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دانلود کتاب Handbook of Ecomaterials
دانلود کتاب کتابچه راهنمای مواد زیست محیطی
مشخصات کتاب
Handbook of Ecomaterials
ویرایش: 1st ed. نویسندگان: Leticia Myriam Torres Martínez, Oxana Vasilievna Kharissova, Boris Ildusovich Kharisov سری: ISBN (شابک) : 9783319682549, 9783319682556 ناشر: Springer International Publishing سال نشر: 2019 تعداد صفحات: 3733 زبان: English فرمت فایل : PDF (درصورت درخواست کاربر به PDF، EPUB یا AZW3 تبدیل می شود) حجم فایل: 109 مگابایت
قیمت کتاب (تومان) : 54,000
کلمات کلیدی مربوط به کتاب کتابچه راهنمای مواد زیست محیطی: مهندسی، مهندسی مواد، انرژی های تجدیدپذیر و سبز، زیست مواد، توسعه پایدار
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توضیحاتی در مورد کتاب کتابچه راهنمای مواد زیست محیطی
در این کتاب راهنما، ویراستاران به طور سیستماتیک حداکثر تعداد ممکن از مواد زیست محیطی شناخته شده، از جمله مواد "حلقه ای" را ارائه می دهند. مواد برای حفاظت از محیط زیست و محیط زیست؛ مواد برای جامعه و سلامت انسان؛ و مواد برای انرژی بر اساس دو معیار اصلی: منابع و عملکرد آنها. مواد زیست‌محیطی (همچنین «مواد دوست‌دار محیط‌زیست» یا «مواد «ترجیح‌دار محیط‌زیست» نیز نامیده می‌شوند) موادی هستند که در طول چرخه زندگی‌شان به محیط زیست کمک می‌کنند یا از آسیب رساندن به آن جلوگیری می‌کنند. فصل ها توسط رهبران جهانی در زمینه های خود نوشته شده است. این کتاب به تقاضای قوی و روزافزون برای انرژی، مواد خوش خیم و کارایی هزینه پاسخ خواهد داد. مواد زیست محیطی بدون شک یکی از مهم ترین زمینه های علم و فناوری مدرن است.
توضیحاتی درمورد کتاب به خارجی
In this handbook, the editors systematically present the maximum possible number of known eco-materials, including ”cyclic” materials; materials for ecology and environmental protection; materials for society and human health; and materials for energy based on two main criteria: their sources and their functions. Eco-materials (also called “environmentally friendly materials” or “environmentally preferable” materials) are materials that enhance, or refrain from damaging, the environment throughout their life cycles. The chapters are written by global leaders in their fields. The book will cater to the strong and ever-increasing demand for energy, benign materials, and cost efficiency. Eco-materials is arguably one of the most important fields of modern science & technology.
فهرست مطالب
Preface Contents About the Editors Contributors Part I: Introduction 1 Nanomaterials, Ecomaterials, and Wide Vision of Material Science Introduction The Aim and Objective of the Study Nanomaterials, Ecomaterials, and the Scientific Progress Nanomaterials for Environment and the Vision for the Future Application of Nanomaterials Classification of Nanoparticles Visionary Scientific Endeavor in the Field of Nanomaterials Application of Ecomaterials Visionary Scientific Endeavor in the Field of Ecomaterials: Material Science: Modern Scientific Vision Sustainable Development, Scientific Rigor, and the Avenues Ahead Scientific Sagacity and the Immense Scientific Cognizance in the Field of Ecomaterials Ecomaterials and Environmental Engineering Science Material Science: Scientific Challenges Recent Scientific Research Pursuit in the Field of Nanomaterials in Environmental Protection Modern Society and Future Trends Conclusion References Websites 2 Environmental Impact Measurements: Tool and Techniques Introduction Role of Climate in Ecosystem Functions Climate Change Instrument Used to Measure GHGs Concentration Survey for Impact Analysis Judgment Based Statistically Based Reasons for Sampling Sampling Procedure for Soil Fertility Evaluation Environment Impact Measurement Parameters Assessment of Soil Fertility Levels pH Electrical Conductivity Organic Carbon Available Nitrogen Available Phosphorus Available Potassium Micronutrients Assessment of Heavy Metals Estimation of Available Concentration of Metals Digestion for Total Metal Estimation Heavy Metals Measurement by ICP-OES Assessment of Soil Biological Activities Assessment of Soil Enzymatic Activities Environmental Impact Assessment in Relation to Soil Biodiversity G:C Ratio DNA Hybridization Ribotyping Multilocus Sequence Typing Ribosomal Intergenic Spacer Analysis Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Length Heterogeneity PCR Metagenomic Approach Regulation with Respect to Heavy Metal Entry into Agricultural Land Assessment of Metal-Contaminated Soils Metal Enrichment Factor Geo-accumulation Index Case Study Nemerow Pollution Index Integrated Contamination Index Assessment of Heavy Metal Content in Plant Parts Urban Solid Waste: Use and Management Collection and Disposal of Municipal Solid Waste Solid Waste Collection and Disposal Compost Preparation Categorization of MSW Compost Fertilizer Index Clean Index Practical Utility of MSW Compost on the Basis of Fertilizer Index and Clean Index Conclusions References 3 Green Nanomaterials for Clean Environment Introduction Green Nanotechnology Potential Environmental Benefits for Green Synthesis Nanoparticles Nanotechnology Might Make Battery Recycling Economically Attractive Nanomaterials for Radioactive Waste Cleanup in Water Nanomaterials for Energy Conversion and Energy Storage Nanomaterials for Construction Industry Benefits and Limitations of Green Nanotechnology Conclusions References Part II: Synthesis, Processing, and Characterization of Eco-materials 4 Synthesis Techniques for Preparation of Nanomaterials Introduction Colloidal Methods Coprecipitation Method Self-Propagating High-Temperature Combustion Method Sol-Gel Technique Reverse Microemulsions/Micelles Method Spray Pyrolysis Thermochemical/Flame Decomposition of Metal-Organic Precursors Self-Propagating Low-Temperature Synthesis (SPLTS) Microwave-Assisted Technique Solution Combustion Technique Hydrothermal (HT)/Solvothermal (ST) Synthesis Alginate Template Technique Liquid-Liquid Interface Technique Biosynthesis of Biofunctionalized Noble Metal Nanoparticles Actinomycetes Yeast Fungi Higher Plants Conclusion References 5 Plant Materials for the Synthesis of Nanomaterials: Greener Sources Introduction Monometallic NMs Silver and Gold NMs Copper and Palladium NMs Oxide NMs Multimetallic and Metal-Magnetic NPs Neglected or Underutilized Plants (NUPs) with Potential Applications in NM Synthesis Challenges and Perspectives Conclusions References 6 Processing and Characterization of Bio-composites Introduction Processing Techniques Characterization Mechanical Characterization Tensile Test Flexural Test Impact Test Hardness Test Thermal and Microstructural Characterization TGA (Thermogravimetric Analysis) DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetry) DMA (Dynamic Mechanical Analysis) SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) XRD (X-Ray Diffraction) FTIR (Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) Conclusion References 7 Sustainable Advancement to the Synthesis of Oxadiazoles Highlights Introduction 1,3,4-Oxadiazoles Synthetic Approaches Microwave Assisted Synthesis Electrochemical Synthesis Ultrasound Assisted Synthesis Ugi-4CR/aza-Wittig Synthesis Applications Biological Activities Other Applications 1,2,4-Oxadiazoles Synthetic Approaches Applications Conclusions and Future Outlook References 8 Analytical Models for the Permeabilities of Fibrous Ecomaterials Research on the Relative Permeability of Fibrous Ecomaterials by Means of Fractal-Monte Carlo Technique Model Description Results and Discussions Summary and Conclusions Modeling for the Permeability of Fibrous Gas Diffusion Layer in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells Based on Fractal Geometry Fractal Analytical Model Results and Discussions Summary and Conclusions References 9 Principles for Evaluations of Healthiness of New Materials Introduction Rise of Human-Made Chemicals Lifestyle Changes Which Increased the Importance of the Impact from Building Materials Precautionary Principle Historical Patterns The Most Recognized Risks from Stage 3 Substances: Lead and Asbestos Issues with Banning of Lead (Pb) Issues with Banning of Asbestos Conclusion on Lead and Asbestos Progression with New Regulations Against Stage 2 Substances: Formaldehyde and Phthalates Formaldehyde Phthalate Plasticizers in Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)/Vinyl Conclusion on Formaldehyde and Phthalates Early Recognition of Risks from Stage 1 Substances: Replacement Substances and Nanomaterials Replacement Substances Nanomaterials Conclusion on Replacement Materials and Nanomaterials Could Biopolymers Present a Positive Example? Conclusion References Part III: Wastewater and Pollutant Treatment 10 Nanomaterials for Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Water Purification Introduction Aim and Objective of the Study Industrial Wastewater Treatment: Vision for the Future Environmental Sustainability, Scientific Rigor, and Progress Ahead Water Purification and Global Environmental Sustainability Application of Nanotechnology in Water Purification What Do You Mean by Nanomaterials? Research Motivation and Technological Vision in Nanotechnology Nanotechnology, Environment, and the Emerging Challenges Environmental Benefits and Risks of Nanotechnology and the Scientific Progress Ahead Recent Scientific Endeavor and Significant Achievements in Application of Nanotechnology in Environmental Protection Recent Scientific Endeavor and Significant Achievements in the Field of Structural and Morphological Aspects of Nanomaterials ... Recent Scientific Research Pursuit in the Field of Water Purification Recent Scientific Endeavor in the Application of Nanomaterials in Environmental Protection Recommendation Strategies for the Design and Development of More Efficient Nanomaterials Novel Separation Processes and the Scientific Progress Challenges and Barriers to Membrane Separation Phenomenon Scientific Endeavor in the Domain of Membrane Science: The Vision for the Future Advanced Oxidation Processes, Nontraditional Environmental Engineering Techniques, and the Vision for the Future Recent Scientific Research Pursuit in the Field of Advanced Oxidation Processes Groundwater Remediation and Environmental Engineering Science: Vision for the Future Nanotechnology and Groundwater Remediation Recent Scientific Endeavor in the Field of Heavy Metal Remediation Future Perspectives in Groundwater Remediation and Industrial Wastewater Treatment Vision and Challenge of Water Purification and Drinking Water Treatment Recent Scientific Research Pursuit in the Field of Drinking Water Treatment Technological Vision and Future Trends in Research and Development Future Research Trends and Future Recommendations in the Field of Industrial Wastewater Treatment Summary, Conclusion, and Future Perspectives References 11 Nano-geomaterials for Water Treatment Introduction Sepiolite A Brief Introduction of Sepiolite Modification of Sepiolite for its Application in Water Treatment Acid-, Base-, and Heat-Activated Sepiolites Sepiolite Modification by Organic Functional Groups Modification of Sepiolite by Metal/Metal Oxides Halloysite and Kaolinite General Introduction to Halloysite Nanotubes and Kaolinite Natural Halloysite for Water Treatment Chemical Modification of Halloysite and its Application for Water Treatment Acid-, Alkali-, and Thermal-Treated HNTs Organic Compound-Modified Halloysite Nanotubes Modification of Natural Halloysite by Metal Oxides Adsorbents Derived from Natural Halloysite Layered Double Hydroxides General Introduction to Layered Double Hydroxides Layered Double Hydroxides for Water Treatment Chemical Modification of Layered Double Hydroxides and its Application for Water Treatment ``Structure Memory Effect´´ of Thermal-Treated LDHs Intercalated LDHs and its Application for Metal Ion Removal Exfoliated LDHs as Adsorbents Other Forms of LDH Composite as Adsorbents Conclusions and Further Outlook References 12 Applications of Nanoparticles in the Treatment of Wastewater Introduction Applications of Nanoparticles in Wastewater Treatment (Table 1, Fig. 2) Aluminum Oxide Nanoparticles Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles Cobalt Oxide Nanoparticles Copper Oxide Nanoparticles Gold Nanoparticles Graphene Nanoparticles Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles Pd Nanoparticles Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (Fe3O4) Silicon Nanoparticles Silver TIO2 Nanoparticles Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Zirconium Oxide Nanoparticles Mixture of Metallic Nanoparticles Magnetic Iron Oxide and Silicon Oxide Nanoparticles Iron Oxide, Silicon Oxide, and Titanium Oxide Nanoparticles Titanium Oxide, Magnesium Oxide, and Aluminum Oxide Nanoparticles Silver, Copper, and Zerovalent Iron Metallic Nanoparticles Nano Zerovalent Iron, Silver, Iron Oxide, and Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles Silver, Zinc Oxide, Titanium Oxide, and Zerovalent Iron Nanoparticles Titanium Oxide and Gold Nanoparticles Gold, Palladium, and Platinum Nanoparticles Conclusion References 13 Iron and Iron Oxide-Based Eco-nanomaterials for Catalysis and Water Remediation Introduction Iron Chemistry Catalysis by Iron Water Remediation Ferrate (FeIV, FeV, and FeVI) Iron-Based Nanomaterials Fundamental Aspects of Iron Nanomaterials Green Synthesis of Iron Nanomaterials Iron Nanomaterial Synthesis: A Possible Mechanism Zero-Valent Iron Nanoparticles (ZVINPs) Characteristics of Iron NPs Iron Oxide Nanomaterials Use of Iron-Based Nanomaterials in Catalysis Iron Nanoparticles in Catalysis Iron Nano-Oxides in Catalysis Use of Iron-Based Nanomaterials in Water Treatment Iron Nanoparticles in Water Remediation Iron Nano-Oxides in Water Remediation Environmental Significance of Iron Nanomaterials Conclusion and Future Prospects References 14 Partial Desalination of Saline Irrigation Water Using [FexOy(OH)z(H2O)m)n+/-] Introduction Provision of Desalinated Irrigation Water Desalination Catalysts Process Flow Diagram Associated with Desalination Product Water Quality Impact on Product Quality of Multi-Reactor Train Operation Impact on Product Quality if the Product is Placed in Storage Prior to Use Impact of Reactor Construction on Product Quality Reactor Cost Potential Application Examples Example Reactor Size and Expected Desalination Example Application for a Low Yield, Low Value Crop: Wheat Crop Yield Irrigation Strategy Farming Costs Wheat Prices Desalinated Irrigation Water Cost Impact of Salinity on Crop Yield Impact of Salinity on Crop Yield Example Application for a High Yield, High Value Crop: Cucumber Eco-material and Green Chemistry Characteristics of the ASMC Catalysts Conclusions Tabulated Data and Analyses Desalination Model Desalination Rate Constant Expected Desalination When the Amount of Desalination Is Equilibrium Limited Statistical Analyses Monte Carlo Analysis: Salinity of Water Leaving the Desalination Reactor Monte Carlo Analysis: Salinity of Water in the Product Water Tank 99% Confidence Limits on the Mean Desalination References 15 Porous Materials Obtained from Nonconventional Sources Used in Wastewater Treatment Processes Introduction Synthesis of Zeolites Using Nonconventional Precursors Synthesis of Zeolites Using Fly Ashes Synthesis of Zeolites Using Kaolinite and Different Industrial Waste Fabrication of Biosorbent Materials and Activated Carbon from Agroindustrial Waste Usage of Zeolites and Activated Carbon Obtained from Nonconventional Sources in Wastewater Treatment Processes Conclusions and Future Perspectives References 16 Remediation of Water Contaminants Introduction Factors Influencing Adsorption of Dye Progress for the ``Remediation of Water Contaminants´´ Metal Oxide-Based Adsorbents Carbon-Based Adsorbents Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) as adsorbents Conclusions and Future Perspective References 17 New Carbon Nanomaterials for Water Purification from Heavy Metals Introduction Heavy Metals in Aquatic Environments Removal of Heavy Metals from Contaminated Aquatic Environments Physical (Mechanical) Methods Chemical and Electrochemical Methods Physical-Chemical Methods Biological Methods Types of Sorption Materials for Purification of Aquatic Environments from Heavy Metals Sorbents Based on Graphene Nanostructures as Alternative to Conventional Materials Fullerenes Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) Graphene Conclusions and Further Outlook References 18 Semiconductor Eco-materials for Water Treatment Introduction Ultraviolet Light-Emitting Diodes (UV-LEDs) Water Disinfection UV-LEDs Fabrication LED Life Cycle UV-LED Disposal and Recycling Photocatalysts Degradation of Pollutants in Water Photocatalyst Fabrication Photocatalyst Life Cycle Photocatalyst Disposal and Recycling Future Trends References 19 Composite Nanofibers for Removing Water Pollutants: Fabrication Techniques Introduction Nanofiber Spinning Techniques Electrospinning Basic Principles Experimental Parameters Solution Blow Spinning Basic Principles Experimental Parameters Nanofiber in Wastewater Treatment Adsorption Adsorption Kinetics and Isotherm Models Adsorbents Based on Nanofibers Membranes Photocatalysis Fundamental Principles of Photocatalysis Nanofibers Membranes for Photocatalysis Regeneration and Reuse Final Remarks References 20 Porous Nanomaterials for Heavy Metal Removal Introduction Nanomaterials Types of Nanomaterials Preparation and Characterization of Nanomaterials Heavy Metal Removal Heavy Metals and Their Toxicity Measuring Techniques of Heavy Metals in Water Possible Mechanisms of Heavy Metal Adsorption Adsorption of Heavy Metals by Nanomaterials and Factors Affecting the Removal Performance Conclusion References 21 Degradation of Pollutants Using Advanced Ecomaterials Introduction Pesticides Insecticides DDT Carbamates Carbaryl Aldicarb Organophosphates Fungicides Herbicide Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Textile Dyes Heavy Metals Arsenic Lead Mercury Cadmium Dioxins Migration of Contaminants into Different Ecological Systems Migration of Contaminants between Soil and Water Migration of Contaminants between Water and Air Migration of Contaminants between Soil and Air Geographical Migration of Contaminants Biotic Migration of Contaminants Conclusions and Further Outlook References 22 Novel Eco-friendly Mitigation Strategies for Managing Oil Spills and Municipal Waste Dump Site Leachates General Introduction Oil Spills Brief Introduction Oil Spill Incidence and Accidents Ecological Impacts of Oil Spills Chemical Nature of Crude Oil Mitigation Strategies Using Eco-Friendly Techniques Phytoremediation: Prospects and Challenges Organic Sorbents: Prospects and Challenges Microbial Remediation: Prospects and Challenges Novel Optimization of Eco-Friendly Microbial Remediation Strategies Prospects of Optimized Degradation of Asphaltenes Prospects of Optimized Degradation of Heavy PAHs Prospects of Reducing Biostimulation-Induced Eutrophication Prospects of Enhancing Bioaugmentation Prospects of Employing Bioremediation in Oil-Polluted Anoxic Environments Municipal Dumpsite Wastes Brief Introduction Common Dumpsite Practices and the Associated Impacts Open Burning Scavengers Natural Decomposition Municipal Dumpsite Leachates Novel Eco-Friendly Strategies of Managing Municipal Waste Dumpsite Leachates The Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor Membrane-Aerated Biofilm Reactor Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation Novel Strategies of Extracting Metals from Leachates Brief Introduction Phytoremediation Coagulation-Flocculation Adsorption Bioelectrochemical Systems (BES) Membrane Filtration Ion Exchange General Conclusion and Further Outlook Terminologies References 23 Antimicrobial Activity of the Engineered Nanoparticles Used as Coating Agents Introduction Nanoparticle Synthesis Physical Approach Chemical Approach Biological Approach Applications of Nanoparticles Nanoparticles as Antimicrobial Agents Silver Nanoparticles Gold Nanoparticles Modified Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Titanium Dioxide Zinc Oxide Silver Oxide Nanoparticles as Anticoating Agents Conclusion and Future Outlook References 24 Algal Degradation of Organic Pollutants Introduction Algae as Ecomaterials for Biofuel and Bioremediation Algae for Biofuel Algae for Bioremediation Origin of Organic Pollutants in the Environment Algae for Monitoring and Degradation of Organic Pollutants Monitoring Bioremediation Conclusions and Further Outlook References Part IV: VOC Removal, CO2 Sequestration, and Applications 25 TiO2/SiO2 Films for Removal of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) from Indoor Air Introduction Indoor Air and Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) Photocatalytic Built-in Filters in Air Cleaning Devices Titania Photocatalysis Porous Silicates TiO2/SiO2 Composites as Powders and Films Design and Development of Highly Efficient TiO2/SiO2 Photocatalysts as Films Synthesis Characterization Characterization Techniques Structural Parameters of Prepared TiO2/SiO2 Films Using some Characterization Techniques Described above Catalytic Performance Conclusion and Further Outlook References 26 Degradation of Volatile Organic Compounds with Catalysts-Containing Zeolite and Ordered Mesoporous Silica Introduction Zeolites Ordered Mesoporous Materials Catalytic Oxidation of Volatile Organic Compounds Conclusions and Further Outlook References 27 CO2 Sequestration: Processes and Methodologies Introduction Emission Reduction Policies and Status of Countries Models and Predictions Effect of CO2 Increase Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) Approach Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Sequestration (BECCS) Direct Air Capture and Sequestration (DACS) Afforestation and Reforestation Soil Carbon Sequestration Enhanced Weathering Ocean Fertilization Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS) Technologies Different Types of CCS CCS Technologies Absorption Adsorption Carbonaceous Materials Chemical Adsorption Using Amines Metal Oxides Metal Oxide Framework (MOF) Membrane Technology Microporous Membrane Dense Membranes Supported Liquid Membranes Cryogenic Process Chemical looping combustion Sequestration of Captured CO2 Geological Sequestration of Carbon Dioxide Storage capacity Storage mechanism Drawbacks Value Added Application of CO2 Albedo Modification Future Perspectives and Conclusion References 28 CO2 Sequestration and Transformation Potential of Agricultural System Introduction Greenhouse Gases and Their Effects CO2 CH4 N2O Chlorofluorocarbons Global Warming Potential GHG Emissions from Agricultural Activities Crops Animal Husbandry Soil Carbon Sequestration Climate Change Effects on C Sequestration Effect on Crop Yield Photosynthetic Rate Mineral Nutrition Incidence of Insects and Pests Effect on Soil Processes Soil Chemical Properties Soil Biodiversity and Enzyme Activity Climate Change Mitigation Options Reduction in GHG Emissions Carbon Capture Researchable Issues Conclusions References 29 Efficient Utilization of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide as Both Reactant and Reaction Medium for Synthetic Applications Introduction What Is Supercritical Fluids? Why Use of Supercritical CO2 in Synthetic Applications? Enhancement of Solubilities in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Synthetic Reactions in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Supercritical CO2 Utilization with C-O Bond Formation Synthesis of Cyclic Carbonates Synthesis of Cyclic Carbonates from Epoxides and CO2 Under Supercritical Conditions Synthesis of Cyclic Carbonates from Propargyl Alcohols and CO2 under Supercritical Conditions Alternative Routes for the Synthesis of Cyclic Carbonates Synthesis of 2-Pyrone Supercritical CO2 Utilization with C-N Bond Formation Synthesis of Quinazoline-2,4(1H, 3H)-Diones Synthesis of 1,3-Dimethyl-2-Imidazolidinone Supercritical CO2 Utilization with C-N and C-O Bonds Formation Synthesis of Oxazolidinones from Aziridines and CO2 Under Supercritical Conditions Synthesis of Oxazolidinones from Aziridines and CO2 under Supercritical Conditions Synthesis of Oxazolidinones from Propargylic Alcohols, Primary Amines, and CO2 under Supercritical Conditions Synthesis of Oxazolidinones from Propargylamines and CO2 under Supercritical Conditions Synthesis of Oxazolidinones from Amino Alcohols and CO2 under Supercritical Conditions Alternative Routes for the Synthesis of Oxazolidinones Conclusions References Part V: Hydrogen and Energy Storage 30 Energy Recovery from Solid Waste: Application of Gasification Technology Introduction Background Solid Waste Gasification Methanation Boudouard Reaction Water-Gas Reaction Shift Conversion Experimental Investigations Feedstock Preparation Feedstock Sorting Feedstock Shredding Drying Gasification in Reaction Vessel Syngas Cleaning Syngas Burning Waste to Energy Recovery Power Generation Outcomes of Experimental Investigations Development of Fluidization Curve Energy Recovery Emission Control Dust and Odor Control Acid Gas Control Dioxin Control By-Products Water Treatment Noise Control Energy and Mass Balance Numerical Investigations Model Assumptions Hydrodynamic Assumptions Process Simulator: Aspen Plus Simulation Model Physical Property Method Model Sequence Drying Decomposition Volatile Reactions Char Gasification Solid Separation Model Validation Effect of Operating Conditions Effects of Air-Fuel Ratio Effects of Steam-Fuel Ratio Effects of Gasifier Temperature Outcomes of Numerical Investigations Discussions Experimental Investigation Numerical Investigation Conclusion and Future Outlook References 31 Renewable Energy Sources: Regulations in the Russian Federation Introduction System of Regulation of the Energy Sector in the Russian Federation: General Overview Primary Regulation in the Energy Sector in the Russian Federation The Climate Change Doctrine of the Russian Federation for the Period up to 2020 [10] Secondary Regulation of the Energy Sector in the Russian Federation Conclusion References 32 Metal Hydrides for Energy Storage Introduction: Hydrogen as a Fuel Interaction of Hydrogen with Metals Hydrogen Storage in Metals Enthalpy and Entropy of Hydride Formation PCT: Plateau Slope and Hysteresis Hydrogen Storage Capacity Activation Magnesium Hydride Intermetallics for Hydrogen Storage A2B-Type Compounds AB-Type Compounds AB2-Type Compounds AB5-Type Compounds AB3 and Other Superlattice Compounds BCC Solid Solutions Conclusions and Further Outlook References 33 Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) Composited with Nanomaterials for Next-Generation Supercapacitive Energy Storage Devices Introduction to MOFs Why MOFs Composite? Basics of Supercapacitors Type of Supercapacitors Basic Design Cu-MOF and rGO-Based Composite for Supercapacitor Preparation of Cu-MOF Preparations of rGO Preparation of Cu-MOF/rGO Composite Characterization of Materials Supercapacitor Study of Cu-MOF/rGO-Based Electrode Ni-MOF/CNT-5 Composite Based Supercapacitor Synthesis of CNTs Preparation of Ni-MOF/CNT Composites Characterization Supercapacitor Study of Ni-MOF/CNT Composite Carbonized Zn-MOF- Polyaniline Composites Preparation of Zn-MOF Synthesis of Zn-MOF/PANI Composite Characterization Supercapacitor Performance Conclusion and Future Outlook References 34 Nanocomposites for Structural and Energy Applications Introduction Nanocomposites for Structural Application Conventional Micro-Fillers Used in Polymer-Based Matrix Conventional Nano-Fillers Used in Polymer-Based Matrix Carbon Nanotubes (CNT) Graphene Carbon Nano-Fibers Dispersion Issues of Nanoparticles in Polymer-Based Matrix FEA Modeling Response Surface Methodology (RSM) of the Hybrid Composite Specimens Development of Mathematical Models Knowledge Gap in Earlier Investigations Nanocomposites for Energy Applications Fuel Cells Conclusion References 35 Efficient, Sustainable, and Clean Energy Storage in Supercapacitors Using Biomass-Derived Carbon Materials Introduction Supercapacitors Classification Synthesis Carbonization Hydrothermal Carbonization Pyrolysis Activated Carbons Synthesis from Biomass and Health Hazardous Products From Biomass From Health Hazardous Industrial/Automobile Waste Characterization of the Materials for Energy Storage Structural Characterization Electrochemical Characterization Role of Electrolyte in EDL Role of Morphology and Surface Functionalities on EDL Summary References 36 Nanofluids Containing Titanium Dioxide: Thermo-physical Properties and Energy Saving Applications Introduction Synthesis of TiO2 Nanofluids Thermal Conductivity Possible Mechanism of Thermal Conductivity Enhancement Thermal Conductivity Model of TiO2 Nanofluids Effects of Various Factors on Thermal Conductivity of TiO2 Nanofluids Viscosity of TiO2 Nanofluids Viscosity Model Effects of Various Factors on Viscosity of TiO2 Nanofluids Density and Specific Heat of TiO2 Nanofluids Energy Saving Applications Conclusion and Further Outlook References 37 Biomass Energy and Bio-solar Hybrid Energy Systems Introduction to Biomass Classification of Biomass Methodology of Biomass Processing Technologies Electrical Energy Generation from Biomass Residues Forest Residues Dedicated Energy Crops Sustainability Assessment Combustion of Biomass Pyrolysis of Biomass Gasification of Biomass Biomass- and Solar Energy-Based Rural Home: A Sustainability Theory Conclusions and Further Outlook References 38 Thin Film Hydrogen Storages Introduction Hydrogen Absorption by Magnesium Films Impact of the Size Factor on Hydrogen Absorption by Thin Films Impact of the Catalysts on Hydrogen Absorption Optical and Electrophysical Properties of the Films Based on Magnesium Hydride Hydrogen Absorption by Niobium and Vanadium Films Hydrogen in Niobium Films Hydrogen in Vanadium Films Nanoporous Thin Film Hydrogen Absorbers Based on the Complex Vanadium Hydrides Conclusions References 39 Hydrogen Storage Alloys: Types and Characteristics Introduction Metal Hydrides Magnesium Hydride Aluminum Hydride Copper Hydride Nickel Hydride Lithium Hydride Iron Hydride Palladium Hydride Plutonium Hydride Sodium Hydride Conclusions and Further Outlook References 40 Thermoelectric Power Generation from Waste Heat Introduction Fundamentals of Thermoelectric Energy Conversion Principle of Thermoelectric Phenomena Seebeck Effect Peltier Effect Thomson Effect Indicators of Thermoelectric Energy Conversion Figure-of-Merit Maximum Energy Conversion Efficiency Thermoelectric Materials Trend of Thermoelectric Materials Applied Thermoelectric Materials Thermoelectric Modules π Shape Module U-Shape Module Thermoelectric Power Generation Characteristics Advantages and Disadvantages Applications Ecological Aspects of Thermoelectric Power Generation Conclusions and Further Outlook References Part VI: Solar and Fuel Cells 41 Ecomaterials in Solar Cell Design Current Problems with Solar Cells Classifying Ecomaterials in Solar Cells Materials with Greener Environmental Profiles Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs) Materials with Less Hazardous Substances Organic Solar Cells (OSC) Materials of Higher Recyclability Inorganic Solar Cells Materials of Higher Resource Productivity Plasmonic Solar Cells Conclusions and Further Outlook References 42 Radiation-Resistant Solar Cells: Recent Updates and Future Prospective Introduction Overview of Solar Cell in Radiation Environment Investigation of Radiation-Resistant Solar Cell Aluminum Back Surface Field Front Surface Passivation/Antireflection Coating Physics of Radiation Damages to Solar Cells Ionization Radiation Effects on Si Solar Cells Theory of Stopping of Charged Particles Stopping Power Atomic Displacement Characteristics of Radiation-Resistant Solar Cells The p-n Junction Depletion Layer Width Depletion Layer Capacitance Conductance-Frequency Characteristics Current-Voltage Characteristics Techniques Used to Enhance Radiation-Resistant Properties of Solar Cells Back Surface Field Damage Annealing of Solar Cells Conclusions and Future Direction Conclusions Guidelines for Future Work References 43 Photovoltaic Materials Introduction Silicon Monocrystalline Silicon Polycrystalline Silicon Amorphous Silicon Inorganic Compounds Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) CdTe and CdS CIGS and CIS Organic Materials DSSC OSC D A Perovskites Conclusions and Further Outlook References 44 Advances in Polymer-Based Photovoltaic Cells: Review of Pioneering Materials, Design, and Device Physics Introduction Third-Generation Photovoltaics for Solar Energy Conversion Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs) Perovskite Photovoltaics Quantum Dot Photovoltaics Organic Photovoltaics (OPV) Concept of Organic Solar Cells Solar Cell Parameters Optical and Electrical Operations in Organic Solar Cells Light Absorption and Photogeneration of an Exciton (ηA) Exciton Diffusion (ηdiff) Exciton Separation or Dissociation (ηdiss) Charge Transport (ηtr) Charge Collection (ηcc) Architectures of Organic Photovoltaic Cells Single-Layered OPV Bilayered or Double-Layered OPV Bulk-heterojunction OPV Inverted OPV Device Physics of Bulk Heterojunction Factors Influencing the Efficiency of Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells Quest for Materials for Efficient Light Harvesting in OPV Electron-Donor Materials Electron-Acceptor Materials Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Solar Cells Summary and Outlook References 45 Optimization of Bulk Heterojunction Organic Photovoltaic Devices Introduction Physics of Bulk Heterojunction Organic Solar Cells Optical and Electrical Processes in Organic Photovoltaic Devices Incoupling and Absorption of Incident Photon Exciton Formation and Exciton Diffusion Charge Dissociation Charge Transport Charge Collection Numerical Simulation Methods for Optical Modeling of Organic Solar Cells Finite Difference Time Domain Finite Element Method (FEM) Finite Integration Technique (FIT) Rigorous Coupled Wave Analysis Method Transfer-Matrix Model Optical Simulations of PCDTTPD:PCBM BHJ Solar Cells Modeling of the Absorption Efficiencies Interference Effects in BHJ Solar Cells Simulation of the Optical Electric Field Inside the Device IQE Determination Redistribution of Radiant Energy and Area Absorption Profile Optimization of Thickness of Active Layer Summary and Future Outlook References 46 Carbon Nanostructured Catalysts as High Efficient Materials for Low Temperature Fuel Cells Introduction Fuel Cell ORR Electrocatalysts Nano-sized Pt/C Catalysts Pt Alloys Catalysts Heteroatom Doped Electrocatalysts Synthesis of Heteroatoms Doped Samples Characterization Techniques for Doped Samples Heteroatom Doped Carbon Conclusions and Further Outlooks References 47 Renewable Bio-anodes for Microbial Fuel Cells Introduction Electroactive Bacteria Shewanella oneidensis Gluconobacter oxydans Gluconobacter sulfurreducens Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans Modified Nanostructured Bioelectrodes Conducting/Electroactive Polymers and Carbon Nanotube (CNT) Matrices Peptide Nano-Structures Applications Biofuel Cells Waste Water Treatment Solar Cells Conclusion References 48 Alternative Fuels from Waste Products in Cement Industry Introduction Types of Alternative Fuels Used in the Cement Industry Residue Oil and Solvents Tires and Rubber Waste Plastic Waste Thermal Fraction of Domestic Waste Sewage Sludge Animal Meal MSW Technical Information of RDF (Residual Derived Fuel) [7] Technical Information of TDF (Tire-Derived Fuel) [7] Alternative Fuels Calorific Values Alternative Fuels Components [2] Criteria of Selection: The Alternative Fuels for Cement Industry [7] Utilization of Alternative Fuels [7] Utilizing Alternative Fuels for the Calciner [7] Alternative Fuel Utilization Scenarios Present Scenario Scenario A Scenario B Design Estimates Fuel Equivalent (FEQ) Cost Equivalent (CEQ) Fuel Handling and Storage Process Evaluation Combustion Process [7] Combustion Gas Volume Increasing of Combustion Gas Volume [7] Particle Size of Calciner Fuel [7] Case Studies in Egypt CO2 Emissions Calculations Example 1 Conclusions and Further Outlook References 49 Green Energy Generation from Microbial Fuel Cells Introduction ``Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle´´ Is the Main Aphorism of Green Chemistry Construction and Operation Advantages of Microbial Fuel Cells Electrogens Reactions at the Microbial Fuel Cell Anode Reactions at the Microbial Fuel Cell Cathode Sediment Microbial Fuel Cells Power Generation Soil-Based Microbial Fuel Cells Applications of Microbial Fuel Cells Electricity Generation Wastewater Treatment Biosensors Sensing of Biological Oxygen Demand Conclusion References Part VII: Sensors for Detection of Hazardous Substances 50 Nanomaterials for the Selective Detection of Hydrogen at Trace Levels in the Ambient Electrochemical Sensors for Detecting Hydrogen Catalytic Hydrogen Sensors Resistive Gas Sensors Metal Oxide Gas Sensors Metallic Chemoresistors Carbon Nanomaterial Chemoresistors Metal-Semiconductor or Metal-Insulator-Semiconductor Structures Gravimetric Hydrogen Sensors Optical Hydrogen Sensors Conclusions and Outlook References 51 Nanomaterials as Sensor for Hazardous Gas Detection Introduction Basic Requirements of a Sensor How to Choose a Sensor? Different Types of Sensor Electrochemical Sensor Catalytic Sensor Infrared and Solid State Sensor Different Examples of Nanomaterials Used for Gas Detection Purposes Detection of C2H2 Detection of CO Detection of H2S Detection of Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) Detection of Nitric Oxide (NO) Detection of SO2 Detection of H2 Detection of NH3 Detection of CO2 Conclusion References 52 Polyaniline Synthesis and Its Wide-Range Sensor and Electronic Applications Introduction Why PANi? Reasons for Selection of Polyaniline Molecular Weight Oxidation Level Crystallinity Interchain Separation Degree of Doping Flexibility Gas Sensitivity Synthesis Techniques Chemical Routes Brief Outlook of the Attempts to Improve the Processibility of Conducting Polymers Oxidative Polymerization Doping Earlier Doping Studies on Polyaniline Use of Functionalized Dopants Influence of Organic Sulfonic Acids Photovoltaic Doping Charge Injection Doping Non-redox Doping Applications Applications of Conducting Polymers Shortcomings Conclusions and Further Outlook References 53 Recent Advances and Techniques in the Hazardous Gases Detection Catalytic Sensors Electrochemical Gas Sensors Infrared Gas Sensors Thermal Conductivity Gas Sensors Metal Oxide Semiconductors (MOS) Sensors Carbon Nanotubes Gas Sensors Conclusions References 54 Conducting Polymer Composite-Based Sensors for Flexible Electronics Introduction Conducting Polymer-Composite Materials Conductive Polymer Composites Why Nano-materials and Nanocomposites? Market Study Product Insights Application Insights Applications Photovoltaics Physical Phenomena in Solar Cells Solar Applications Thin Films Spectral Selective Surfaces Aspect of Solar Energy Application Spectral Selectivity Solar Selective Absorber Surfaces Photonic Crystals in Signal Transmissions (PSLC) Photonic Crystals Photorefractive Effect Conductivity-Based Studies Gas Sensing Polymer Composites Sensitivity in Various Medium for Polyaniline/Mg Composites Basic Medium Acidic Medium Neutral Medium PPy-MWCNT Composite PVA PPy Composites Tannin Sulfonic Acid Titanium Oxide Polyaniline Composite PANi-Iron Oxide Composites PANi SWNT SnO2 PANi Fibers Reduced GO-Polyaniline Composites Displays Bio Composites Polymer Composites Flexible Substrates Filler Materials Metal Particles Summary Metal Oxides Metals Polymers Nano-carbons Conclusions and Further Outlook References Part VIII: Cellulose 55 Nanocellulose: Insight into Health and Medical Applications Introduction Nanocellulose in Pharmaceutical Dosage Form Nanocellulose as Medical Devices Blood Vessel Replacement Wound Healing Heart Valve Prosthesis Conclusion References 56 Nanocellulose Introduction Differences Among Cellulose and Nano Cellulose Applications of Nano Cellulose Different Methods of Preparation Chemical Methods of Preparation Synthesis Processes for Nanocellulose Conclusion References 57 Cellulosic Biofuel: Technologies, Prospects, and Challenges Introduction Structure of Lignocellulosic Biomass Technology for Lignocellulosic Biomass Conversion Biochemical Pathway Thermochemical Pathway Liquefaction Pyrolysis Gasification Advantages and Limitations of Cellulosic Biofuel Prospects of Cellulosic Biofuel Technology Development Challenges Improved Understanding of Feedstock and Costs Reduction Improved Technology for Biochemical and Thermochemical Routes Co-products and Process Integration Conclusion References 58 Development of Binderless Composites from Different Nonwood Lignocellulosic Materials: Overview Introduction Classification and Chemical Composition of Nonwood Lignocellulosic Materials Binderless Board Manufacturing Process Hot-Pressing Process Steam Injection/Explosion Pressing Process Preheating or Grinding Process Manufacturing Parameters Pressing Temperature Pressing Pressure Pressing Time Moisture Content Particle Size Mixing Ratio Additional Substances Self-Bonding Mechanism of Binderless Composites Physical, Mechanical, and Biological Properties of Binderless Composites Conclusion References Part IX: Textile 59 Eco-fibers in the Textile Industry Introduction Flax/Linen Jute Organic Cotton Naturally Colored Organic Cotton Advantages of Naturally Colored Organic Cotton Limitations of Naturally Colored Organic Cotton Ramie Hemp Organic Wool Lyocell Environmental Friendliness of Lyocell Toxicological Aspects of Lyocell Applications of Lyocell Bamboo Modal Cellulose SeaCell Alginate Fiber Polylactic Acid Production of Polylactic Acid Environmental Benefits of Polylactic Acid Biodegradability of Polylactic Acid Sustainability Studies on Eco-fibers Conclusion References 60 Sustainable Biopolymers in Textiles: An Overview Introduction Need for Alternative Material Biopolymers Biopolymers from Natural Resources: Polysaccharides Biopolymers from Natural Source: Animal Protein Spider Silk Production of Spider Silk Applications of Spider Silk Hagfish Slime Fibers Regenerated Fibers Biofibers from Regenerated Cellulosic Fiber Seaweed Fiber Biofibers from Regenerated Protein Fiber Casein Fibers Regenerated Protein Fibers from Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) Regenerated Plant Protein Fibers Biopolymers from Microorganisms Biopolymers from Bio-Derived monomers Polylactic Acid (PLA) Ingeo PLA Fibers Lactron - PLA Fibers Poly(Trimethylene Terephthalate) Sustainable Polyester Fibers Sustainable Bio-Monomers for Production of Polyester Bio-Based Aliphatic Diacids Bio-Based Aliphatic Diols and Polyols Bio-Based Aliphatic Diamines Vegetable Oil-Based Monomers Suberin and Cutin-Based Monomers Sugar Diol-Based Monomers Other Aliphatic Monomers Renewable Aromatic Monomers Conclusions and Recommendations for Going Forward References 61 Eco-materials in Textile Finishing Introduction Plasma Technology in Textile Finishing Application of Plasma Technology in Textile Finishing Nanotechnology in Textile Finishing Nanoengineered Textiles Water- and Oil-Repellent Finishes Wrinkle-Resistant Finish Antibacterial-Resistant, Self-Cleaning and UV-Resistant Finishes Flame-Retardant Finish Wear/Impact-Resistant Finish Biotechnology in Textile Finishing Biopolymers in Textile Finishing Herbal Textiles Environmental Standards in the Textile Industry Global Organic Textile Standard Bluesign Okeo-Tex Standards Conclusion References 62 Eco-fabrication of Nanomaterials for Multifunctional Textiles Introduction Nanomaterial for Textiles Transition Metals (Ag, Au, etc.) Metal Oxides (TiO2 and ZnO) Nano-Composites Textile Materials (Wool, Silk, Cotton, etc.) Synthesis of Nanomaterials Functional Nanomaterial Characterizations Applications Toward Textile Functionalization Biomedical Textiles UV-Protective Textiles Flame Retardancy Hydrophobic Textiles (Self-Cleaning Property) Conclusions and Future Outlook References 63 Colored Cotton: Novel Eco-friendly Textile Material for the Future Introduction History of Naturally Colored Cotton Presence of Coloring Matters in Naturally Colored Cotton Brown Color Green Color Sources of Lint Color Advantages of Colored Cotton Effect on Human Health Effect on Environment Effect on Cost of Fabric Production Effect of Washing on Lint Color Limitations of Colored Cotton Low Yield Potential Poor Fiber Properties Limited Colors Instability of Colors Contamination Low Market Demand Lack of Marketing Facilities Previous Researches on Naturally Colored Cotton Materials and Methods Colored Cotton Seeds Development of Yarn and Fabric Fabric Testing Results and Discussion Fiber Properties Yarn Properties Fabric Properties Color Fastness Garments Developed Using Naturally Colored Cotton (Fig. 3) Unique Characteristics of Naturally Colored Cotton UV Protection Antibacterial/Antioxidant Activity Flame-Resistant Properties Scope and Challenges Ahead in Naturally Colored Fibers Summary References 64 Environmental Friendly Textile Processing Introduction Air Pollution Water Pollution Impact of Water Pollution on Environment Dust Toxic Waste Pollutants Associated with Various Processes Pollutants Associated with Sizing, Desizing, and Scouring Pollutants Associated with Dyeing Pollutants Associated with Textile Printing Pollutants Associated with Finishing Health Issues Risk of Explosion Process Toward Environmental Friendly Processing Use of Toxic and Nonbiodegradable Products One-Step Bleaching Continuous Dyeing Pad-Batch Dyeing Enzymes Assisted Processing Biosingeing Biodesizing Bioscouring Bleaching Biosoftening Shrink Proofing Treatment for Wool Degumming of Silk Natural Dyes Plasma Technology Laser Treatment Supercritical Carbon Bioxide-Based Dyeing Why Use Only Carbon Dioxide as Supercritical Fluid? Conventional Versus Supercritical Fluid Dyeing Concepts for Dyeing Equipment Using Supercritical Fluids Procedure for SC-CO2 Fabric Dyeing Ultrasonic-Assisted Wet Processing Glass Transition Temperature Microwave-Assisted Dyeing Recycle, Reuse, and Recovery Conclusion References 65 Eco-friendly Denim Processing Introduction Denim Production Sequence Water Pollution Air Pollution Dust Raw Materials and Environmental Concerns Cotton Organic Cotton/Organic Colored Cotton Lyocell Polyester Pollutants and Environmentally Friendly Denim Processing Sizing and Dyeing Environmentally Friendly Dyeing Denim Finishing Desizing Stone Washing Enzyme Washing Technique Bleaching Environmentally Friendly Bleaching Process Dry Finishing Surface Abrasion Sandblasting Potassium Permanganate Spray Three-Dimensional Effect Conclusion and Future References 66 Carbon Footprint on Denim Manufacturing Introduction Concept of the Carbon Footprint Evaluation of the Carbon Footprint Product Life Cycle Raw Material Procurement Manufacturing Spinning Coloration of Denim and Fabric Formation Garmenting and Washing Consumer Use and Disposal Calculating the Carbon Footprint Functional Unit System Boundaries for the Carbon Footprint Production Phase Climate Change Interpretation and Conclusion of Results Challenges Conclusion and Further Outlook References 67 Clothing Swap: Gateway to Sustainable Eco-friendly Fashion Introduction Sustainability and Textile Material Incineration and Landfilling Recycling Reuse Clothing Swap Clothing Swap Types Swishing Why Swishing? Swap Meets Steps to Start a ``Swap´´ Points to Be Remembered Before Starting a Swap Swappable Items Clothing Swap-Friendly Items Clothes that Are Not Accepted Online Swap Swap Boutiques Other Fashion Frontiers in Swaps Clothing Swap and Sustainability Clothing Swap in Asia Pitfalls in Clothing Swap Clothing Swap and Luxury Conclusions and Further Outlook References Part X: Catalysis, Photocatalysis, Hydrogen Production, and Artificial Photosynthesis 68 Environmental Photocatalysis/Photocatalytic Decontamination Introduction Environmental Pollution Principle of Photocatalysis Semiconductor Photocatalysts Doping by Metal Ions/Nonmetals Surface Area Modification Coupling with Other Semiconductor Oxide Effect of pH Addition of Oxidants Degradation Procedure Application of Photcatalysts Photocatalytic Decontamination of Air Conclusions References 69 Photocatalytic Decontamination in Pharmaceutical Effluent Treatment Introduction Backgorund of Photocatalytic Decontamination Key Componetnts in Photocatalytic Decontamination Applications of Photocatalytic Decontamination Process Factors Affecting the Photocatalytic Decontamination Process Pollutants Loading in Effluents Loading Concentration of Catalyst System Availability of Active Radical Source of Energy and Its Variation Mode of Applications Environmental Issues Related to the Photocatalytic Decontamination Process Future Aspect of Photocatalytic Decontamination Process Conclusion References 70 Photocatalytic H2 Production and Carbon Dioxide Capture Using Metallurgical Slag and Slag-Derived Materials Introduction Sources and Production of Slag Environmental Impact General Properties Applications Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production Basic Principles Direct Use of Slags as Photocatalysts for Hydrogen Production Modifications of Slags to Improve their Photocatalytic Activity for Hydrogen Production Summary and Perspectives Carbon Dioxide Capture Using Metallurgical Slags Direct Use of Steel Slags for CO2 Sorption Modifications of Steel Slags to Improve their CO2 Capture Capacity Challenges and Opportunities Conclusions References 71 Nanostructured Catalysts in Vehicle Exhaust Control Systems Introduction Vehicle Emission Control Systems Diesel Oxidation Catalyst Diesel Particulate Filter Three-Way Catalyst Selective Catalytic Reduction Lean NOx Trap Nanostructured Catalysts Metal Nanoparticles Metal Oxides Carbon Nanostructures Conclusions and Further Outlook References 72 Catalytic and Photocatalytic Properties of Oxide Spinels Introduction Structure and Physicochemical Properties of Spinel Compounds Catalytic Activity of the Oxide Spinels (OSs) Spinels as Catalysts for Soot Combustion Spinels as Catalysts for N2O Decomposition Spinels as Catalysts for CO Oxidation Catalytic Activities OS in the Other Processes Photocatalytic Activity and Mechanisms of Oxide Spinels Degradation of Dyes Degradation of Acids Hydrogen Production Antibacterial Activity Conclusions References 73 Waste-Porous-Based Materials as Supports of TiO2 Photocatalytic Coatings for Environmental Applications Overview Properties of Waste-Porous-Based Materials Perlite Granule Eco-materials Environmental Applications of Perlite Adsorptive Capacity of Perlite Granules Active Coatings on Perlite Granules Photoactive TiO2 Coatings on Perlite Gas-Phase Applications of TiO2 and TiO2-Modified Coatings TiO2-Coated Perlite for Nanomedicine Applications Foamed Waste Glass as Support of Active TiO2 and Modified TiO2 Antimicrobial Applications of Foamed Waste-Glass Strips Coated with TiO2-Ag Composites Photoactive TiO2 Coatings for Solar Discoloration Other Non-siliceous Materials as Supports with Diverse Environmental Applications Concluding Remarks References 74 Ecofriendly Nanomaterials for Sustainable Photocatalytic Decontamination of Organics and Bacteria Background Photocatalysis: Working Principle and Challenges Mechanism for Photocatalytic Bacterial Disinfection Ecofriendly Materials State-of-the-Art Progress in Photocatalytic Materials Strategies for Improving Photocatalytic Activity Band Gap Engineering and Doping Composite/Heterojunction Fabrication Miscellaneous Strategies Metal Chalcogenides Carbon-Based Materials Carbon Quantum Dots Doping and Surface Passivation Carbon Nitride Graphene and Reduced Graphene Oxide Clay-Based Materials as Photocatalysts Magnetic Photocatalysts Degradation Mechanism and Fate of Pollutants Disinfection of Waterborne Pathogens Mechanism for Bacterial Inactivation Photocatalysts Used for Bacterial Inactivation Perspective on Toxicity of Nanophotocatalysts Future Perspective and Emerging Technologies Conclusions and Outlook References 75 Hydrogen Generation via Photoelectrochemical Splitting of Water Introduction Photoelectrochemical System Photoelectrochemical Setup Evaluation Parameter Solar to Hydrogen Conversion Efficiency Applied Bias Photon to Current Efficiency Incident Photon to Current Efficiency (IPCE) or External Quantum Efficiency (EQE) Internal Quantum Efficiency (IQE) Light-Induced Redox Photo Processes Construction of PEC System Working Electrode and PEC Cell Requirement of External Bias Strategies Adopted to Increase the Efficiency and Stability of PEC System Nanoarchitectures Nanocomposites Layered Nanomaterial Doping Conclusion References 76 Engineering Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Electrocatalysts for Water Splitting Hydrogen Generation Introduction Hydrogen Generation by Electrocatalytic Water Splitting Electrolytic H2O Splitting Electrocatalytic HER Overview of TMD-Based Catalysts Synthetic Methods of 2D TMDs and their Composites Synthesis of 2D TMDs Preparation of 2D TMD-Based Composites 2D TMD-Based HER Electrocatalysts Pure 2D TMDs Doped and Alloyed 2D TMDs 2D TMD/TMD Composites 2D TMD/Metal Oxide Composites 2D TMD/Metal Composites 2D TMD/Carbon Composites Conclusions and Outlook References 77 Conventional and Renewable Energy-Based Hydrogen Production Introduction Methods of Hydrogen Generation Electrolysis Thermolysis and Thermo-Catalysis Thermo-Chemical Processes PV Electrolysis, Photocatalysis, Photo-electrochemical, and Bio-photolysis Conventional Energy for Hydrogen Generation Coal Petroleum Fuel Wood Nonconventional Energy for Hydrogen Generation Solar Energy Geothermal Energy Hydropower Biomass Wind Tidal, Wave, and Ocean Thermal Energy Systems Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems Conclusions and Further Outlook References 78 Industrial Perennial Crops for a Post-Petroleum Materials Economy The State of Industrial Feedstocks Current Status of Perennial Bio-based Feedstocks Carbon Sequestration and Perennial Feedstocks Co-benefits of Perennial Crops Classes of Perennial Bio-based Feedstocks Available Platform Chemistry Opportunities Growing the Bioeconomy Sustainably Economic Potential Contribution to the UN Sustainable Development Goals Conclusions and Further Outlook Recommendations for Next Steps References 79 Artificial Photosynthesis: An Approach for a Sustainable Future Introduction Light Harvesting and Energy Transfer Charge Separation and Charge Transfer Catalysis Water Oxidation Catalysts Proton Reduction Catalysts Other Reduction Catalysts Conclusions References Part XI: Biomass, Food, and Other Natural Sources 80 Eco-friendly Materials for Chemical Products Manufacturing: Adhesives Derived from Biomass and Renewable Resources Introduction: General Concepts for Adhesives What Is an Adhesive? The Adhesive Bonding Process Theories of Adhesion Adhesive Composition and Classification New Tendencies in Adhesives Adhesives from Renewable Resources Adhesives from Vegetable Oils Adhesives from Lignocellulosic Biomass Cellulose/Hemicellulose Adhesives Cellulose Esters Cellulose Ethers Starch/Dextrin Adhesives Lactide/Polylactic (PLA) Adhesives Lignin Adhesives Tannins in Adhesives Other Renewable Adhesives Protein Adhesives Gums Natural Rubber Chitin/Chitosan Conclusions and Further Outlook References 81 Production of Biodiesel from Algae: An Update Introduction Production of Biodiesel from Algae Isolation of Oil Mechanical Disruption Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction Solvent Extraction Supercritical Fluid Extraction Thermo-Chemical Liquefaction Conversion of Oil into Biodiesel Advantages of Biodiesel Conclusion and Future Prospective of Biodiesel References 82 Catalytic Upgrading of Bio-oil for Production of Drop-In Fuels Introduction Biomass Fast Pyrolysis Bio-oil Upgrading of Bio-oil Steam Reforming Deoxygenation Treatments Hydrodeoxygenation Catalysts Reaction Medium Catalytic Cracking Catalysts Other Methods Biorefinery Concluding Remarks References 83 Bio-based Nanoemulsions: An Eco-safe Approach Towards the Eco-toxicity Problem Introduction Eco-Toxicity: A Major Threat and Concern Nanotechnology: An Incipient Tool against Eco-Toxicity Bio-Based Nanoemulsion: A Potent Remedy for Eco-Toxicity Conclusion References 84 Biomaterials Degradation and Bioabsorbability: Biomedical Potentials of Marine Enzymes Introduction Requirements of Biomaterials Challenges to Biomaterials Biomaterial Degradation Products and Toxicity Marine Enzymes Examples of Marine Enzymes Polysaccharide-Degrading Enzymes Amylases Cellulases and Lignocellulases Chitinases Agarases Proteases Halogenating Enzymes Cholesterol Esterase Conclusions and Future Perspective References 85 Nanotechnology in Food Packaging Applications: Barrier Materials, Antimicrobial Agents, Sensors, and Safety Assessment Introduction Nanoresearch in Food Packaging Nanoreinforcement Active Food Nanosystem Packaging Nanosystems to Release Antimicrobial Compounds Immobilization of Antimicrobial Compounds Using Nanocomposite Materials Smart Food Nanosystem Packaging Time-Temperature Indicators (TTIs) Gas Detectors Oxygen Sensors Microbial Growth Nanosensors Electronic Tongue Self-Heating and Cooling Packaging Enzyme Inmobilization Systems Current Status of Regulation of Nanomaterials in Food European Union USA Latin America Conclusions References 86 Food Biopackaging Based on Chitosan Food Biopackaging Chitosan Chitosan-Based Films: Final Properties Strategies to Improve Chitosan Film Properties Cross-Linked Chitosan Chitosan Nanocomposites Blends or Multilayer Films Based on Chitosan Chitosan-Polysaccharides Films Chitosan-Protein Films Chitosan-Lipid Films Active Biopackaging Based on Chitosan Chitosan-Phenolic Compounds Films Chitosan-Essential Oils Films Chitosan-Metallic Nanoparticles Films Combination of Several Strategies Previously Mentioned Conclusion References 87 Wasteless Processing of Renewable Protein and Carbohydrate-Containing Waste into Consumer Goods Introduction Characteristics of PCW and Aproaches to Decontamination of PCW with Obtainment of Raw Materials Classification of PCW Peculiarities of PCW and Decontamination Requirements Hydrolysis of PCW Stabilization of PCW with Formation of Compounds of Protein Groups with Copper Amino Acid Complexes in PCW Technology of Hydrolysis of PCW-I, PCW-II, and PCW-III Waste Preparation Hydrolysis of PCW-I Hydrolysis of PCW-II Hydrolysis of PCW-III Processing of Hydrolysates of PCW-I and PCW-II Technology of Stabilization of PCW-III by Making Compounds of Protein Groups with Copper Amino Acid Complexes in PCW Transformation of PCW-III-1 into OMC The Characteristics of OMC Application of Products of Processing of PCW Conclusions and Further Outlook Conclusion References Part XII: Construction 88 Construction Materials Reinforced with Natural Products Introduction Natural Fiber Reinforced Composites: Utilizing the Natural Fiber as Reinforcement in Construction Industries Wall Building Flooring and Ceiling Systems Composites Beams and Columns Natural Fiber-Reinforced Construction Materials Emergence of Natural Fiber Reinforced Construction Materials Advantages of Natural Fiber Over Other Fibers General Characteristics of NFRCs Properties of NFRC´S Mechanical Properties of the NFRC´S Types of Natural Fibers Used for Construction Purposes Flax Fibers Jute Fibers Sisal Fibers Coconut Fibers Manufacturing Methods/Techniques for Natural Fiber Composites Pultrusion Filament Winding Hand Lay Up RTM Compression Molding Injection Molding Applications of Natural Fiber in Construction Industry Natural Fiber Reinforced Polymeric Composites Natural Fiber Reinforced Cementitious Composites Coir Fiber Reinforced Concrete (CFRC) and Mortar-Free Walls Other Natural Fiber Applications in Construction Industry Conclusion and Future Trends References 89 Construction Materials for the Urban Environment: Environmental Assessment of Life Cycle Performance Introduction Theoretical Background Evolution of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Early Conception Standardization Further Development Literature Review on Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Construction Materials European Strategy and Policy on Construction Materials European Policies and Legislation on Construction Materials and Buildings Regulations Directives Initiatives Resources inside of the EU to Help with LCA Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Tools and Inventories EcoHestia Building Material Assessment Tool Motivation of Development Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Methodology According to ISO Series 14,040 Scope of Tool and Inventory Database Development Tool Application Life Cycle Assessment Tools Limitations Conclusions and Further Outlook References 90 Recycled Materials and By-Products for Pavement Construction Introduction Importance of Waste Recycling Use of Recycled Materials in Roadworks Flexible Pavements Embankments Unbound Granular Materials (Bases/Subbases) Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) Recycled Asphalt Shingles (RAS) Construction and Demolition (C&D) Waste Materials Crumb Rubber Plastic Waste Foundry Sands Coal Combustion Products/Supplementary Cementitious Material Steel Slag, Blast-Furnace Slag, and Mining Wastes Specifications of Pavement-Recycled Materials Benefits of Using Recycled Materials Barriers and Limitations Successful Implementation of Waste Materials in Pavement Construction Sustainable Waste Management Concluding Comments References 91 Cement-Bonded Lignocellulosic Panel (CLP): A Promising Environmental Friendly Construction Material for Conservation of For... Introduction History and Development Composition of Cement-Bonded Lignocellulosic Panel (CLP) Classification of CLP Types of CLP Fiber Cement Board (FCB) Wood Wool Cement Board (WWCB) Cement-Bonded Particle Board (CBPB) Wood Strand Cement Board (WSCB) General Manufacturing Process of CLP Compatibility Issue between Cement and Lignocellulosic Materials Compatibility of Cement with Reinforcing Materials Determining Compatibility Improvement of Compatibility and General Properties Accelerators for Improvement of Compatibility and General Properties Properties and Uses Status of CLP Conclusion References 92 Bio-inspired Materials: Contribution of Biology to Energy Efficiency of Buildings Introduction Method Search Process Selection Criteria Summary of Papers Selected: The ``Pearl´´ Method of Expanding the Search Classification of Bio-Inspired Materials Based on Biological Characteristics Bio-Inspired Materials for Natural Recycling Bioplastics for Natural Recycling Biocomposites for Natural Recycling Bio-Inspired Materials Imitating Organisms´ Micro/Macrostructure or Patterns Materials with Load-Bearing Behavior: Imitating Organisms´ Micro/Macrostructure or Patterns Materials with Thermal Behavior: Imitating Organisms´ Micro/Macrostructure or Patterns Bio-Inspired Materials Imitating Organisms´ Function Materials with Intelligent Response Mechanism Imitating Organisms´ Function Smart Materials for Enabling Movement or Thermal Regulation Imitating Organisms´ Function Smart Materials with Self-Cleaning and Self-Healing Function Imitating Organisms´ Function Smart Materials with Vibration Resistance Imitating Organisms´ Function Materials with a Waterproofing or Water Harvesting Mechanism Imitating Organisms´ Function Bio-Inspired Materials Imitating Biological Processes Conclusions and Further Outlook References 93 Thermal and Acoustic Building Insulations from Agricultural Wastes Introduction Natural Fibers Context Sustainable Transition Estimations Stakeholders Characteristics Thermal Insulators Acoustic Insulators Environmental Impacts Mechanical and Physical Behaviors Evaluation Criteria Conclusions and Further Outlook References Part XIII: Metals and Metal Oxides 94 Growth of Ecomaterials and Eco-efficiency in Major Metallic Structural Materials Ecomaterials with Social Systems Concept of Ecomaterials High Eco-efficiency Material Systematized in Product Higher Recyclability and Environmental Benign Processes in Steels and Aluminum Contribution to the Circular Economy Thin Slab Continuous Casting for Steels What Is the Mini-Mill? Combination with the Thin Slab Continuous Casting in Twentieth Century Reduction in Semisolid State and Mini-Mill Factory Layout Merged with Integrated Steelmaking Process Near-Net Casting and Direct Hot-Rolling with Microstructural Control in Steels Ferritic Rolling Strip Casting Higher Materials Efficiency in Aluminum Ecomaterials in Symbiotic with Nature and Life New Aspects of Ecomaterials from Fabricators to Consumers Towards Post-Global and Post-Modern Robust Design of Materials Summary References 95 Green Synthesis of Metal, Metal Oxide Nanoparticles, and Their Various Applications Introduction Green Synthesis of Metal NPs Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs) Palladium Nanoparticles (PdNPs) Platinum Nanoparticles (PtNPs) Copper Nanoparticles (Cu NPs) Green Synthesis of Metal Oxide NPs Aluminum Nanoparticles (Al2O3 NPs) Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles (CeO2 NPs) Cobalt Oxide Nanoparticles (CoO NPs) Copper Oxide Nanoparticles (CuO NPs) Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (Fe2O3 NPs) Nickel Oxide Nanoparticles (NiO NPs) Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) Green Synthesis of Miscellaneous Nanoparticles Cobalt-Aluminate Nanoparticles (CoAl2O4 NPs) Applications of Green Synthesized Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Antimicrobial Applications Biomedical Applications Targeted Drug Delivery Sensors Fuel Cells Photocatalytic Applications Conclusion and Future Prospects References 96 Metrology for Metal Nanoparticles Introduction Nanoparticles as Special Analytes Metrics for Nanoparticles Quantification Methods for MNP Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry Single Particle Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy Chemical Sensing Case Analyses Analysis of AgNP in Commercial Products Detection and Quantification of Different Types of AgNP in a Sample Chemical Sensing of AgNP in Cosmetics Creams Conclusions and Further Outlook References 97 Silver Nanoparticles: Synthesis and Applications Introduction Synthesis of SNPs Physical Methods Vapor Condensation Method (VCM) Arc Discharge Method (ADM) Laser Ablation Method (LAM) Physical Deposition Method (PDM) Chemical Reduction Method Photochemical Method Electrochemical Method (Electrolysis) Ultrasonic Spray Pyrolysis (USP) Biological Methods Applications of SNPs Microbial Resistant Applications Antibacterial Antifungal Anticancer Antiviral Water Treatment Protective Dressings Catalysts Optical Properties Conclusion and Future Outlook References 98 Metal Oxide Nanomaterials for Environmental Applications Introduction Synthetic Methods for Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Co-Precipitation Thermal Decomposition Microemulsion Hydrothermal Synthesis Sonochemical Synthesis Applications of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Conclusions References Part XIV: Inorganic Ecomaterials 99 Nanostructured Calcium Phosphate-Based Bioceramics from Waste Materials Introduction Using Waste Materials in Ceramics Calcium Phosphate-Based Bioceramics Using Waste Materials in Nanostructured Bioceramics Conclusions and Further Outlook References 100 Nanopowdered h-BN as a Wear-Reducing Eco-friendly Material Introduction Nano-h-BN-Based Lubricants Morphology Model for Nanopowdered h-BN Case Study: Brass and Iron Modified with Nano-h-BN References 101 Nanoscale Clay Minerals for Functional Ecomaterials: Fabrication, Applications, and Future Trends Introduction Natural Nanoscale Clay Minerals Natural Nanorods Natural Nanofiber Natural Nanotubes Natural Nanosheets From Clay Minerals to Nanomaterials Disaggregation of Crystal Bundles or Aggregates Intercalation and Exfoliation of Layered Clay Minerals Functional Ecomaterials Based on Nanoscale Clay Minerals Adsorption Materials Modified Clay Minerals Mechanical-Treated Clay Minerals Acid-Modified Clay Minerals Alkaline-Modified Clay Minerals Ion-Exchange Modified Clay Minerals Heat-Activated Clay Minerals Organo-Modified Clay Minerals with Surfactants Organo-Modified Clay Minerals by Surface Coating or Grafting Organified Modified Clay Minerals by Intercalation Method Solvothermal/Hydrothermal Modified Clay Minerals Clay Minerals-Derived Porous Hybrid Adsorbents Clay Minerals/Carbon Composites Three-Dimensional Network Adsorbents Superabsorbent Composites Synthetic Polymers/Clay Minerals Superabsorbent Composites Natural Polymer-Based Superabsorbent Composites Multifunctional Superabsorbent Composites Environment-Friendly Catalytic Materials Ecofriendly Hybrid Pigments Packing Materials Sand-Fixing Materials Conclusions and Further Outlook References 102 Ytterbium and Erbium Co-doped Rare-Earth Aluminum Borate Crystals as New Materials for Eye-Safe Lasers: Flux Growth and Ch... Introduction Crystal Growth and Basic Properties Experimental YAl3(BO3)4 GdAl3(BO3)4 ErAl3(BO3)4 YbAl3(BO3)4 Er:YbxGd1-xAl3(BO3)4 LuAl3(BO3)4 (Er,Yb):YAB Crystalline Thin Layers RAB Glass-Ceramic Composites Laser-Related Spectroscopy Experimental (Er,Yb):YAl3(BO3)4 (Er,Yb):GdAl3(BO3)4 (Er,Yb):LuAl3(BO3)4 (Er,Yb):YAB Crystalline Thin Layers (Er,Yb):RAB Glass-Ceramic Composites Concluding Remarks and Outlook References 103 Hierarchical MWW Zeolites by Soft and Hard Template Routes Introduction Hierarchical Zeolites MCM-22 Zeolite Soft Templating Soft Templates for Post-synthetic Modification Soft Templates for Direct Synthesis Dual Templating Hard Templating Conclusions and Further Outlook References 104 Plasmonic Ecomaterials Plasmonics Plasmonic Materials with a Green Environmental Profile Recycling Processes and Plasmonic Materials Hazardous Substance-Free Plasmonic Materials Plasmonic Materials with Higher Efficiency Conclusions and Further Outlook References 105 Ecomaterials on Basis of Apatite Introduction Chemical Composition and Structure Synthesis Methods of Apatites Preparation from Natural Resources Extracting HA from Bones Preparation from Eggshell Synthetic Methods Precipitation Methods Solvo-/Hydrothermal Methods Sol-Gel Methods Microemulsion Methods Biomimetic Methods Microwave Synthesis Applications of Apatites Production of Phosphoric Acid Environmental Applications Removal of Fluoride Removal of Metals Removal of Dyes Catalysis Biomedical Applications Drug Delivery Bone Regeneration Luminescent Materials Conclusions and Further Outlook References 106 Electrochemical Synthesis of Coordination Compounds of Lanthanides: Effective Luminophores Uncommon Methods of Electrochemical Synthesis of Coordination Compounds Problem of Anode Passivation in the Electrochemical Synthesis Electrochemical Synthesis of Complex Compounds Using Alternating Current Electrochemical Synthesis of Complex Compounds Using Ultrasound Amalgam Systems: Structure, Properties, and the Application in Electrochemical Synthesis Practical Implementation of the Method of Electrochemical Synthesis of Coordination Compounds in a Cell with a Bipolar Liquid ... Development of an Electrochemical Cell with a Bipolar Amalgam Electrode Coaxial Cell U-Shaped Cell A Cell with a Bipolar Electrode Deposited on an Inert Matrix Electrochemical Synthesis of Lanthanide Coordination Compounds Using a Bipolar Liquid Amalgam Electrode The Preparation of Nonaqueous Solvent and Background Electrolyte Synthesis of Coordination Compounds of Neodymium (III), Terbium (III), and Gadolinium (III) with Lactic Acid Electrochemical Synthesis of Terbium (III) Complex Compounds and Gadolinium (III) with Aromatic Acids The Synthesis of Terbium (III) and Gadolinium (III) Complex Compounds with Ligands Used in the Work Thermogravimetric Study of Complex Compounds of Lanthanides Luminescence of Coordination Compounds Conclusions and Further Outlook References Part XV: Agriculture and Agro-industrial Wastes 107 Novel Nanoscaled Materials from Lignocellulosic Sources: Potential Applications in the Agricultural Sector Introduction Nanotechnology and Agricultural Sector Lignocellulosic Nanostructures from Natural Sources or Wastes Special Focus on Cellulosic Materials at the Nanoscale: Characteristics and Applications Special Focus on Lignin-Based Materials at the Nanoscale: Characteristics and Applications Lignocellulosic Materials in the Agricultural Sector Special Focus on Lignocellulosic Materials in Plant Pathogen and Pest Control Conclusions References 108 Green Nanotechnology for Biomedical, Food, and Agricultural Applications Introduction Physical Properties of Nanoparticles Advantages Biomedical Applications Nanomaterials and Nanoparticles in Medicine Food Applications Agricultural Applications Summary References 109 Agro-industrial Waste Materials and Their Recycled Value-Added Applications: Review Introduction Agro-Industrial Waste Materials Recycled Value-Added Applications of Agro-Industrial Wastes Biofuel Production Enzyme Production Citric Acid Production Pigment Production Extraction of Food Flavoring and Preservative Compounds Extraction of Bioactive Compounds Production of Biodegradable Polymeric Systems Recycled Agricultural Composting Conclusion and Future Outlook References 110 Polysaccharides as Eco-nanomaterials for Agricultural Applications Introduction Polysaccharides as Controlled Release Systems for Agrochemicals Chitosan and Alginate-Based Nanomaterials for Promoting Plant Growth and Protection Against Stresses Legal Aspects and Current Regulation on Nanomaterials Usage Nanotechnology Risk Assessment and Regulation in the EU and Worldwide Regulatory Issues Current Nanomaterials in the Agricultural Field (Commercial and in Developing) Conclusions and Perspectives References Part XVI: Eco-polymers and Their Sustainable Properties 111 Compostable Polymeric Ecomaterials: Environment-Friendly Waste Management Alternative to Landfills Introduction Directions of Waste Management Strategy Compostable Polymeric Ecomaterials in View of their Regulations: Policy and Certification Methods of Evaluating Composting Processes and the Biodegradability of Polymers Composting Processes Compostable Polymeric Ecomaterials in View of their Applications Packaging and Food-Service Sector Automotive and Transportation Sectors Including Aerospace Building and Construction Sectors Textile Sector Consumer Goods Sector Agriculture and Horticulture Sectors Electric and Electronic Sectors Medical Sector Future of Polymeric Ecomaterials: Final Conclusions References 112 Geopolymers: Past, Present, and Future of Low Carbon Footprint Eco-materials Classification of Geopolymers Geopolymers Activated with Alkaline Solutions: Polycondensation Mechanisms of Geopolymerization Reaction Factors Favoring the Polycondensation Reaction Formation of Oligo-Sialates Methods of Characterization for Geopolymers X-Ray Diffraction Techniques Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR) Magic Angle Spinning (MAS)-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy Types of Geopolymers Ferro-Sialates Geopolymers Organo-Mineral Geopolymers Kerogen Geopolymer Geopolymers from Fly Ash Phosphate Geopolymers Physical Properties of Geopolymers Oligomeric Chains Factors Promoting the Acid-Base Reaction Reaction Mechanisms for Geopolymerization Properties of Geopolymers Physical Properties Density and Softening Temperature Thermal Behavior (Thermal Expansion/Shrinkage) Thermal Expansion/Shrinkage Water and Moisture Absorption Electrical Values: Resistivity and Dielectric Properties Adhesion Engineering Properties of Geopolymer Concrete Compressive Strength Creep and Drying Shrinkage Durability References 113 Carbon Nanotube-Based Biodegradable Polymeric Nanocomposites: 3Rs (Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle) in the Design Introduction Carbon Nanotube-Based Biodegradable Polymer Nanocomposite Implementation of 3R Concept in Nanocomposite Design Identification of Environmentally Friendly Characteristics from the Perspective of Green Engineering Life Cycle Assessment Conclusion References 114 Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB): A Standout Biopolymer for Environmental Sustainability Biopolymers and Ecosystem PHB as a Biopolymer Sources of PHB Life Stages of PHB Blends and Composites of PHB Contribution of PHB-Based Materials for the Preservation of Ecosystem and Sustainability Conclusion References 115 Eco-polymer and Carbon Nanotube Composite: Safe Technology Preface Eco-Friendly Polymer Eco-Polymer Composite/Nanocomposite Carbon Nanotube Eco-Polymer/Carbon Nanotube Material Application of Eco-Polymer/CNT Nanocomposite Future and Challenges for Eco-polymer/CNT-Based Safe Technology Summary Reference 116 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) in Industrial Applications Introduction PHA Industrial Production: Feed Costs Types of PHA Homopolymers Random Copolymers Block Copolymers Graft Polymers Bacterial Species Producing PHAs PHA Synthases and PhaCAB Operons Engineering Bacteria for Optimized PHA Synthesis Engineering Pathways for scl-PHA Synthesis Engineering the β-Oxidation Pathway mcl-PHA Synthesis Engineering Pathways for Scl- and mcl-PHA Copolymers Engineering Pathways for Functional PHA Fermentation in Biofermentors: Industrial Optimization of Costs/Yield Industrial Applications of PHA Polymers Compounding PHB Blending of PHB with Other Polymers Mixed PHA Copolymers Processing of PHA Copolymers: Challenges and Opportunities Melting Behaviour of PHB Processing Techniques and Conditions Industrial Applications of PHAs PHA in Medical Applications Conclusions References 117 Polyhydroxyalkanoates: Biodegradable Plastics and Their Applications Introduction Properties of Polyhydroxyalkanoates Physical Properties Biocompatibility Biodegradability Modifications of PHAs Market Status of PHA Applications of Polyhydroxyalkanoates Medical and Healthcare Applications Cardiovascular Applications Tissue Engineering Cartilage Repair Ophthalmological Applications Nerve Regeneration Skin Defect Repair Drug Delivery Systems As Cell Anchor Wound Management Commercial Nonmedical Applications Packaging Applications As Fiber Material As Biofuels As a Precursor of Carbon Material For Paper Finishing Agricultural Applications Stabilization of Nanoparticles Other Applications Perspectives References 118 Biobased Polyamide Ecomaterials and Their Susceptibility to Biodegradation Introduction Polyamides: Background Biobased Polyamides: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications Polyamide ``Inks´´ for 3D Printing Biodegradation Future of Polyamide Ecomaterials: Final Conclusion References 119 Alternative and Renewable Bio-based and Biodegradable Plastics Introduction Natural Polymers Artificial Polymers Types of Bioplastics Starch Chitosan Polylactic Acid (PLA) Poly-3-Hydroxybutyrate (PHB) Cellulose Plant Oils Monomers Innovative Method of Producing Biodegradable Plastic Marine Microbes as the Potent Bioplastic Producing Agents Industrial Production of Bioplastics Blending of Substrates with PHB (Bioplastics) to Reduce the Cost of Production Biological Decomposition Applications of Bioplastics Bioplastics in Packaging Industry Medicine and Personal Care Horticulture and Agriculture Consumer Electronics Automobile Manufacture Construction and Housing Other Materials Recycling Material Recycling Chemical Recycling Energy Recovery or Thermal Recycling Conclusions and Future Prospective References 120 Biobased and Biodegradable Plastics Introduction Biopolymers Classification: A Brief Overview PLA (Poly Lactic Acid) Starch Soy Soy Protein Plastics Mechanical Properties of Biocomposite Materials: A Recent Study Morphological Studies of Bio-composites: An Overview Conclusion References 121 Waste Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA): Recycling and High-Yield Monomer Recovery Introduction Recycling Methodologies of Waste PMMA Chemical Recycling Gasification Process Thermal Cracking (Pyrolysis) Mechanism of the Thermal Decomposition of PMMA Kinetics of the PMMA Thermal Depolymerization Reaction Catalytic Cracking Solvent Recycling or Dissolution/Reprecipitation Recycling Apparatuses of Waste PPMA Molten Media Bath Reactor (e.g., Metal, Salt, or Slag) Fluidized Bed Reactor Conical Spouted Bed Reactor (CSBR) Extruder Characterization and Properties of Recycled PMMA Recycle of Filled-PMMA Application of Recycled PMMAs PMMA/Montmorillonite (MMT) Nanocomposites Recycled PVC/PMMA Blends Conclusion References 122 Polymers for Energy Applications Introduction Classification of Polymers Conducting Polymers (CP) Types of Conducting Polymers Ionically Conducting Polymer Intrinsically/Inherently Conducting Polymer (ICP) Polyaniline Classification of Polyaniline Applications Energy Assembly Energy Storage Dye Sensitized Electric Cell Light Emitting and Sensing Perovskite Electric Cell Thermoelectrical Generator Polymer Composite for Thermoelectrical Generator Piezoelectric Triboelectric Generator Supercapacitor Summary References Part XVII: Eco-materials with Special Properties 123 Eco-materials with Noise Reduction Properties Introduction Sustainability Assessment and Ratings Acoustical Characterization of Eco-Materials Sound Absorption Airborne Sound Insulation Impact Sound Insulation Acoustical Eco-Materials Natural Materials Recycled Materials Mixed and Composite Materials Green Walls and Roofs Conclusions and Further Outlook References 124 Halogen-Free Flame Retardant Plastics Fire Fire and Polymers Polymer Combustion Condensed Phase Gas Phase Fire-Retardant Polymers Fire Extinguish Flame-Retardant Mechanism History of Flame-Retardant Materials Halogen-Free Flame Retardants Intrinsically Fire-Resistant Polymers Antimony Trioxide (Sb2O3) Phosphorus Flame Retardants Nitrogen Flame Retardants Intumescent Coatings Inorganic Flame Retardants Nanocomposites Environmental Impacts Eco-Friendly Material Requirements Problems with Halogenated Flame-Retardant Materials Recycling of Halogen-Free Flame-Retardant Plastics References 125 Environmentally Friendly Fluids for High-Voltage Applications Introduction Insulating Fluids History Applications of Insulating Fluids Main Properties of Insulating Fluids Dielectric Breakdown Voltage Power Factor Permittivity Viscosity Fire and Flash Point Pour Point Oxidation Stability Biodegradability and Toxicity Environmentally Friendly Insulating Fluids Natural Esters Synthetic Esters Applications of Eco-fluids in High-Voltage Transformer New Technologies for Environmentally Friendly Fluids New Vegetable Oil Formulations Nanofluids Based on Natural and Synthetic Esters Future Trends Conclusions References 126 An Overview of Advancement in the Application of Heat-Resistant Alloys Introduction Performance Characteristics of Heat-Resistant Alloys Creep Performance of Heat-Resistant Alloys Mechanical Characterization of Heat-Resistant Alloys Industrial Application of Heat-Resistant Alloys Power Plant Petrochemical Industry Automotive Industries Conclusions and Further Work References 127 Eco-material Selection for Auto Bodies Introduction Eco-Material Selection Methods Sustainability Model Material Selection Indices and Their Role in Material Selection Process Variables: Material choice, Panel Thickness `t´ or Combination of Both Example of Material Selection for Recyclable B-Pillar Conclusions References 128 Regeneration and Recycling of Spent Bleaching Earth Introduction Regeneration and Recycling of SBE Thermal Treatment Pyrolysis Hydrothermal Carbonization Solvent Extraction Chemical Treatment Acid Treatment Base Activation Salt Treatment Surfactant Modification Combining of Various Methods Solvent Extraction Followed by Thermal Process Acid Activation Followed by Thermal Process Salt Activation Followed by Thermal and Acid Treatment Base Impregnation Followed by Thermal Process Application of the Regenerated SBE Decontamination of Wastewater Removal of Heavy Metal Ions Removal of Organic Pollutants Dyes Herbicides and Pharmaceuticals Pesticides Pyridines Removal of Inorganic Pollutants Bleaching for the Edible Oil Dehumidification Conclusions and Further Outlook References 129 Biomimetic Materials for Addressing Climate Change Introduction Climate Change and Building Materials Biomimicry Mitigating Greenhouse Gas Emissions from the Built Environment Using Biomimicry Biomimetic Materials for Energy Efficiency Biomimetic Energy Generation for Mitigating the Causes of Climate Change Biomimetic Sequestering and Storing of Carbon Biomimetic Strategies for Adaptation to Climate Change in the Built Environment Responding to Direct Impacts of Climate Change Responding to Indirect Impacts of Climate Change Conclusions and Further Outlook References 130 Multifunctional Composite Ecomaterials and Their Impact on Sustainability Introduction Fibers as Natural Fillers Chemical Constitution of Fiber Properties of Natural Fibers Degradation of Natural Fibers Modifications of Natural Fibers Cork as Natural Filler Biodegradable Matrices Biocomposites Availability, Costs, and Balance Development of Biocomposites Conclusions References 131 Advanced Materials from Forests Introduction Forests Trees Wood-Based Materials Adhesives for Wood Products Preservative Products Cork as an Eco-material Products of Cork Cork in Advanced Materials Manufacturing Processes for Wood Products Traditional Wood Processing Methods: Low Productivity and High Flexibility on Customization Automated Processing Processes: High Productivity and Low Flexibility on Customization Direct Digital Manufacturing: Medium Productivity and High Flexibility on Customization Other Processes Micro- and Nano-products Chemical Products Types of Pine Pine as an Eco-material Rosin Chemistry Rosin-Based Binders Rosin as Soap Rosin-Based Waterborne Polyurethanes (RWPU) Rosin-Based Foam Making Hydrogels from Rosin Rosin-Based Electro-spun Fibers Rosin in Dental Industry Summary and Outlook References 132 Eco-friendly Nanoparticle Additives for Lubricants and Their Tribological Characterization Introduction Nanoparticles and Environmental Concerns Nanoparticles as Lubricant Additives and Tribological Characterization Methods Tribological Mechanisms of Nanoparticles Surface Mending Protective Film Polishing Third Body (Load-Bearing) Rolling/Sliding Exfoliation Shearing/Sliding Tank-Belt Tribosintered Film Effect of Size, Concentration, and Agglomeration Conclusions and Future Outlook References 133 Eco-friendly Lubricants for Tribological Application Introduction Green Sustainable Lubricant and Environmentally Acceptable Lubricant Classification of Lubricant and Characteristic Features Natural Oil-Based Lubricant Natural Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composite as Eco-friendly Lubricant Water-Based Green Lubricant Fly Ash-Based Lubricant Applications of Green Lubricant Conclusion and Future Prospects References 134 Highly Efficient Hybrid Protective Materials for Technically Complicated Systems in Natural Aggressive Conditions Introduction Corrosion Protection and Antiaging Protection Ionizing Radiation Protection Carboxyl-Containing Polymer Materials Some Promising Areas of Application of Carboxyl-Containing Lanthanide-Containing Polymers Ethyl Methacrylates and 3-Allylpentane-2.4-dione Copolymers-Based Lanthanide-Containing Polymers Spectral Luminescence Radiation of Mixed Complex Lanthanide Compounds with β-Diketones and Unsaturated Carbonic Acids and Copo... Synthesis of Mixed Complex Compounds of Europium (III) Spectral-Luminescence Properties of Mixed Compounds and Polymer Films Based on These Studies of Radiation Resistance of Polymer Films Thermal Protection Biofouling Protection Biofouling as a Source of Technical Issues Research on the Leaching of Biocides from Modified Coatings and Polymeric Binder into Marine Environment Experimental Study of Biofouling in Seawater References 135 Eco-adsorbents for Organic Solvents and Grease Removal Introduction Preparation Strategies and Physicochemical Properties of Eco-Adsorbents Organic Solvents and Grease in Wastewater Common Organic Solvents and Oil and Their Toxicity Measurement Methods of Oil and Grease in Water Adsorption of Organic Solvents and Grease from Wastewater and Factors Affecting the Performance of Eco-Adsorbents Adsorption Mechanisms Summary and Conclusion References 136 Microporous and Mesoporous Materials from Natural and Inexpensive Sources Introduction Zeolites Ordered Mesoporous Materials Applications of Zeolites and Ordered Mesoporous Materials Wastewater Treatment Nuclear Waste and Fallout Medical Purification and Separation of Gases Catalysis Sources of Silicon and Aluminum Used for the Synthesis of Zeolites and Mesoporous Materials Silica from Rice Husk Diatoms Clay Minerals Coal Ash Conclusions and Further Outlook References 137 Low-Cost Materials with Adsorption Performance Introduction Technologies Available for Pollutant Removal Development of Low-Cost Adsorbents Removal of Heavy Metal Ions Lentil (LS), Wheat (WS), and Rice (RS) Biogas Residual Slurry Natural Zeolite Rice Husk Ash, Activated Alumina, Fuller´s Earth, Saw Dust, and Neem Bark Persimmon Tannin Tea Waste Clay Zeolite Pumice Microscale Composite Adsorbent Composed of Silica Gel Chitosan Produced from Silkworm Chrysalides Oxide Nanoparticles Onto Tobacco Amine-Functionalized Silica Magnetite Kolubara Lignite Activated Carbon, Kaolin, Bentonite, Blast Furnace Slag Oak Wood Charcoal (WC) and Oak Wood Charcoal Ash Wool, Olive Cake, Sawdust, Pine Needles, Almond Shells, Cactus Leaves, and Charcoal Natural Zeolite, Bentonite, and Kaolin Sugar Cane Bagasse Loofah Fiber Steel Wool, Mg Pellets, Cu Pellets, Zn Pellets, Al Pellets, Fe Pellets, Coal, and GAC Alligator Weed Bamboo Charcoal Dry Desulfurization Slag (FGD Ash) and Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) Fly Ash Orange Peel Coconut Fruit Bunch Biochar and Rice Husk Biochar Removal of Dyes Modified Ball Clay (MBC) Chitosan Composite (MBC-CH) Parthenium Hysterophorus Timber Sawdust (TS-OH) and Its Alkaline Treated Analog (TS-ONa) Onto Coconut Coir Dust (CCD) Animal Bone Meal Coconut Bunch Waste (CBW) Coal Wood Apple Shell Carbonizing Citrus Fruit Orange Peel Tucumã Cake Hazelnut Seed Shells (SS) and Mandarin Peelings (MP) Spent Tea Leaves (STL) Jackfruit Peel Untreated Coffee Residues (UCR) Castor Bean Slag, Peat, Bentonite, and Fly Ash Peanut Husk Wood Apple Prunus amygdalus Conclusion References 138 Eco-friendly Energetic Substances for Initiation Devices Introduction Environmentally Friendly Energetic Materials Organic Compounds Tetrazene 1-[(2E)-3-(1H-Tetrazol-5-yl)triaz-2-en-1-ylidene]methanediamine 2-Diazo-4,6-dinitro-1-phenole 1,3,5-Triazido-2,4,6-triazine 2,4-Dinitrophenyldiazonium perchlorate Simple Inorganic Salts Potassium 4,6-dinitro-7-hydro-7-hydroxybenzfuroxanide Potassium Salt of 4,6-Dinitro-7-hydroxybenzofuroxan Potassium 1,1′-dinitramino-5,5′-Bis(tetrazolate) Dipotassium Salt of 1,5-Dinitramino tetrazole Copper (II) Salt of 5-Nitrotetrazole Copper (I) Salt of 5-Nitrotetrazole Metal Complex Salts Tetraammine-bis-(5-nitrotetrazolato-N2)cobalt (III) perchlorate Complex 5-Nitrotetrazolates of d-Metals Complex tris-Hydrazinenickel (II) nitrate Conclusions and Further Outlook References Part XVIII: Medical and Biomedical Ecomaterials 139 Nanoclays for Biomedical Applications Introduction Biocompatibility of Nanoclays Polymer-Nanoclay Composites Biomedical Applications of Nanoclays Bone Cement Tissue Engineering Wound Healing Enzyme Immobilization Drug Delivery Conclusions and Future Outlook References 140 Biomedical Applications of Chitosan Introduction Properties of CH Solubility and Physicochemical Properties Biological Properties Biomedical Applications Drug Delivery Tissue Engineering Antimicrobial Properties Anticancer Activity Treatment of Wound Healing Conclusion References 141 Biomolecule Silver Nanoparticle-Based Materials for Biomedical Applications Introduction Silver Nanoparticle Synthesis Chemical Reduction Physical Methods Photochemical Methods Green Methods Characterization Biomolecules as Capping Agents Association Constant Protein Corona Effect Stability and Maintenance of Nanoparticle Properties Capping Agent Replacement One-Pot Synthesis Biomolecule-Capped Nanosilver in the Biomedicine Field Outlook and Future Perspective References Uncategorized References 142 Porosity in Biomaterials: A Key Factor in the Development of Applied Materials in Biomedicine Introduction Soft Porous Materials Properties Pores and Porosity Adsorption in Porous Materials Transport and Effect of the Surface Charge/Polarity Diffusion Polymer Thermal Transitions Swelling Kinetics Swelling in Ionic Porous Materials Mechanical Properties Synthesis Physical Cross-Linking Chemical Cross-Linking One Component Porous Materials Two or More Component Porous Materials Polymer Blends Interpenetrating Networks Characterization Soft Porous Materials in Biomedicine Outlook and Future Directions References 143 Nanobioremediation: Ecofriendly Application of Nanomaterials Introduction The Science of Bioremediation with Nanomaterial: Nanobioremediation Nanoiron and Its Derivatives in Bioremediation Dendrimers in Bioremediation Carbon Nanomaterials in Bioremediation Single-Enzyme NPs (SENs) in Bioremediation Engineered Polymeric NPs for Bioremediation Biogenic Uraninite NPs in Bioremediation Bioremediation of Electronic Waste Bioremediation (Phytoremediation) of Heavy Metal Conclusions and Prospects References 144 Bioactive Cosmetics Introduction Antioxidant Activity Structure-Antioxidant Activity Relationship UV Absorption Skin Transport of Polyphenols Cosmetic Use of Polyphenols for Skin Antiaging Sunscreens Polyphenols and the Physical Properties of Cosmetic Formulations Conclusion References 145 DNA Nanotechnology Introduction Cell-Free Technology In Lysates and Stable Cells DNA Nanotechnology in Permanent Cells Interaction with the Cell Surface Markers DNA Nanostructures as Drug-Delivery Vehicles Cellular Uptake of DNA Nanostructures Dynamic DNA Nanodevices Inside Living Cells Molecular Computation Genetically Programmed Structures and Devices Advancements in DNA Nanotechnology Scaffolds for Nanoelectronics or Nanophotonics Enzyme Cascade Scaffolds Nanosensors From Nano to Angstrom Technology Future Prospectus References 146 Protein Nanotechnology Introduction Significance of Protein Nanotechnology Structure of Protein Composite Interaction Between Filaments and Motor Proteins for Artificial Surfaces Adsorption of the Biomolecular Motor Immobilization of Microtubules Deliberation for System Design Increasing the Half-Life of Proteins Sample Injection and Analyte Detection Conclusion and Future Outlook References 147 RNA Nanotechnology Introduction The Basis of RNA Nanotechnology Opportunities Using RNA Nanotechnology Small Interfering RNA (siRNA) Ribozymes RNA Aptamer Riboswitches Challenges Associated with RNA Nanotechnology Stability In Vivo Half-Life and Preservation Time Limited Carrying Capacity Scaling up Endosome Escape Conclusion References Part XIX: Radiation Protection and Therapy 148 Nanomaterial for the Management of Radioactive Waste Introduction Radioactive Waste Management of Geological Disposal Colloidal Nanoparticles Impregnated Nanomaterial: Carbon Nanotubes Radioactive Waste Management in Soluble Form Soluble Carbon Nanotube Magnetic Nanoparticles Prussian Blue Polysilicon Acid Bioremediation of Radioactive Waste Materials Direct Enzymatic Reduction of Radionuclides Indirect Enzymatic Reduction of Radionuclides Biosorption and Bioaccumulation Biomineralization of Radionuclides Conclusion References 149 New Sorbents for Processing Radioactive Waste Phosphoryl Podands Are New Promising Extractants of Radionuclides Extraction Chromatography Withdrawal and Separation of Actinides with Sorbents Impregnated with Acidic-Type Phosphoryl Podands Extraction Chromatography Separation and Partitioning of REEs with Sorbents on Acidic Phosphoryl Podands Extraction Chromatography Separation of 99 with Sorbents Impregnated with Acidic Phosphoryl Podands Conclusions and Further Outlook References 150 Application of Nanoparticle Materials in Radiation Therapy Introduction Radiotherapy External Beam Radiotherapy and Ionizing Radiation Rationale of Cell Kill by Ionizing Radiation Radiotherapy Process Radiation Treatment Planning Nanoparticles Synthesis of Nanoparticles Properties of Nanoparticles Heavy Atom Nanoparticles as Radiosensitizers Applications of Nanoparticles in Cancer Therapy Nanoparticle-Enhanced Radiotherapy Transport and Delivery Mechanism of Nanoparticles to Cancer Cell Radiation Interactions with Nanoparticles - Dose and Image Contrast Enhancement Monte Carlo Simulation Studies Cell and Preclinical Studies Conclusion and the Way Forward References 151 Ecological Aspects of Nuclear Industry Introduction Development and Prospects of Nuclear Energy Positive Ecological Aspects of Nuclear Power Engineering Negative Ecological Aspects of Nuclear Power Engineering Conclusions and Further Outlook References 152 Life Cycle of Ion Exchangers in Nuclear Industry: Application and Management of Spent Exchangers Introduction Radioactive Wastes and Their Characteristics Ion Exchange Materials and Their Characteristics Preparation of Ion Exchangers Inorganic Ion Exchangers Sol-Gel Method Hydrothermal Methods Precipitation and Co-precipitation Methods Preparation of Organic Ion Exchangers Preparation of Composite Ion Exchangers Characterization of Ion Exchangers Operational Design of the Ion Exchange Column Physical Properties of Bead Beads Size Distribution Beads Swelling Mechanical Performance of Beads Hydraulic Performance of Column Pressure Drop Backwash Expansion Chemical Performance and Recyclability Assessment Radiological Effects on Performance Management of Spent Ion Exchange References Index
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