The Cambridge Handbook of Information and Computer Ethics

Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
List of contributors......Page 9
Preface......Page 11
Part II Ethical approaches......Page 13
Part III Ethical issues in the information society......Page 14
Part IV Ethical issues in artificial contexts......Page 16
Part V Metaethics......Page 17
Acknowledgements......Page 18
Part I Introduction and background......Page 19
1.1 Introduction: history as the information age......Page 21
1.2 ICT as re-ontologizing technologies......Page 24
1.3 The global infosphere or how information is becoming our ecosystem......Page 26
1.4 The metaphysics of the infosphere......Page 27
1.5 The information turn as the fourth revolution......Page 28
1.6 The evolution of inforgs......Page 29
1.7 The constructionist values of Homo Poieticus......Page 32
1.8 E-nvironmentalism or the marriage of physis and techne......Page 36
1.9 Conclusion......Page 37
2.1 Introduction......Page 38
2.2 Aristotelian roots......Page 39
2.3 Wiener on human beings as information objects......Page 41
2.4 Wiener on cybernetic machines in society......Page 44
2.5 Scientific support for Wieners metaphysical assumptions......Page 45
2.6 Wiener\'s pioneering contributions to computer ethics......Page 47
2.7 Coining the name `computer ethics’......Page 49
2.8 An influential textbook and the `uniqueness debate’......Page 50
2.9 A classic computer ethics theory......Page 51
2.10 Computer ethics and human values......Page 52
2.11 The philosophy of information......Page 53
2.12 Floridi\'s Information Ethics theory......Page 54
Part II Ethical approaches......Page 57
3.1 Introduction......Page 59
3.2.1 Consequences built into technology......Page 61
3.2.2 From consequences to values......Page 64
3.2.3 Values in information technology......Page 66
3.2.4 The emergence of values in information technology......Page 67
3.3 Disclosive computer ethics......Page 68
3.3.1 Methodology: multi-disciplinary and multi-level......Page 70
3.3.2 Focus on public values......Page 71
3.4 Value-sensitive design......Page 72
3.4.1 VSD methodology......Page 73
3.4.2 VSD in practice......Page 74
3.5 Conclusion......Page 75
4.1 Introduction......Page 77
4.2 Value pluralism......Page 80
4.3.1 Primacy of practice......Page 82
4.3.2 Theoretical pluralism......Page 83
4.3.3 Methodology......Page 85
4.3.4 Applying moral theories......Page 86
4.4 Mid-level theories: ground preparation and conceptual reconstructions......Page 89
4.5 Design......Page 92
5.1 Introduction: in search of a unified approach to information ethics......Page 95
5.1.1 Information-as-a-resource Ethics......Page 96
5.1.2 Information-as-a-product Ethics......Page 97
5.1.4 The limits of any microethical approach to Information Ethics......Page 98
5.2.1 What is IE?......Page 101
5.2.2 What counts as a moral agent, according to IE?......Page 104
5.2.3 What counts as a moral patient, according to IE?......Page 107
5.2.4 What are our responsibilities as moral agents, according to IE?......Page 109
5.2.5 What are the fundamental principles of IE?......Page 110
5.3 Six recurrent misunderstandings......Page 111
5.3.4 Implementable not inapplicable......Page 112
5.3.6 A secular, not a spiritual or religious approach......Page 113
5.4 Conclusion......Page 114
Part III Ethical issues in the information society......Page 117
6.2 Intellectual property......Page 119
6.2.2 Justifications of intellectual property......Page 120
6.2.3 Physical property vs. IP......Page 121
6.2.4 Legal protection of IP......Page 122
6.2.5 Problems of IP......Page 123
6.3.1 The concept of digital divides......Page 125
6.3.3 Problems of current discussions of digital divides......Page 126
6.4.1 Creation or destruction of employment?......Page 128
6.4.2 The changing nature of work......Page 129
6.4.3 Ethical issues of the changing nature of work......Page 130
6.5 -Social’ issues of computer ethics and ways to address them......Page 131
7.1 Introduction......Page 134
7.2 Information and personality......Page 135
7.3 Personal rights and global concerns......Page 136
7.4 Freedom of speech......Page 137
7.4.1 Free speech is a social good......Page 138
7.4.2 Unlimited free speech does not exist......Page 139
7.4.3 Securing the electronic frontier......Page 140
7.4.4 Anonymous speech......Page 141
7.4.5 Abuses of free speech and anonymity......Page 143
7.5 Pornography and ICTs......Page 144
7.6 Hate speech and ICTs......Page 146
7.7 Gossip, and online harassment......Page 147
7.8 Conclusions and future issues......Page 148
7.9 Far future issues......Page 149
8 Conflict, security and computer ethics......Page 151
8.1 Computers in battle: ethical considerations......Page 152
8.2 \'Cyber-snooping’ by nation-states and terrorist networks......Page 154
8.3 The \'strategic attack paradigm’......Page 156
8.4 Prospects for cyber deterrence and arms control......Page 158
8.5 Will terrorists wage war from cyberspace?......Page 159
8.6 Three paths to cyber terror......Page 161
8.7 Conclusion: cyber war is more `thinkable’, more ethical......Page 164
9.1 Introduction......Page 167
9.2 Theoretical themes......Page 169
9.3 Virtual community......Page 170
9.4 Gender identity and ICTs......Page 174
9.5 Disability identity and ICTs......Page 176
9.7 Conclusion......Page 179
10.1 Introduction......Page 181
10.2.1 Digital divide......Page 182
10.2.2 Online global citizenship......Page 184
10.2.3 Global deliberation and democratization......Page 186
10.2.4 A broadened way of thinking in public deliberation......Page 187
10.2.5 Deliberation by way of new technology......Page 189
10.3.1 Global perspectives on privacy: from relativism to pluralism?......Page 192
10.3.2 Pluralism: West and East......Page 194
10.3.3 Ethical pluralism in global ICE: contemporary developments......Page 196
10.4 Concluding remarks......Page 198
11.2 Technology......Page 199
11.4 Media ethics......Page 200
11.4.1 Freedom of speech and expression......Page 201
11.4.2 Digital images......Page 202
11.5.1 Monitoring and surveillance of employees......Page 203
11.5.2 Biometrics......Page 206
11.6 Criminal justice ethics......Page 208
11.7 Medical ethics......Page 209
11.7.2 On pharmacogenomics, computer ethics and justice......Page 210
11.8 Bioethics......Page 211
11.9 Environmental ethics......Page 213
11.10 Conclusion......Page 215
Part IV Ethical issues in artificial contexts......Page 217
12.1 Introduction......Page 219
12.2 IT-artefacts......Page 220
12.3.1 Ethics of technical artefacts......Page 223
12.3.2 Intentionality......Page 225
12.3.3 Ways to morally assess IT-artefacts......Page 227
12.4 Are IT-artefacts (just) technical artefacts?......Page 229
12.5.1 Non-human moral actors......Page 231
12.5.2 Agency without mental states......Page 232
12.5.3 Artificial moral agents with mental states......Page 233
12.5.4 Moral admissibility of artificial moral agents......Page 234
12.6  IT-artefacts as moral agents: no longer a privileged human position......Page 236
13.1.1 Introduction to the technologies......Page 237
13.1.2 Autonomous agency......Page 239
13.2.1 ALife......Page 241
13.2.2 Embodied artificial agents......Page 243
13.2.3 Virtual artificial agents......Page 246
13.2.4 Machine-centred VR......Page 248
13.2.5 Anthropomorphic VR......Page 249
Acknowledgements......Page 251
14.1 Introduction......Page 252
14.2.1 Privacy......Page 253
14.2.2 Autonomy......Page 255
14.2.3 Threats to safety......Page 258
14.3.1 Catastrophic future scenarios......Page 261
14.3.2 1984......Page 263
14.3.3 Brave New World......Page 264
Part V Metaethics......Page 267
15.1 Introduction......Page 269
15.2 The FloridiSanders model......Page 270
15.3 An alternative model for analysing the foundationalist debate......Page 271
15.4 Is CE a legitimate field of applied ethics that warrants philosophical analysis?......Page 272
15.5 Are any aspects of CE new or unique in a philosophically interesting sense?......Page 275
15.5.1 Have any new ethical issues or problems been generated?......Page 276
15.5.2 Have any new ethical objects been introduced?......Page 278
15.6.1 Are any new normative ethical theories required?......Page 281
15.6.2 Are any new methodological frameworks required?......Page 283
Acknowledgements......Page 288
Introduction......Page 289
Expansion......Page 290
Hybridization......Page 291
Correlation......Page 292
Global Communication Ethics vs. Global Information-Ethics......Page 293
Global Information-Ethics and the problem of the lion......Page 294
Global Information-Ethics and its advantages......Page 296
The cost of a Global Information-Ethics: postulating the ontic trust......Page 298
Conclusion......Page 300
References......Page 302
Index......Page 331