The Cambridge Handbook of the Intellectual History of Psychology

Cover
Half-title
Title page
Copyright information
Contents
Figures
Tables
Contributors
Introduction
	''Do You Know Who Gordon Bower Is? Endel Tulving?''
	References
1 Major Paradigms and Approaches in Psychology
	Schools of Psychology
		Introspectionism
		Functionalism
		Behaviorism
		Gestalt Psychology
		Psychoanalysis
		How Important Were the Schools?
	Paradigms
		Does Psychology Have Paradigms?
	Cognitive Psychology
		Computer Simulation
		The Information-Processing Approach
	Neuropsychology
	Paradigms Revisited
	The Varieties of Psychology
		Psychology and Interdisciplinary Approaches
	References
2 Methodology in Psychology
	What Is a Methodology?
		Distinguishing Methodologies: Quantitative versus Qualitative (and Others)
	The Early Rise of Experimental Psychology: Fechner's Elements of Psychophysics (1860)
		Quantification and Probability: Toward a Scientific Philosophy
		Fechner's Method: Addressing a Philosophical Problem Empirically
	Galton's Correlation: The Measurement of Empirical Association
		Galton versus Bravais: Who Owns the Origins of Correlational Theory?
		Galton's Discovery: Measuring Empirical Relationship
			Concluding Thoughts on Correlation
	Birth of Psychometrics
		Measurement, Testing, and Factor Analysis
		Why Has Factor Analysis Been So Historically Controversial?
		The Methodological Legacy of Factor Analysis in Psychology - Much More Than Just ''Statistics''
		The Influence of Measurement on Clinical Psychology
	Null Hypothesis Significance Testing and Experimental Design: R. A. Fisher and the Dominance of Statistics in the Twentieth Century
	Correlation and Causality: Sewall Wright's Path Analysis
		The Methodological Issue: Can Correlational Designs Be Causal?
	Modern Methods of Psychological Inquiry and the Reemergence of Qualitative Methods
	References
3 Neuroscience in Psychology
	Animal Spirits
	Animal Spirits Measured: Nineteenth-Century Sensory Physiology
	The Neuron Theory and Chemical Transmission
	Brain Structures and Functions
		Localization of Speech
	Further Localizationism: Sensory, Motor, and Affective Systems
	Recording the Brain's Activity
		Emergence of Professional Neuroscience Organizations
		Other Related Neuroscience Disciplines
		The Conceptual Evolution of Contemporary Perspectives
	Summary and Overview
	References
4 Sensation and Perception
	Sensation
		Greek Philosophers
		Fall of the Roman Empire, and Arabic Scholarship during the Middle Ages
		Reemergence of Human Dissections: The Beginnings of Sensory Anatomy and Physiology
		Nineteenth-Century Sensory Physiology: The German Labs
		The Emergence of Psychology
		Twentieth Century: Code for Intensity
		Twentieth Century: Codes for Quality
	Distinction between Sensation and Perception
	How Do We Measure Sensations?
		Problem: Category Scales, VASs, and Stevens's Magnitude Estimation All Fail to Compare Different Groups of People
	Hedonic Sensations: Pleasure and Pain
	Overview
	References
5 Attention: Awareness and Control
	Definition
	Antecedents to the Scientific Study of Attention
	Theory and Attention
		Introspection
		Behaviorism
		Information Processing
		Neural Networks
	Tasks for Studying Attention
		Attention Span
		Mental Chronometry
		Speed and Accuracy
		Task Switching
		Attention Blocks
		Multitasking
		Resolving Conflict
		Cueing Attention
	Applying Attention
		Consciousness
		Development
		Training
		Pathology
		Alerting and Orienting
			ADHD
			Autism
		Executive Attention
			Psychopathy
			Borderline Personality
			Schizophrenia
	Summary
	References
6 Learning
	Mental Evolution and Early Experiments on Learning by Animals
	Watson, Pavlov, Hull, Tolman, and Skinner
	Comparative Cognition and Complex Learning
	Constraints on Learning
	Learning with Aversive Stimuli: Fear, Escape, and Avoidance Learning
	Surprise, Prediction Error, and Theories of Associative Learning
	Behavioral Neuroscience
	Animal Learning and Clinical Science
	References
7 Memory
	Introduction
	Approaches to the Study of Memory
	Historical Beginnings
		Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850-1909)
		Sir Frederic Bartlett (1886-1969)
	The Verbal Learning Tradition
	Organization and Memory
	The Information-Processing Tradition and the Cognitive ''Revolution''
		Memory Models
	From the 1970s to the Present
		Working Memory
		Episodic Memory
		Autobiographical Memory
		Implicit Memory
		Social Remembering
	Varieties of Memory
	Applied Memory Research
	Conclusion
	Reference
8 Decision-Making
	Background
	Expected Value and Expected Utility Theory
	Challenging Rationality
		Bounded Rationality and Satisficing
	''Errors'' in Probabilistic Reasoning
		The Monty Hall Problem
		Conservatism Bias
		Base-Rate Neglect
	(In)consistent Choice Behavior
		Preference Reversals
		The Certainty Effect
		The Reflection Effect
		The Framing Effect
		Loss Aversion and the Endowment Effect
		The Fourfold Pattern of Risk Attitudes
	Prospect Theory
	Fuzzy-Trace Theory
	Emotions and Decision-Making
	Summary
	References
9 Creativity
	References
10 Intelligence
	The Nature of Intelligence
	Overview of the Field Today
	Early Intellectual History
	Psychometric (Test-Based) Theories of Intelligence
		The Theory of General Intelligence
		The Theory of Bonds
		Primary Mental Abilities
		Structure of Intellect
		Hierarchical Models
	Piaget
	A Cognitive Perspective
	Biological Bases of Intelligence
	Cultural Context and Intelligence
	Systems Views of Intelligence
		The Theory of Multiple Intelligences
		The Theory of Successful Intelligence
	The Flynn Effect
	Conclusions
	References
11 Development
	On Method: Identify and Investigate Neglected Invisibles
	My Target: Piaget's Hazardous Hypotheses
	Piaget's Inheritance from Baldwin
		Baldwinian Selection
		Circular Process
	Genetic Can Refer to the Genesis of Novel Forms, Not Just to Genes
		Circular Becomes Cybernetic
		Impact on Piaget
		Constructive Conduct
		A Mathematical Illustration of Constructive Conduct
	Rejections
	Conclusion
	References
12 Social Psychology
	Studying the Individual and Society: A History of American Social Psychology
	Social Psychological Thought at the Turn of the Century
		Studying the Social in Nineteenth-Century Europe
		Sociology, Psychology, and Social Psychology in the United States
	The Rise of Psychological Social Psychology in the United States
		Textbooks and Early Definitions of Social Psychology
			Establishing Experimental Social Psychology
	The Expansion of American Social Psychology in the Interwar Years
		The Study of Interindividual Influence
		The Study of Groups
		The Study of Attitudes and Public Opinion
		The Study of Race and Culture
		The Study of Social Issues
	Social Psychology and World War II
	''The Golden Age'' and the Postwar World
		Interdisciplinarity
		New Areas of Research
		Theoretical Developments
		The Rise of Social Cognition
	Crises, Critiques, and Current Status
	References
13 Gender
	Gender and the New Psychology: Complementarity and Difference
	Measuring Masculinity and Femininity
	Psychoanalysts Theorize Gender
	Psychoanalysis Meets Feminism
	John Money, Intersex, and the Birth of Gender
	Robert Stoller's Contributions to Gender Theory
	Feminist Psychologists Theorize Gender
	Sex/Gender Differences Research
	Relational/Cultural Approaches
	Beyond Differences: Social Constructionist and Discursive Approaches
	Intersectionality as a Framework and Analytical Tool
	Conclusion: The Future of Gender beyond the Binary
	References
14 Emotion
	A Brief Macrohistory of Emotion, 1900-1964
	A Microhistory of the Metrics of Gesture in Lilly Dimitrovsky's Contribution to The Communication of Emotional Meaning, 1964
	Emotion: A Micro-Macro Synthesis
	References
15 Motivation
	Early Motivation Theories
	The Behaviorist Movement
		The Emergence of Drive Theory
		Operant Theory
	The Cognitive Movement in Motivation: Expectancies and Efficacy
	Inner Sources of Regulation: Intrinsic Motivation and Psychological Needs
		An Alternative: White's Effectance Motivation
	Evolutionary Psychology and the Foundations of Motivation
	The Space of Contemporary Theories: Into the Black Box
	References
16 Personality
	Interests in Personality and Behavior in Ancient Civilizations
	Personality and Behavioral Interests in Medieval and Early Renaissance Period
	Contributions to Understanding Personality during the Nineteenth Century
	Developments in Understanding Personality Development and Assessment in the Early Twentieth Century
	Assessment during World War I
	Post-World War I Expansion of Assessment
	Advancements in Assessment during World War II
	Post-World War II Development and Expansion of Assessment Methods
	Contemporary Assessment Controversies
		The MMPI-2
		The MMPI-2 and the MMPI-2-RF
		The Rorschach
	Summary
	References
17 Abnormal Psychology
	Abnormality, Deviance, and Maladjustment
	Early Psychopathological Studies on Abnormality: Hysteria
	Nervous Weakness as an Illness: Neurasthenia
	Pierre Janet, Sigmund Freud, and the Origins of Trauma Studies
	Relativizing Abnormality: C. G. Jung and the Psychology of Complexes and Archetypes
	Pavlov and Experimental Neurosis
	Cultural Aspects of Abnormality: Neo-Freudians, Humanist Psychologists, and Antipsychiatrists
	Abnormality as a Threat to Society: Psychopathy
	Naming the Mad Mind: The Development of the DSM
	The Decline of Old Abnormalities and the Rise of New Ones
	References
18 Psychotherapy
	What Is Psychotherapy?
	Writing the History of Psychotherapy
	The New Asylums and Functional Nervous Disorders
	The Mysterious Power of Mind
	On the Couch: The Arrival of Psychoanalysis
	Onward to America
	The Psychoanalytic Movement Spreads and Splinters
	Psychotherapy between the Wars
	World War II and the Freudian Age
	Does Talk Therapy Actually Work?
	The Advent of Behavior Therapy
	Professional Rivalry in the United States: Who Owns Psychotherapy?
	From the Behavioral to the Cognitive
	Redefining What Works
	The Demise of Psychoanalysis and the Rise of Evidence-Supported Psychotherapy
	Recent Research Developments
	Economic Influences
	Psychotherapy in Society
	References
19 Health Psychology
	Healthy in Mind, Spirit, and Body: ''Mind-Cure'' in American Thought
	Health for Moderns: Emotions and the Mind-Body Connection
	Stress, Personality, and Lifestyle in Post-World War II America
	Lifestyle, Behavior, and Health
		Community Health Psychology
		Critical Health Psychology
		Public Health Psychology
	Conclusion
	References
Index