The Britannica Guide to Matter

TITLE......Page 4
COPYRIGHT......Page 5
CONTENTS......Page 6
INTRODUCTION......Page 11
CHAPTER 1 MATTER AND ITS PHASES......Page 20
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS......Page 21
THE PHASE RULE......Page 22
PHASE DIAGRAMS......Page 24
KINETIC-MOLECULAR PICTURE......Page 28
NUMERICAL MAGNITUDES......Page 29
INTERMOLECULAR SEPARATION AND AVERAGE SPEED......Page 30
MEAN FREE PATH AND COLLISION RATE......Page 31
MOLECULAR SIZES......Page 33
SUMMARY OF NUMERICAL MAGNITUDES......Page 35
FREE-MOLECULE GAS......Page 37
CONTINUITY OF GASEOUS AND LIQUID STATES......Page 38
BEHAVIOUR AND PROPERTIES......Page 41
EQUILIBRIUM PROPERTIES......Page 42
TRANSPORT PROPERTIES......Page 48
PRESSURE......Page 58
EFFUSION......Page 62
THERMAL TRANSPIRATION......Page 63
VISCOSITY......Page 64
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY......Page 66
DIFFUSION AND THERMAL DIFFUSION......Page 69
BOLTZMANN EQUATION......Page 70
EQUATION OF STATE......Page 72
TRANSPORT PROPERTIES......Page 73
CHAPTER 4 PROPERTIES OF LIQUIDS......Page 75
TRANSITIONS BETWEEN STATES OF MATTER......Page 77
PHASE DIAGRAM OF A PURE SUBSTANCE......Page 79
REPRESENTATIVE VALUES OF PHASE-DIAGRAM PARAMETERS......Page 81
BEHAVIOUR OF SUBSTANCES NEAR CRITICAL AND TRIPLE POINTS......Page 83
MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF LIQUIDS......Page 86
SPEED OF SOUND AND ELECTRIC PROPERTIES......Page 89
CHAPTER 5 LIQUID SOLUTIONS AND SOLUBILITY......Page 92
ELECTROLYTES AND NONELECTROLYTES......Page 94
WEAK ELECTROLYTES......Page 95
ENDOTHERMIC AND EXOTHERMIC SOLUTIONS......Page 96
PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS......Page 97
COMPOSITION RATIOS......Page 98
EQUILIBRIUM PROPERTIES......Page 101
COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES......Page 105
TRANSPORT PROPERTIES IN SOLUTIONS......Page 109
ENERGY CONSIDERATIONS......Page 112
EFFECTS OF MOLECULAR STRUCTURE......Page 114
MOLECULAR STRUCTURE AND CHARGE DISTRIBUTION......Page 115
EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL INTERACTIONS......Page 117
ACTIVITY COEFFICIENTS AND EXCESS FUNCTIONS......Page 119
REGULAR SOLUTIONS......Page 121
ATHERMAL SOLUTIONS......Page 124
ASSOCIATED AND SOLVATED SOLUTIONS......Page 125
SOLUTIONS OF ELECTROLYTES......Page 127
SOLUBILITIES OF SOLIDS AND GASES......Page 131
CHAPTER 6 CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS AND LIQUID CRYSTALS......Page 134
BASIC UNITS OF SOLIDS......Page 135
LONG- AND SHORT-RANGE ORDER......Page 137
CATEGORIES OF CRYSTALS......Page 138
THE UNIT CELL......Page 139
STRUCTURES OF METALS......Page 140
STRUCTURES OF NONMETALLIC ELEMENTS......Page 142
STRUCTURES OF BINARY CRYSTALS......Page 144
ALLOYS......Page 146
CRYSTAL DEFECTS......Page 148
DETERMINATION OF CRYSTAL STRUCTURES......Page 151
TYPES OF BONDS......Page 154
IONIC BONDS......Page 155
COVALENT BONDS......Page 156
METALLIC BONDS......Page 159
MOLECULAR BINDING......Page 161
CRYSTAL GROWTH......Page 163
VAPOUR GROWTH......Page 164
GROWTH FROM THE MELT......Page 166
DENDRITIC GROWTH......Page 170
STRUCTURE AND SYMMETRY......Page 171
OPTICAL PROPERTIES......Page 178
AMORPHOUS SOLIDS......Page 183
DISTINCTION BETWEEN CRYSTALLINE AND AMORPHOUS SOLIDS......Page 184
PREPARATION OF AMORPHOUS SOLIDS......Page 187
ATOMIC-SCALE STRUCTURE......Page 190
PROPERTIES OF OXIDE GLASSES......Page 194
PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS OF AMORPHOUS SOLIDS......Page 195
STRUCTURE AND SYMMETRY......Page 202
PROPERTIES......Page 213
CHAPTER 8 PLASMA......Page 216
THE DEVELOPMENT OF PLASMA PHYSICS......Page 217
PLASMA OSCILLATIONS AND PARAMETERS......Page 220
PLASMA FORMATION......Page 223
METHODS OF DESCRIBING PLASMA PHENOMENA......Page 226
DETERMINATION OF PLASMA VARIABLES......Page 227
WAVES IN PLASMAS......Page 229
APPLICATIONS OF PLASMAS......Page 235
EXTRATERRESTRIAL FORMS......Page 238
SOLAR-TERRESTRIAL FORMS......Page 239
CHAPTER 9 CLUSTERS......Page 247
COMPARISON WITH BULK MATTER......Page 250
COMPARISON WITH MOLECULES......Page 254
METHODS OF STUDY......Page 255
PREPARATION OF CLUSTERS......Page 256
IONIZATION AND SORTING OF CLUSTERS......Page 257
COMPUTER SIMULATION OF CLUSTER BEHAVIOUR......Page 258
STRUCTURE......Page 259
CLUSTERS WITH ICOSAHEDRAL STRUCTURES......Page 260
CLUSTERS OF SIMPLE METAL ATOMS......Page 261
NETWORK STRUCTURES......Page 262
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES......Page 264
LIQUID AND SOLID PHASES......Page 265
ELECTRIC, MAGNETIC, AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES......Page 267
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES......Page 269
CONCLUSION......Page 273
GLOSSARY......Page 275
GASES......Page 277
LIQUIDS......Page 278
CRYSTALS......Page 279
LIQUID CRYSTALS......Page 280
AMORPHOUS SOLIDS......Page 281
QUASICRYSTALS......Page 282
PLASMA......Page 283
CLUSTERS......Page 284
INDEX......Page 286
BACK COVER......Page 294