The Chemistry inside Spices & Herbs: Research and Development, Volume 1

Cover
Title
Copyright
End User License Agreement
Contents
Foreword
Preface
List of Contributors
Spices Biotechnology: Opportunities and Challenges
	Rasmieh Hamid1, Feba Jacob2,*, Mehrnaz Entesari3, Shri Hari Prasad2 and Shivaji Ajinath Lavale2
	INTRODUCTION
	COMPARATIVE GENOMICS AND GENE TAGGING
		Cloning and Genes Isolation
		Genetic Transformation
	NON- BIOLOGICAL GENE TRANSFORMATION SYSTEM
		Biolistic Micro-Projectile Bombardment Gene Transformation
		Biological System Agrobacterium-Mediated Gene Transformation
	IN PLANTA GENE TRANSFORMATION
		Introducing a More Convenient Protocol
		Natural Component Gene
		Plant Tissue Culture
		Mass Propagation
		Somatic Embryogenesis
		In-vitro Culture by Bioreactors
			In vitro Conservation and Cryopreservation
		Secondary Metabolites Production
		Protoplast Culture
		Molecular Markers
	DNA BARCODING TECHNOLOGY
		CRISPR–Cas9 System for Engineering Resistance to Viruses Infecting Spices
	CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
	LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
	REFERENCES
Spices, the Guards Against the Evil Microbes: Antimicrobial Properties of Spices
	Feba Jacob1, Rasmieh Hamid2,*, Lavale Shivaji Ajinath1, Shri Hari Prasad1 and Mehrnaz Entesari3
	INTRODUCTION
	ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF SPICES
		Anti-bacterial Activity of Spices
		Antifungal Activity of Spices
		Antiviral Activity of Spices
	ESSENTIAL OILS EXTRACTION FROM SPICES
	USE OF SPICES IN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY
	SPICES AS FOOD PRESERVATIVES
		Pros & Cons of Using Spices as Preservatives
	SPICES IN PACKAGING MATERIAL
		Prevention of Toxin Production
		Edible Films
	CONCLUSION
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
	REFERENCES
Spices and Herbs in the Treatment of Neurobiological Disorders
	Rashmi V. Trivedi1,*, Nitu L. Wankhede1, Mayur B. Kale and Milind J. Umekar1
	INTRODUCTION
	BIOACTIVE PHYTOCHEMICALS IN HERBS AND SPICES:
		Polyphenols
		Terpenoids
		Alkaloids
	REGULATORY MECHANISM UNDERLYING TREATMENT
		Possible Mechanism of Herbs and Spices in Neurological Disorders
		Antioxidant
		Anti-inflammatory
		Cholinesterase Inhibition
		Modulation of Amino Acid Neurotransmitter System (GABA)
	SPICES AND HERBS USED IN MAJOR NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS
		Alzheimer’s Disease (AD)
		Parkinson’s Disease (PD)
		Epilepsy
		Depression
		Schizophrenia
	CONCLUSION
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
	REFERENCES
Spices and Herbs in Bacterial and Fungal Resistance
	Rashmi V. Trivedi1,*, Mayur B. Kale1, Nitu L. Wankhede1 and Milind J. Umekar1
	INTRODUCTION
	ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS
	DEVELOPMENT OF RESISTANCE
		Pump Out The Antibiotic
		Destroy the Antibiotic Warhead
		Reprogramme the Target Sructure
		Mechanism of Action of Spices as an Antibacterial Agent
	ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS
	DEVELOPMENT OF RESISTANCE
		Resistance to Azoles
			Decrease drug concentration
			Target site alteration
			Up-regulation of the target enzyme
		Resistance to Polyene
		Resistance to Echinocandin
		Resistance to Flucytosine
	MECHANISM OF ACTION OF SPICES AS AN ANTIFUNGAL AGENT
	DETAILED ACCOUNT OF SOME SPICES AND HERBS HAVING ANTIBACTERIAL AND ANTIFUNGAL POTENTIAL:
		Cinnamon
		Clove
		Oregano
		Fennel
		Turmeric
		Garlic
		Ginger
		Black Pepper
		Coriander
		Thyme
		Cumin
		Nutmeg
		Rosemary
		Mustard
		Basil
		Asafoetida
		Galangal
		Cardamom
		Dill
		Anise
	USE OF HERBS AND SPICES AGAINST CORONAVIRUS
	CONCLUSION
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
	REFERENCES
Naturally Isolated Compounds from Spices and Herbs and their Medicinal Uses
	Archana M. Ramteke1,*
	INTRODUCTION
		Differences between Spices and Herbs
		Uses and Benefits of Spices
		Chemical Compounds in Herbs and Spices
			Anise
			Basil
			Caraway
			Cardamom
			Cayenne
			Chili Pepper
			Chives
			Cloves
			Cinnamon
			Coriander Leaves
			Coriander Seeds
			Cumin
			Dill
			Fennel
			Ginger
			Lemongrass
			Mace
			Marjoram
			Mint
			Nutmeg
			Paprika
			Parsley
			Pepper
			Peppermint
			Saffron
			Sage
			Tarragon
			Turmeric
			Vanilla
			Oregano, Rosemary and Thyme
	CONCLUSION
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
	REFERENCES
Naturally-derived Analgesics and Anti-Inflammatory Agents
	Shaimaa Fayez1,#, Mariam I. Gamal El-Din1,#, Omayma A. Eldahshan1,2 and Abdel Nasser B. Singab1,2
	INTRODUCTION
		Medicinal Plant Extracts with Reported Analgesic and/or Anti-Inflammatory Activities (Table 1)
			Acanthus Ilicifolis Linn
			Ajuga Laxmannii (Murray) Benth
			Anadenanthera Colubrina Var. Cebil (Griseb.)
			Asphodelus Microcarpus Salzm. & Viv
			Athyrium Multidentatum (Doll.) Ching
			Backhousia Citriodora (Lemon Myrtle)
			Bistorta Officinalis (Bistort)
			Boswellia species oleogum resin (Frankincense, olibanum)
			Buddleja Officinalis Maxim
			Caesalpinia Minax Hance
			Caesalpinia Sappan L
			Calotropis Procera
			13. Centipeda Minima (L.) A.Br
			Cissus Gongylodes (Grapevine)
			Citrus Bergamia
			Cyclamen Africanum B. et R
			Elephantopus Scaber Linn. Herb
			Elsholtzia Ciliata (Thunb.) Hyl
			Epigynum Auritum
			Eugenia Stipitate McVaugh
			Eupatorium Japonicum Thunb
			Forsythia Suspensa (Thunb.)
			Galinsoga Parviflora Cav
			Garcinia Cambogia Gaertn. and Pothos Scandens L.
			Halosarcia Indica Willd
			Hyusopus Cuspidatus Boriss
			Indigofera Argentea Burm. F
			Kadsura Heteroclita
			Kleinia Pendula (Forssk.) Herb
			Larrea Species and Zuccagnia Punctate Cav
			Ligusticum Chuanxiong and Radix Paeoniae Lactiflora
			Manilkara Zapota (Sapodilla / Chikoo)
			Mitrella Kentia Leaf and Stem Extract
			Mycetia Cauliflora Reinw.
			Niebuhria Apetala Dunn.
			Ocimum Forskolei Benth.
			Opuntia Humifusa Raf.
			Paeoniae Alba and Atractylodis Macrocephalae
			Panax Ginseng
			Phyllanthus Amarus Schum. & Thonn.
			Physalis Angulata L.
			Phytolacca Dodecandra
			Picria Fel-Terrae Lour
			Pituranthos Scoparius Coss. and Dur
			Pterocephalus Hookeri (C.B. Clarke) Höeck
			Qing Re Zao Shi Liang Xue Decoction (QRZSLXF)
			Reineckia Carnea (Andr.) Kunth
			Rhodiola Crenulate (Golden Root)
			Sambucus Australis Cham. & Schltdl
			Sarcopoterium Spinosum
			Scrophularia Megalantha Rech. f
			Scutellaria Barbata D. Don
			Sigesbeckiae Species
			Sinapis Semen
			Sophora Flavescens Ait
			Spatholobus Suberectus
			Swertia punicea Hemsl
			Tephrosia linearis (Willd.) Pers
			Thymus zygis subsp. zygis
		Isolated Natural Products with Reported Analgesic and/or Anti-Inflammatory Activities
			Flavonoids and phenolic acids
			Iridoids
			Alkaloids
			Saponins
			Terpenoids
			Polysaccharides
	MISCELLANEOUS COMPOUNDS BELONGING TO OTHER PHYTOCHEMICAL CLASSES
	CONCLUDING REMARKS
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
	GLOSSARY
	REFERENCES
Phenolic Compounds and their Biological and Pharmaceutical Activities
	Ajay Kumar1,2, Feroz Khan1,* and Dharmendra Saikia1,*
	INTRODUCTION
		Food Sources of Polyphenols
		Biological and Pharmaceutical Activities of Polyphenols
	CONCLUSION
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
	REFERENCES
Structure-Activity Relationship of Flavonoids: Recent Updates
	Shruti Khare1, Rikeshwer Prasad Dewangan2 and Ajay Kumar3,*
	INTRODUCTION
	PHENOLIC ACIDS
	FLAVONOIDS
		Structure Activity Relationship
	FURANOCOUMARINS
	LIGNANS
	STILBENES
	TANNINS
		Classification of Tannins on the basis of structure:
	CONCLUSION
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
	REFERENCES
Biologically Active Compounds and Structure-Activity Relationship
	Sunil H. Ganatra1,*
	INTRODUCTION
	THE ORIGIN OF QSAR& QSPR
	COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY METHODS FOR DRUG DISCOVERY
		A. Molecular mechanics
		B. Ab initio
		C. Semiempirical methods
		STRUCTURE-BASED DRUG DESIGN
		A. In-silico drug discover
		B. Stages Involved in Structure-based Drug Design
		DRUG DISCOVERY USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK
		The architecture of Neural Network
		ANN experimental technique to map novel drug
	CONCLUSION
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
	REFERENCES
Turmeric Supplementation and Its Valued Clinical Connections
	Pankaj Kumar Chaurasia1,*, Shashi Lata Bharati2,*, Sunil Kumar3 and Ashutosh Mani4
	INTRODUCTION
		Recent Research Updates
	CONCLUSION
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
	REFERENCES
Subject Index
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