The Chemistry and Mechanism of Art Materials: Unsuspected Properties and Outcomes

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
List of Figures
List of Schemes
List of Tables
Preface
Acknowledgments
Author
List of Abbreviations
Chapter 1 Essential Concepts
	1.1 Chemical Bonding
	1.2 Oxidation–Reduction, Oxidation Numbers
	1.3 Hard and Soft Acid Base Theory
	1.4 Writing Chemical Reaction Mechanisms
	1.5 Experimental Methods Used to Characterize Works of Art
		1.5.1 X-Ray Spectroscopic Methods
		1.5.2 Electron Microscopy
		1.5.3 Vibrational Spectroscopy
		1.5.4 Electrochemical Methods
	References
Chapter 2 Preparation of Inorganic Pigments Used by Artists
	2.1 Black Pigments
	2.2 Blue Pigments
		2.2.1 Prussian Blue as Antidote
	2.3 Brown Pigments
		2.3.1 Brown Iron (III) Oxide Pigments
	2.4 Green Pigments
	2.5 Red Pigments
		2.5.1 Red Iron (III) Oxide Pigments
	2.6 Violet Pigments
	2.7 White Pigments
	2.8 Yellow Pigments
		2.8.1 Yellow Iron (III) Oxide, FeO(OH), Goethite
	References
		General
		Antimony Black
		Carbon Black
		Cobalt Black
		Iron Oxide, Magnetite
		Manganese Black
		Azurite
		Cerulean Blue
		Egyptian Blue
		Prussian Blue
		Ultramarine
		Verdigris
		Chromium Oxide
		Paris Green, Emerald Green
		α-Cinnabar, Vermilion
		Red Lead
		Iron (III) Oxide Pigments: Red, Yellow, Brown
		Cobalt Violet
		Antimony White
		Titanium White
		Lead White
		Bismuth Vanadate
		Cadmium Pigments
		Cobalt Yellow
		Lead Chromate
		Lead Tin Yellows and Naples Yellow
		Lead Monoxide
		Orpiment and Realgar
		Titanium Yellow
		General
Chapter 3 Silica, Silicates and Aluminosilicates
	3.1 Silica
	3.2 Silicates
	3.3 Pigment – Silicate Interactions
	3.4 Ceramic Glaze
	3.5 Aluminosilicates
	References
	Silica, Silicates and Aluminosilicates
Chapter 4 Discoloration Stories
	4.1 Red Lead Discoloration
		4.1.1 Role of Photo-Semiconductor Pigments in Degradation of Organic Material
		4.1.2 Red Lead Degradation in Wall Paintings
	4.2 Discoloration of Cadmium Yellow
	4.3 Blackening of Cinnabar in Wall Paintings
	4.4 Light-Induced Rearrangement of Realgar
		4.4.1 Raman Spectra of α-Realgar and Para-Realgar
	4.5 Browning of Chrome Yellow
	4.6 Blackening of Hematite in Wall Painting of Pompeian House
	4.7 General Blackening of Pigments by H[sub(2)]S
	4.8 Smalt Discoloration
	4.9 Ultramarine Disease
		4.9.1 Chemical Change in the Pigment
		4.9.2 Chromophore Destruction
		4.9.3 Zeolites
		4.9.4 Degradation of the Oily Binder
	4.10 Azurite and Malachite
		4.10.1 Malachite to Moolooite
	4.11 Prussian Blue Fading
	4.12 Browning of Silverpoint Drawings
	4.13 Tarnishing of Silver
	4.14 Environmental Factors and Pigment Stability
	References
		Semiconductor Pigments
		Red Lead
		Cadmium Yellow
		Cinnabar
		Realgar
		Chrome Yellow
		Hematite
		Blackening by H[sub(2)]S
		Smalt
		Ultramarine
		Azurite and Malachite
		Prussian Blue
		Silverpoint
		Silver Tarnish
		Stability of Inorganic Artists’ Pigments
Chapter 5 Toxicology of Art Materials
	5.1 Organic Compounds
		5.1.1 Methylene Chloride
		5.1.2 Carbon Tetrachloride and Chloroform
		5.1.3 Trichloroethylene
		5.1.4 n-Hexane
		5.1.5 Aromatic Solvents
		5.1.6 Diisocyanates
		5.1.7 N-Methylpyrrolidone and N-Ethylpyrrolidone
		5.1.8 Alcohols, Glycols and Glycol Ethers
		5.1.9 Mineral Spirits
		5.1.10 Turpentine
	5.2 Inorganic Materials
		5.2.1 Lead
		5.2.2 Zinc, Cadmium and Mercury Familial Properties
		5.2.3 Cadmium
		5.2.4 Mercury
			5.2.4.1 Does Bacterial Methylation Occur in the Human Gut?
			5.2.4.2 Dimethylmercury
		5.2.5 Silver
		5.2.6 Arsenic
		5.2.7 Chromium
		5.2.8 Silica Dust
	References
		Artists Self Poisoning Occupational Hazard
		Organics
		Aromatic Solvents
		Alcohols, Glycols and Glycol Ethers
		Mineral Spirits
		Turpentine
		Inorganics
		Lead
		Zinc, Cadmium, Mercury Family
		Cadmium
		Mercury
		Silver
		Arsenic
		Chromium
		Silica Dust
Chapter 6 Aging of Oil Paint Binder
	6.1 Main Features of the Model for Aging Oil Paint
	6.2 IR Spectra of Metal Soaps
	6.3 Metal Soap Aggregation: Model System
	6.4 Autoxidative Reactions Leading to Chain Scission and Cross-Linking in Oil Paint
	6.5 Metal Oxalates in Oil Paint
	6.6 Photocatalytic Role of TiO[sub(2)] in Degradation of Oil Paint
	References
Chapter 7 Aging of Wall Paintings
	7.1 Reversal of Sulfation by the Ferroni-Dini Method
	7.2 Influence of Water-Soluble Salts
	7.3 Degradation of Oil Binder
	References
Index