 Chain Termination
				40.1.1.4 Initiators and Inhibitors
			40.1.2 Unbranched Chain Reaction
			40.1.3 Branched-Chain Reaction
			40.1.4 Incineration of Organic Materials
			40.1.5 Course of Chain Reactions
		40.2 Fire Course
			40.2.1 Fire Progression Curve
			40.2.2 Rate of Fire Spread
			40.2.3 Special Phenomena of the Course of Fire
				40.2.3.1 Flash-Over
				40.2.3.2 Back-Draft
				40.2.3.3 Roll-Over
			40.2.4 Pyrolysis
		40.3 Flue Gases
			40.3.1 Fire Gases
				40.3.1.1 Fire Gas Volume VFG
			40.3.2 Fire Smoke
		40.4 Energy Turnover During Fires
			40.4.1 Minimum Combustion Temperature
			40.4.2 Caloric Value (Hs) and Heating Value (Hi)
			40.4.3 Burning Velocity and Burning Rate
			40.4.4 Fire Load Density (q)
			40.4.5 Fire Load Density (Ifi)
			40.4.6 Heat Release Rate (Q)
			40.4.7 Extinguishing Water Demand
			40.4.8 Example Calculations
	41: Extinguishing
		41.1 Extinguishing Methods
			41.1.1 Extinguishing by Cooling
			41.1.2 Extinguishing by Suffocation: Separation
			41.1.3 Extinguishing by Suffocation: Dilute
			41.1.4 Delete by Suffocation: Reducing
			41.1.5 Reaction-Inhibiting Extinguishing Effect
				41.1.5.1 Homogeneous Inhibition
				41.1.5.2 Heterogeneous Inhibition/Wall Effect
		41.2 Extinguishing Agent
			41.2.1 Water
				41.2.1.1 Application Limits
				41.2.1.2 Room Cooling/Temperature Check/Flue Gas Cooling
			41.2.2 Foam
				41.2.2.1 Admixing Rate
				41.2.2.2 Foaming Ratio
				41.2.2.3 Foam Destroying Influences
				41.2.2.4 Foam Application Notes
				41.2.2.5 Environmental Protection and Foam Using
				41.2.2.6 Diffusion of Flammable Vapours
			41.2.3 Special Foams
				41.2.3.1 Water Film Forming Foams (AFFF)
				41.2.3.2 Compressed Air Foam System (CAFS)
			41.2.4 Extinguishing Powder
				41.2.4.1 Particle Sizes and Surfaces
			41.2.5 Carbon dioxide CO2
				41.2.5.1 Application Limits
			41.2.6 Extinguishing Agents for Burning Fat
			41.2.7 Other Extinguishing Agents
				41.2.7.1 Sand, Cement, Grey Cast Iron Filings, Common Salt
				41.2.7.2 Hollow Glass Granulate
				41.2.7.3 Halon Substitutes
	42: Flame Retardants
		42.1 Flame Retardant
			42.1.1 Halogenated Flame Retardants
				42.1.1.1 Application Examples
				42.1.1.2 Mode of Operation
			42.1.2 Inorganic Flame Retardants
				42.1.2.1 Application Examples
				42.1.2.2 Mode of Operation
			42.1.3 Flame Retardants with Organic Nitrogen
			42.1.4 Phosphorus as a Flame Retardant
			42.1.5 Flame Retardants Based on Inorganic Phosphorus Compounds
			42.1.6 Flame Retardants Based on Organic Phosphorus Compounds
			42.1.7 Clothing with Flame Protection
		42.2 Intumescent Coatings
			42.2.1 Applications
			42.2.2 Mode of Operation
Part XI: Organic Chemistry
	43: Indispensable Organic
		43.1 Introduction
			43.1.1 Demarcation Organic  Inorganic Chemistry
			43.1.2 Why Carbon?
			43.1.3 Basic Structure of Organic Compounds
			43.1.4 Functional Groups
	44: Hydrocarbons
		44.1 Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
			44.1.1 Alkanes
				44.1.1.1 Formula Representation
				44.1.1.2 Branched Chains
				44.1.1.3 Nomenclature of the Alkanes
				44.1.1.4 Examples, Occurrence, Properties, Use
			44.1.2 Alkenes
				44.1.2.1 Cis-Trans Isomerism
				44.1.2.2 (Z)-(E)-Isomerism
				44.1.2.3 Polyene
				44.1.2.4 Examples, Production, Use, Reactions
			44.1.3 Alkine
				44.1.3.1 Examples, Production, Use, Reactions
		44.2 Excursus: Bonding Ratios at the C Atom
			44.2.1 Electron Structure of the C Atom
			44.2.2 sp3 Hybridization
			44.2.3 sp2 Hybridization
			44.2.4 sp-Hybridization
		44.3 Annular Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
			44.3.1 Cyclic Hydrocarbons
			44.3.2 Bicyclic and Polycyclic Compounds
		44.4 Aromatic Hydrocarbons
			44.4.1 Simple Aromatic Compounds
				44.4.1.1 Naming of Simple Aromatic Compounds
			44.4.2 Polynuclear Aromatic Compounds
			44.4.3 Condensed Aromatic Compounds
	45: Organic Halogen Compounds
		45.1 The ``Dirty Dozen´´ of Halogen Compounds
	46: Organic Oxygen Compounds
		46.1 Alcohols
			46.1.1 Primary, Secondary, Tertiary Alcohols
				46.1.1.1 Oxidation of Primary Alcohols
				46.1.1.2 Oxidation of Secondary Alcohols
				46.1.1.3 Oxidation of Tertiary Alcohols
			46.1.2 Polyhydric Alcohols
			46.1.3 Phenols
		46.2 Aldehydes
		46.3 Ketones
		46.4 Ether
			46.4.1 Symmetrical and Asymmetrical Ether
			46.4.2 Cyclic Ethers
				46.4.2.1 Crown Ether
		46.5 Carboxylic Acids
			46.5.1 Monocarboxylic Acids
			46.5.2 Halogenated Carboxylic Acids
			46.5.3 Dicarboxylic Acids
			46.5.4 Carboxylic Acid Anhydrides
		46.6 Ester
		46.7 Peroxides
			46.7.1 Peroxycarboxylic Acids
	47: Organic Nitrogen Compounds
		47.1 Amines
			47.1.1 Primary, Secondary, Tertiary Amines
			47.1.2 Quaternary Ammonium Salts
			47.1.3 Alkaloids
			47.1.4 Amino Acids
		47.2 Nitro Compounds
			47.2.1 Nitric Acid Ester
		47.3 Nitrile
		47.4 Isocyanates
		47.5 Carboxylic Acid Amides
		47.6 Azo Compounds
	48: Organic Sulphur Compounds
		48.1 Thiols
		48.2 Thioethers and Disulphides
		48.3 Sulphonic Acids
		48.4 Sulphoxides and Sulphones
	49: Plastics
		49.1 Classification According to Thermal Properties
			49.1.1 Thermoplastics
			49.1.2 Thermosets
			49.1.3 Elastomers
		49.2 Classification According to Education Mechanisms
			49.2.1 Polymerization
			49.2.2 Polycondensation
			49.2.3 Polyaddition
		49.3 Fully Synthetic/Partially Synthetic Plastics
		49.4 Important Plastics
			49.4.1 Polyolefins: Polyethylene (Polyethene, PE) and Polypropylene (Polypropene, PP)
			49.4.2 Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) and Polytetrafluoroethylene (Polytetrafluoroethene, PTFE)
			49.4.3 Polyamides (PA)
			49.4.4 Polyurethanes (PUR/PU)
			49.4.5 Formaldehyde Plastics
			49.4.6 ``Organic glasses´´: PMMA & PC
			49.4.7 Polystyrene (PS)
			49.4.8 Other polymers
		49.5 Fire Behaviour of Plastics
			49.5.1 Heating values in comparison
			49.5.2 Fire Behaviour When Different Substances Come Together
			49.5.3 Burning Behaviour of Pure Plastics
			49.5.4 Smoke Generation from Plastics
	50: Surfactants
		50.1 Structure and Surfactant Groups
		50.2 Excursus: Fats and Oils
			50.2.1 Fat Hardening
			50.2.2 Saponification
		50.3 Mode of Action of the Surfactants
			50.3.1 Surface Tension
			50.3.2 Micellation
			50.3.3 Foaming
		50.4 Surfactants in Fire Fighting
			50.4.1 Surfactants as Wetting Agents
			50.4.2 Surfactants and Electrical Conductivity
			50.4.3 Fluorine-Containing vs. Fluorine-Free Foam Agents
Part XII: CBRNE Hazards
	51: Poisons
		51.1 General Information on Poisons
			51.1.1 Poisons and Poison Effects
			51.1.2 Therapy of Poisoning
		51.2 Labelling and Classification of Toxic Substances
			51.2.1 GHS Classification
			51.2.2 Transport Law
			51.2.3 Classification into Fire Brigade Hazard Groups
		51.3 Operational Measures
			51.3.1 Human Life in Danger
			51.3.2 Body Protection
			51.3.3 Action Group 6 ``Toxic Substances´´
	52: Chemical Warfare Agents
		52.1 Introduction
			52.1.1 Definition
			52.1.2 Early Bans on Chemical Weapons
			52.1.3 Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC)
			52.1.4 War Weapons Control Act
			52.1.5 ``Dual Use´´  Substances & equipment
			52.1.6 Classification of Chemical Warfare Agents
		52.2 Physical, Chemical and Toxicological Properties of Warfare Agents
			52.2.1 Melting and Boiling Point
			52.2.2 Vapour Pressure pD
			52.2.3 Saturation Concentration cS
			52.2.4 Sedentariness
			52.2.5 Latency
			52.2.6 Resistances
			52.2.7 Mean Lethal Concentration-Time Product (Lct50)
			52.2.8 Combat Incapacitating Concentration Time Product (Ict50)
			52.2.9 Mean Lethal Dose (LD50)
			52.2.10 Threshold Value and Tolerance Limit
			52.2.11 Poison Strength pLD
			52.2.12 Detection of C Warfare Agents
		52.3 Irritants
			52.3.1 Eye Irritants
			52.3.2 Nasopharyngeal Irritants
			52.3.3 Protective Measures and Decontamination
			52.3.4 Irritant Industrial Chemicals
		52.4 Pulmonary Warfare Agents
			52.4.1 Protective Measures and Decontamination
		52.5 Blood Warfare Agents
			52.5.1 Protective Measures and Decontamination
		52.6 Skin Warfare Agents
			52.6.1 Type ``S-Lost´´
			52.6.2 Type ``N-Lost
			52.6.3 Type ``Lewisite´´
			52.6.4 Protective Measures and Decontamination
		52.7 Nerve Agents
			52.7.1 Mode of Action
			52.7.2 Tabun
			52.7.3 Sarin
			52.7.4 Soman
			52.7.5 VX
			52.7.6 Protective Measures and Decontamination
			52.7.7 Other Nerve Agents
				52.7.7.1 Tammelin´s Ester
				52.7.7.2 Novichok Group
				52.7.7.3 Comparison of the Structures
		52.8 Psychotoxic Warfare Agents
			52.8.1 Protective Measures and Decontamination
		52.9 Sabotage Poisons
			52.9.1 Examples of Sabotage Poisons
			52.9.2 Targets
		52.10 Strategic Ordnance
		52.11 Binary CWA
		52.12 Final Remark C-Weapons
	53: Biological Substances
		53.1 Introduction
			53.1.1 Fields of Application of Biotechnology
		53.2 Classification of Biological Agents
			53.2.1 Bacteria
				Examples of Diseases Caused by Human Pathogenic Bacteria
			53.2.2 Viruses
				Examples of Human Pathogenic Viruses or Viral Diseases
			53.2.3 Mushrooms
			53.2.4 Rickettsia
			53.2.5 Prions
		53.3 Classification of Biological Agents - Criteria
			53.3.1 Infection Rate/Transmissibility
			53.3.2 Infectivity
				Examples of Infectious Doses
			53.3.3 Incubation Time
			53.3.4 Lethality
			53.3.5 Morbidity
			53.3.6 Mortality
			53.3.7 Pathogenicity
			53.3.8 Stability/Tenacity
			53.3.9 Toxicity
			53.3.10 Virulence
		53.4 Classification of Biological Agents - Risk Groups
		53.5 Labelling and Classification of Biological Agents
			53.5.1 Transport Law
			53.5.2 Workplace Labeling
			53.5.3 Classification into Fire Brigade Hazard Groups
		53.6 Operational Measures
			53.6.1 Scenarios for the Release of Biological Agents
			53.6.2 Principles of Use
			53.6.3 Human Life in Danger
			53.6.4 Body Protection
	54: Biological Agents
		54.1 Introduction
			54.1.1 Biological Weapons Convention
			54.1.2 War Weapons Control Act
			54.1.3 ``Dual Use´´
			54.1.4 Detection of Biological Warfare Agents
			54.1.5 Risks from B Attacks
		54.2 Classification of Pathogens and Toxins
		54.3 Important Bacteria and Viruses
			54.3.1 Anthrax
			54.3.2 Plague
			54.3.3 Tularaemia
			54.3.4 Brucellosis
			54.3.5 Q-Fever
			54.3.6 Glanders & Melioidosis
			54.3.7 Cholera
			54.3.8 Smallpox
			54.3.9 Equine Encephalitis (VEE, WEE, EEE)
			54.3.10 Viral Haemorrhagic Fever (VHF)
		54.4 Important Toxins
			54.4.1 Botulinum Toxin (BTX)
			54.4.2 Ricin
			54.4.3 SEB
			54.4.4 T2 Mycotoxin
			54.4.5 Saxitoxin
	55: Explosives
		55.1 Explosives Hazards
		55.2 Labelling of Explosive Substances and Goods
			55.2.1 Transport Law
			55.2.2 Workplace Marking
			55.2.3 NATO Ammunition Fire Classes
		55.3 Operational Measures
			55.3.1 Human Life in Danger
			55.3.2 Group of Measures ``1 Explosive substances and articles´´
			55.3.3 Operation Sequence
			55.3.4 Suspicion of Terrorist Attacks
Afterword
Tables and Figures
Bibliography
	1. General Literature
	2. Chemistry, Total
	3. General and Inorganic Chemistry
	4. Organic Chemistry
	5. Physical Chemistry
	6. Physics Textbooks
	7. General Firefighting Literature
	8. Encyclopedias, Tables and Reference Works
	9. Hazardous Substances / Dangerous Goods / Warfare Agents / Toxicology
	10. Radioactivity, Radiation Protection
	11. Chemical Reaction and Chemical Engineering
	12. Burning and Extinguishing
	13. Magazines and Articles
Index