The business of tourism

Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Brief contents......Page 6
Contents......Page 8
Preface......Page 13
List of abbreviations......Page 14
Acknowledgements......Page 18
PART 1 DEFINING AND ANALYSING TOURISM AND ITS IMPACTS......Page 20
  Learning outcomes......Page 21
  Why study tourism?......Page 22
  Defining tourism......Page 24
  The tourist product......Page 29
  The nature of tourism......Page 30
  The tourist destination......Page 34
  Questions and discussion points......Page 38
  Bibliography......Page 39
  Learning outcomes......Page 40
  Introduction: the early years......Page 41
  Travel in the Middle Ages......Page 44
  Developments in road transport in the seventeenth to early nineteenth centuries......Page 45
  The Grand Tour......Page 46
  Authorisation to travel......Page 47
  The development of the spas......Page 49
  The rise of the seaside resort......Page 52
  Conditions favouring the expansion of travel in the nineteenth century......Page 54
  The age of steam......Page 55
  Other late nineteenth-century developments......Page 61
  The years 1900–1950 and the origins of mass tourism......Page 63
  Summary......Page 67
  Bibliography......Page 68
  Further reading......Page 69
  Learning outcomes......Page 70
  Tourism since World War II......Page 71
  The growing importance of business travel......Page 80
  Mass market tourism in its maturity......Page 83
  The influence of information technology......Page 85
  Bibliography......Page 88
  Further reading......Page 89
  Learning outcomes......Page 90
  The tourist’s needs and wants......Page 91
  Travel motivation......Page 93
  Travel facilitators......Page 98
  Segmenting the tourism market......Page 99
  Consumer processes......Page 105
  Fashion and taste......Page 110
  Factors influencing changes in tourist demand......Page 113
  The future pattern of tourist demand......Page 115
  Summary......Page 118
  Tasks......Page 119
  Bibliography......Page 120
  Further reading......Page 121
  Learning outcomes......Page 122
  The international tourist market......Page 123
  The value of economic data......Page 129
  The economic impacts of tourism......Page 131
  Statistical measurement of tourism......Page 143
  Future issues......Page 148
  Tasks......Page 149
  Bibliography......Page 150
  Websites......Page 151
  Learning outcomes......Page 152
  Introduction......Page 153
  The socio-cultural effects of tourism......Page 155
  The hosts’ impacts on tourists......Page 162
  Cultural transgressions......Page 164
  Managing the social impacts of tourism......Page 166
  Bringing economic benefits to locals......Page 167
  The impacts of travel on tourists’ health......Page 168
  Legislation and guidance protecting the tourist destination......Page 170
  Tasks......Page 174
  Websites......Page 175
  Learning outcomes......Page 176
  Introduction......Page 177
  The environmental effects of tourism......Page 178
  Public-sector planning for control and conservation......Page 200
  The public/private-sector interface in the development of sustainable tourism......Page 204
  Technology and sustainable tourism......Page 206
  Tasks......Page 207
  Bibliography......Page 208
  Websites......Page 209
PART 2 THE TRAVEL AND TOURISM PRODUCT......Page 210
  Learning outcomes......Page 211
  Introduction......Page 212
  The chain of distribution for tourism......Page 213
  Common interest organisations......Page 217
  Integration in the tourism industry......Page 222
  Summary......Page 228
  Websites......Page 229
  Learning outcomes......Page 230
  Introduction: what defines a destination?......Page 231
  Categorising destinations......Page 234
  Coastal tourism......Page 235
  Urban tourism......Page 242
  Rural tourism......Page 250
  Island tourism......Page 263
  Spa tourism......Page 265
  The successful destination......Page 266
  Design of the built and natural environment......Page 268
  The media and their influence on tourist destinations......Page 277
  Destinations of the future......Page 280
  Tasks......Page 281
  Bibliography......Page 282
  Websites......Page 283
  Learning outcomes......Page 284
  Introduction: defining the attraction......Page 285
  Historic buildings and heritage......Page 295
  Museums and art galleries......Page 302
  Parks and gardens......Page 308
  Other attractions......Page 314
  Events......Page 317
  Other influential factors attracting visitors......Page 321
  The scope for innovative tourism......Page 332
  Tasks......Page 334
  Bibliography......Page 335
  Websites......Page 336
  Learning outcomes......Page 337
  Meetings......Page 338
  Incentive travel......Page 346
  Exhibitions and trade fairs......Page 350
  Individual business travel......Page 354
  Trends in business tourism......Page 358
  Tasks......Page 363
  Websites......Page 364
  Learning outcomes......Page 365
  Introduction......Page 366
  The structure of the accommodation sector......Page 368
  Classifying and grading accommodation......Page 378
  The nature of demand for accommodation facilities......Page 384
  Categories of accommodation......Page 391
  The distribution of accommodation......Page 400
  Environmental issues......Page 401
  Catering......Page 402
  Questions and discussion points......Page 406
  Bibliography......Page 407
  Websites......Page 408
  Learning outcomes......Page 409
  Introduction......Page 410
  The airline business......Page 411
  The organisation of air transport......Page 417
  Air transport regulation......Page 434
  The deregulation of air transport......Page 441
  The economics of airline operation......Page 448
  Environmental concerns......Page 457
  The marketing of air services......Page 458
  What is the future like for air transport?......Page 464
  Bibliography......Page 466
  Websites......Page 467
  Learning outcomes......Page 468
  Introduction......Page 469
  The ocean liners......Page 470
  Cruising......Page 472
  Ferry services......Page 498
  Coastal and inland waterways tourism......Page 508
  Seagoing pleasure craft......Page 512
  What does the future hold for water transport?......Page 513
  Tasks......Page 514
  Further reading......Page 515
  Websites......Page 516
  Learning outcomes......Page 517
  The role of the railways in tourism......Page 518
  Coach travel......Page 532
  The private car......Page 538
  Cycling and tourism......Page 543
  Tourists on foot......Page 546
  Future developments in land transport......Page 547
  Tasks......Page 548
  Websites......Page 549
PART 3 INTERMEDIARIES IN THE PROVISION OF TRAVEL AND TOURISM SERVICES......Page 552
  Learning outcomes......Page 553
  Controlling the impacts of visitors......Page 554
  Meeting the cost of visitor management......Page 557
  Operational approaches to visitor management......Page 558
  Future issues......Page 574
  Bibliography......Page 575
  Websites......Page 576
  Learning outcomes......Page 577
  The nature of government involvement......Page 578
  Planning and facilitating tourism......Page 582
  Supervision and control of tourism......Page 591
  The organisation of public-sector tourism......Page 594
  The role of the European Union (EU)......Page 607
  Summary......Page 608
  Bibliography......Page 609
  Websites......Page 610
  Learning outcomes......Page 611
  Tour operators – why a European perspective?......Page 612
  The role of the tour operator......Page 614
  The role of air brokers......Page 622
  Tour operating within the European Union (EU)......Page 624
  The changing marketplace in tour operating......Page 627
  The nature of tour operating......Page 633
  Planning and marketing of package tours......Page 640
  The role of the resort representative......Page 645
  Pricing the package tour......Page 647
  The tour brochure......Page 652
  The reservations system......Page 658
  Operators selling direct......Page 663
  The information technology revolution and its impact on tour operating......Page 665
  The future for tour operators......Page 666
  Websites......Page 667
  Learning outcomes......Page 668
  Historical context......Page 669
  The scale of the retail sector......Page 670
  The power of the travel agency chains......Page 672
  The role of travel agents......Page 674
  Distribution trends......Page 676
  Setting up and running a travel agency......Page 682
  Travel agency appointments......Page 696
  The impact of computer technology......Page 700
  The future of travel retailing......Page 702
  Bibliography......Page 703
  Consortia......Page 704
  Learning outcomes......Page 705
  Services to the tourist......Page 706
  Services to the supplier......Page 716
  Marketing services......Page 720
  Technical services......Page 721
  The future of ancillary services......Page 722
  Bibliography......Page 723
  Websites......Page 724
PART 4 CASE STUDIES......Page 726
 1 Sightseeing and river cruises......Page 727
 2 Golf tourism and Myrtle Beach, USA......Page 735
 3 European Tourism Association......Page 740
 4 Sex tourism......Page 746
 5 Coaching holidays: Cooks Coaches......Page 750
 6 ExCeL Exhibition Centre and London International Convention Centre......Page 758
 7 Mobile technology......Page 765
 8 The Canterbury Tales......Page 772
Index......Page 781